FOUNDATION
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MAJOR BUILDING PARTS
1. Foundations: Transfers loads to earth.
2. Frame Structure: Column,
beams and tie- beams made of
RCC
3. Floors and ceiling: made by a layer
of concrete and tiles
4. Exteriors walls: Made by two brick
walls and an insulator layer
5. Windows: A small tie-beam is placed
above the window to bear the load of
wall.
6. Roof: Protect a building from the
weather and to retain the heat
generated inside
7. Internal walls: To divide the overall
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space
MAJOR BUILDING PARTS
Superstructure
Substructure
Foundation
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FOUNDATION
Definition
❖ A foundation is that part of the structure which is in
direct contact with the ground to which the loads are
transmitted.
❖ The soil which is located immediately below the base
of the foundation is called the sub soil or foundation
soil.
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FUNCTIONS OF FOUNDATION
❖ Distribution of loads to the soil
❖ Stability against sliding & overturning
❖ Minimize differential settlement
❖ Provide level surface
❖ Minimize distress against soil movement
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Distribution of loads
❖ Foundation helps to distribute the
loads of super-structure to a large area
of the soil
❖Therefore, the intensity of load at its base does not
exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil
❖ In the case of deep foundations,
the superimposed loads are
transmitted either through end
bearing or both by side friction &
end bearing 6
FUNCTIONS OF FOUNDATION
Stability against sliding & overturning
❖Foundation imparts lateral
stability to the super structure
by anchoring it to the ground
❖ It increases the stability against
sliding & overturning due to
horizontal forces to wind,
earthquake, etc.
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Overturning
Overturning
Sliding
FUNCTIONS OF FOUNDATION
Minimize differential settlement
❖Foundation distribute the super-imposed loads evenly on
the sub-soil, even in the case of non-uniform loads
❖This can be achieved by constructing combined footing
or raft foundation
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FUNCTIONS OF FOUNDATION
Provide Level Surface
❖ It provides level surface
over which super-structure
can be raised
Minimize distress against soil movement
❖Distress or failure due to expansion or contraction of
the sub-soil due to moisture variation in clayey &
black cotton soils are minimized by the provision of
foundations
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Essential requirements of a good foundation
❖ The foundation shall be constructed to sustain the dead
and imposed load and to transmit this to the sub soil in
such a way that the pressure on soil do not cause
excessive settlement.
❖ Foundation base should be rigid so that differential
settlements are minimized.
❖ Foundations should be taken sufficiently deep to guard
the building against damage caused by swelling or
shrinkage of sub soil.
TYPES OF FOUNDATION
1. Shallow foundation:
Placed immediately beneath the lowest
part of the superstructure. A foundation
is shallow if its depth is equal to or less
than its width.
2. Deep foundation
Deep foundation is those in which the
depth of foundation is very large in
comparison to its width.
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Types of Shallow foundation
❖ Spread footing
❖ Grillage foundation
❖ Eccentrically loaded footing
❖ Combined footing
❖ Mat or raft footing
❖ Strap footing
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SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Spread footing
Spread footings are those which spread the superimposed
load of wall or column over the widen area.
Wall footing: These types of footing consist of several courses of
bricks. It might be simple footing and stepped wall footing. In case of
stepped footing, the lowest course is usually twice the breadth of wall
above. The increase base width of the wall is achieved by providing
2.0 in offset on either side of the wall (1/2 brick length). Depth of
each course is usually 4 inch. Generally a concrete base is provided at
the lowest level.
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SHELLOW FOUNDATION
Different Types of Spread footing
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SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Spread Wall footing
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9” thick brick wall (Non load bearing) 9” thick brick wall (Load bearing)
Column footing
❖ Provided under a column for uniformly
distribute the concentrated loads on soil
below.
❖ Shape: Square, Rectangular or circular
❖ Types: Bricks pillar, RCC column, Stone
pillar
❖ Single footing: Column load is distributed
through the single spread.
❖ Stepped footing: used for heavily loaded
column which requires greater spread. RCC Column footings
RCC Column fo1o6tings
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Sloped footing
In this footing the concrete base
does not have uniform thickness but
it is made sloped with greater
thickness at its junction with the
column and smaller thickness at the
ends. 17
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Reinforced concrete footing
In places where the walls are subjected to relatively heavy
loading and the bearing capacity of the soil on which the wall
footing is to rest is very low, the wall footing results a massive
structure. In such case it is desirable to provide reinforced
concrete footing below the wall. A 7 to 8 cm thick of lean
concrete is usually provided below the RCC footings
Isolated RCC Footings 19
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Grillage foundation
When heavy structural loads from superstructure are
required to be transferred to a soil of low bearing capacity,
grillage foundation is often found to be lighter and more
economical.
