CENG240

Programming with Python for

Engineers
Lecture 4
M. ÇAĞRI KAYA
 Solution - 1
# mile-km conversion # distance calculation
miles = float(input('Miles: '))
km = miles * 1.609344 import math
print(f'Kilometers: {km:.4f}')
x1 = int(input('X1: '))
y1 = int(input('Y1: '))
# Fahrenheit to Celsius conversion x2 = int(input('X2: '))
y2 = int(input('Y2: '))
temp_f = float(input("F: "))
temp_c = (temp_f - 32) * 5/9 distance =
print(f'C: {temp_c:.2f}') math.sqrt((x2-x1)**2 + (y2-y1)**2)
print(f'Distance = {distance:.2f}')

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Solution - 2
# input seconds, output hh:mm:ss

seconds = int(input('seconds: '))

h = seconds // 3600
remainder = seconds % 3600
m = remainder // 60
s = remainder % 60

print(f'{h}:{m}:{s}')

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 Outline
Dive into Python
 Basic data types.
 Basic operations and expression evaluation.
 Precedence and associativity.
 Variables and how to name them.
 Aliasing problem.
 Container types.
 Accessing elements of a container type (indexing, negative indexing, slicing).
 Basic I/O.
 Commenting your codes.
 Using libraries.

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 Actions in an algorithm
Each action can serve two broad purposes:
 Creating and modifying data
 sequential, conditional or repetitive execution on the data, and produce other data
 Interacting with the environment
 input/output operations with the user or peripherals

Irrespective of its purpose, an action can be of two types:

 Expression
An expression (e.g. 3 + 4 * 5) specifies a calculation, which, when evaluated (performed), yields some data as a result.
An expression can consist of:
 basic data (integer, floating point, boolean etc.) or container data (e.g. string, list, set etc.).
 expressions involving operations among data and other expressions
 functions acting on expressions

 Statement
Unlike expressions, a statement does not return data as a result
 Basic: e.g. storing the value of an expression, deleting an item from a collection of data
 Compound: composed of other statements

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 Basic Data - Numbers
 Integers: whole numbers, without decimal points 73, -5 , 73.0 X
 Floating points (Floats): numbers which have decimal points 1.5 , -8 X, 4.36e-8 
 Complex numbers: Real (Integer/Float) + Imaginary (represented by j) -> 1.5 – 2.6j where j is −1

 Use type() function to check types.

 Integer size is limited on the available memory. Float type has the following range per 64-bit IEEE754 standard:
[2.2250738585072014E-308, 1.7976931348623157E+308]
 abs(<Number>) -> Takes the absolute value of the number.
 pow(<Number1>, <Number2>) -> e.g. pow(2, 3): 23
 round(<FloatNumber>)-> rounds to the closest integer.
 Functions from the math library: sqrt(), sin(), cos(), log() ….

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Basic Data - Boolean
 Python provides the bool data type which allows only two values: True and False

 Some notations are interpreted as False:

 0 (the integer zero)
 0.0 (the floating point zero)
 "" (the empty string)
 [] (the empty list)
 {} (the empty dictionary or set)

 and, or, not

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Container data
Many world problems need more specialized solutions: Vectors, Matrices, Ordered and
unordered sets, Graphs, Trees
Python provides five container types:
 String (str): A single character or a sequence of characters
 List (list): Ordered set of all data types (including other lists)
 Tuple (tuple): similar to the list
 Dictionary (dict): maps numbers/booleans/strings to any set of data
Querying an element from dictionary is almost in constant time (hash table)
 Set (set): sets in math, element order is undefined

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Container data cont.
 String, List, Tuple: sequential containers (s-containers). They consist of consecutive elements
indexed by integer values starting at 0
 Dictionary: element indexes are arbitrary
 Mutability: adding new elements, changing and deleting existing ones is possible
 Strings, Tuples are immutable
 Lists, Dictionaries, and Sets are mutable

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Accessing elements in s-containers
 All containers except set reveal their individual elements by an indexing mechanism with
brackets
container_name[index]
 For s-containers: the index is an ordinal number starting from 0.
 Negative index: starting from the end

 Slicing
 Accessing multiple elements at once,

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Container operations
 len() -> number of elements
 + operator -> concatenation for string, tuple, and list
 * operator -> repetition for string tuple, and list
 in and not in -> checks membership for all containers

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String
A container where each element is a character.
Python does not have a special representation for a single character. Characters are represented
externally as strings containing a single character only.
"Hello World!"

'Hello World!'

'He said: "Hello World!" and walked towards the house.'

"A"

""" Andrew said: "Come here, doggy".

The dog barked in reply: 'woof' """

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String- cont.
The backslash (\) is a special character in Python strings, also known as the escape character. It
is used in representing certain, the so called, unprintable characters: (\t) is a tab, (\n) is a
newline, and (\r) is a carriage return.
'It\'s raining' Deletion and insertion
>>> a = 'Python'
"\"hello\"“
>>> a[0] = 'S'
An attempt to change a string character will fail. Traceback (most recent call
last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in
>>> str(4) Evaluate a string that contains an <module>
'4' expression: TypeError: 'str' object does
>>> str(5.45) >>> s = '3 + 4' not support item assignment
'5.45' >>> eval(s) >>> b = 'S' + a[1:]
7 >>> b
'Sython'

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List and Tuple
Both are sequential containers and can contain any other data type (including other lists and
tuples.)
The difference is that lists are mutable whereas tuples are immutable.
[[1,-1,0],[2,-3.5,1.1]]
("abx",[1.32,-5.12],-0.11)
[("list", "can"), ("contain", "tuple members")]
(["tuple", "can"], ["contain", "list members"])
Lists are preferred more since they are mutable.

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 Operations on lists and tuples - deletion
Assigning an empty list to the slice that is going to
be removed:

>>> L = [111,222,333,444,555,666]
>>> L[1:5] = []
>>> print(L)
[111, 666]

Using the del statement on the slice that is going

to be removed:

>>> L = [111,222,333,444,555,666]
>>> del L[1:5]
>>> print(L)
[111, 666]

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 Operations on lists and tuples - insertion
Using assignment with a degenerate use of slicing:

>>> L = [111,222,333,444,555,666] The third methods uses the append() method

>>> L[2:2] = [888,999] to insert an element only to the end or
>>> print(L) extend() to append more than one element
[111, 222, 888, 999, 333, 444, 555, 666] to the end:

>>> L = [111,222,333,444,555,666] >>> L = [111,222,333,444,555]

>>> L.insert(2, 999) >>> L.append(666)
>>> print(L) >>> print(L)
[111, 222, 999, 333, 444, 555, 666] [111, 222, 333, 444, 555, 666]
>>> L.extend([777, 888])
where the insert function takes two parameters: The first [111, 222, 333, 444, 555, 666,
parameter is the index where the item will be inserted and 777, 888]
the second parameter is the item to be inserted.

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 Operations on lists and tuples - cont.
Data creation with list() and tuple() -> from other data types

Concatenation and repetition with lists and tuples: Similar to strings, + and * operators can be used

Membership via in and not in: similar to strings

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Example: Matrices as nested lists
>>> A = [[3, 4, 1], [-3, 3, 5], [1, 1, 1]]
>>> A
[[3, 4, 1], [-3, 3, 5], [1, 1, 1]]
3 4 1
0, 0 0, 1 0, 2
>>> A[1]
[-3, 3, 5]
-3 3 5
1, 0 1, 1 1,2
>>> A[1][0]
-3 1 1 1
2, 0 2, 1 2, 2

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Dictionary
Dictionary is a container data type where accessing items can be performed with indexes that
are not numerical: keys.
A dictionary is a mapping from keys to values.

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Dictionary cont.
d = {34:"istanbul",
58:"sivas",
"istanbul":[[7,"tepeli","sehir"],(41.0383,28.9703),34,15.5e6],
"murtaza abi":"sivas",
("ahmet",(8,14)):"almanya","james bond":7,
("ahmet",(1,6)):["anne","anneanne"],
("ahmet",7):"sivas",
"karsiyaka":35.5}

>>> print(d["karsiyaka"])
35.5

>>> print(d["ankara"]) >>> print("ankara" in d)

KeyError:'ankara' False

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Set
Sets are created by enclosing elements into a pair of curly-braces and separating them with
commas. Any immutable data type, namely a number, a string or a tuple, can be an element of a
set. Mutable data types (lists, dictionaries) cannot be elements of a set. Being mutable,
sets cannot be elements of a sets.
a = {1,2,3,4} >>> s = frozenset({1, 2, 3})
b = {4,3,4,1,2,1,1,1} >>> print(s)
print (a == b) frozenset({1, 2, 3})
a.add(9)
a.remove(1) Being immutable, frozensets can be a
print(a) member of a set or a frozenset.

True
{2, 3, 4, 9}

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Set operations
S1 <= S2: True if S1 is a subset of S2.

S1 >= S2: True if S1 is a superset of S2.

S1 | S2: Union of the sets (equivalent to S1.union(S2)).

S1 & S2: Intersection of the sets (equivalent to S1.intersection(S2)).

S1 - S2: Set difference (equivalent to S1.difference(S2)).

The following are only applicable with sets (and not with forezensets):
S.add(element): Add a new element to the set.

S.remove(element): Remove element from the set.

S.pop(): Remove an arbitrary element from the set.

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Expressions
 Expressions, such as 3 + 4, describe calculation of an operation among data. When an
expression is evaluated, the operations in the expression are applied on the data, and a resulting
value is provided.

3 +4 3, 4 are operands, + operator (binary)

not is a unary operator
[ ] -> indexing operator

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Precedence and associativity

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Implicit and Explicit Type Conversion
When you apply a binary operator on items of two different data types, it tries to convert one
data to another one if possible. This is called implicit type conversion.
>>> 3+4.5
7.5 float 3.0
>>> 3 + True
4 integer 1
>>> 3 + False
3 integer 0
It is a good programming practice to make these conversions explicit and make the intention
clear to the reader. Explicit type conversion, also called as type casting
>>> str(34)
'34'
>>> list('34')
['3', '4']

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Assignment Statement and Variables
Action semantics of the assignment statement:
1- The Expression is evaluated.
2- If the Variable does not exist, it is created.
3- The evaluation result is stored into the Variable (overwrites former value).

#Multiple assignment #Swapping values #Swapping

#Tuple matching >>> print(a, b) #Tuple matching
>>> a = b = 4 3 4 >>> print(a,b)
>>> a, b = 3, 4 >>> temp = a 3 4
>>> (a, b) = (3, 4) >>> a = b >>> a,b = b,a
>>> [a, b] = [3, 4] >>> b = temp >>> print(a,b)
>>> print(a, b) 4 3
4 3

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Variables & Aliasing
print("address of 5: ", id(5)) a = [5,1,7]
a = 5 b = a
print("address of a: ", id(a)) print("addresses of a and b: ", id(a), id(b))
b = a print("b is: ", b)
print("address of b: ", id(b)) a[0] = 3
a = 3 print("addresses of a and b: ", id(a), id(b))
print("address of a: ", id(a)) print("b is: ", b)
print("b is: ", b)
addresses of a and b: 4414272384 4414272384
address of 5: 4380465840 b is: [5, 1, 7]
address of a: 4380465840 addresses of a and b: 4414272384 4414272384
address of b: 4380465840 b is: [3, 1, 7]
address of a: 4380465776
b is: 5 …
a = [3, -1]
…
addresses of a and b: 4414271936 4411372864

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Naming variables
◦ Must start with a letter or underscore
◦ Variable name should indicate the content.
◦ a = b * c  salary = hours_worked * hourly_pay_rate

◦ Use i, j, k, m, n for counting only: Programmers implicitly recognize them as integer holding
(the historical reason for this dates to 60 years ago).
◦ Use x, y, z for coordinate values or multi-variate function arguments.
◦ If you are going to use multiple words for a variable, choose one of
these:
◦ Put all words into lowercase, affix them using _ as separator (e.g. highest_midterm_grade,
shortest_path_distance_up_to_now).
◦ Put all words but the first into first-capitalized-case, put the first one into lowercase, affix them
without using any separator (e.g. highestMidtermGrade,
shortestPathDistanceUpToNow).
◦ You cannot use reserved words, such as and, def from, is, continue, print…

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Compound Statements
Python provides statements combining many statements as their parts. Two examples are
conditional and repetitive

if <boolean- while <boolean-

expression>: condition>:
statement-true-1 statement-true-1
statement-true-2 statement-true-2
... ...
else:
statement-false-1
statement-false-2
...

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 Actions for input/output
>>> s = input("Now enter your text: ")
Now enter your text: This is the text I entered
>>> print(s)
This is the text I entered

>>> age = 20
>>> height = 1.70
>>> eye_color = "brown"
>>> print(f"I am {height} tall, {age} years old and have {eye_color} eyes")
I am 1.7 tall, 20 years old and have brown eyes

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Ignored actions
# Comments if <condition>:
>>> 3 + 4 # We are adding two numbers here pass # @TODO
fill this part
7 else:
""" statement-1
statement-2
This is a multi-line comment. ...
We are flexible with the number of lines &
characters,
spacing. Python
will ignore them.
"""

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Actions and data packaged in libraries
>>> import math as m
>>> m.sin(m.pi)
1.2246467991473532e-16

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 Exercise - 1
Given the list below, do the specified operations in Python.
my_list = [4, 11, 3, 45, 5, 1, 7, 0, 1, 1, 17]
 insert 23 after 45
 reverse the order of the list
 count the number of occurrences of 1, and print
 remove 0
 sort the list (ascending order)
 print the number of elements in the list
 remove 45
 print the list

you may use the following methods: index(), insert(), reverse(), count(), remove(), sort(), len()

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Exercise - 2
Given the cutomer_data dictionary, do the following operations:
customer_data = {

'name': "alexandra",

'age': 29,

'is_premium_member': True

 read a key from the user and print the corresponding value
 add a new entry with the 'orders' key which is a list of tuples that contains ordered items
and their prices, e.g. [('pen', 10) , ('book', 15)]
 update the value of age

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Thank You!
QUESTIONS?

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