This avoids deep excavation and provides necessary area
at the base to reduce intensity of pressure.
Depending upon material used for construction grillage
foundation be divided in two categories:
❖ Steel Grillage
❖ Timber Grillage 20
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Steel grillage foundation for wall Steel grillage foundation for co22lumn
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Steel grillage foundation for column
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SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Timber grillage
Where the soil encountered is soft and is permanently
water logged reinforcement may get corroded, and
building wall can be economically supported by suitable
designed grillage foundation of timber
❖Safe up to loading on soil= 50
to 60 kN/m2
❖Timber planks are 8cm to 10
cm in thickness and arrange in
two direction.
❖On outermost section, planks
are 5cm to 10 cm depending
on loading conditions. 24
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Eccentrically loaded footing
❖The foundation should be so shaped and proportional
that the center of gravity of the imposed load is
coinciding with the centre of gravity of the footing area.
❖However when the wall or columns are to be placed
closely to property lines, the required supporting areas
of the base cannot be placed concentrically with the
imposed load without overlapping the property line.
❖In such case, the footing is so shaped as to have a
considerable wider base with regular offsets on the
inside while the outside wall face is kept with the
boundary line. 25
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Eccentrically loaded footing
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SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Combined footing
A spread footing which supports two or more columns is termed as
combined footing. It may be following types:
❑ Rectangular
❑ Trapezoidal
❑ Combined between wall footing
❖ The combined footing for column will be rectangular in shape if
they carry equal loads.
❖ If the columns carry unequal loads, the footing is of trapezoidal
shape.
❖ The design of combined footing should be done in such a way
that C.G of column load coincides with C.G of footing area.
❖ Sometime it may require providing combined footing for column
and a wall. 27
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Combined footing
combined footing for column
combined footing for column and wall
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SHELLOW FOUNDATION
Mat or Raft foundation
❖A raft or mat is a combined footing that covers the entire
area beneath a structure and supports all the walls and
columns.
❖When the allowable soil pressure is low or the building
loads are heavy, the use of spread footings would cover
more than one half the areas and it may prove more
economical to provide mat or raft foundation.
❖ Also if the structure is liable to subsidence on account
of uncertain behavior of its subsoil water condition, raft
foundation should be preferred. 29
SHELLOW FOUNDATION
Mat or Raft foundation
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SHELLOW FOUNDATION
Strap footing
❖If the independent footing of two columns is
connected by a beam, it is then called strap footing.
❖It may be used where distance between the columns is
so great that a combined trapezoidal footing becomes
quite narrow, with high bending moments.
❖ In that case each column is provided with its
independent footing and a beam is used to connect the
two footings.
❖ The strap beam does not remain in contact with soil
and thus does not transfer any pressure to soil. 31
SHELLOW FOUNDATION
Strap footing
Plan Elevation
Detailing Load distribution 32
DEEP FOUNDATION
Deep foundation is those in which the depth of foundation
is very large in comparison to its width.
Situation for providing deep foundation
❖ The load of the super structure is heavy and its distribution is uneven.
❖ The top soil has poor bearing capacity.
❖ The subsoil water level is high so that pumping of water from open
trenches for the shallow foundations is difficult and uneconomical.
❖ There is large fluctuation in sub soil water level.
❖ The structure is situated on the sea shore or river bed, where there is
damage of scouring action of water.
❖ Canal or deep drainage lines exist near the foundations.
❖ The top soil is expansive in nature.
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Scouring
Types of Deep foundation
Deep
Foundation
Caisson or
Pier or
Pile foundation Well
Cofferdams foundation
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PILE FOUNDATION
Pile foundation is generally used when simple spread
foundation at a suitable depth is not possible either
because the stratums of required bearing capacity or steep
slopes are encountered.
Types: Depending upon function or use piles:
❖End bearing pile
❖Friction pile
❖Sheet pile
❖Anchor piles
❖Compaction piles
❖Tension piles
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PILE FOUNDATION
End bearing pile
End bearing piles are those which are driven into the
ground until a hard stratum is reached. Such piles act as
pillars’, supporting the super structure and transmitting
the load down to the level at which it can safely borne by
the ground.
Friction pile
When piles are required to be driven at a site where the
soil is weak or soft to a considerable depth, the load
carried by a pile is borne by the friction developed
between the side of the pile and the surrounding ground.
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PILE FOUNDATION
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Piles of Padma Multipurpose Bridge
Inclined Arrangement increases Friction
PILE FOUNDATION
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PILE FOUNDATION
Compaction piles
❖ These are used to compact loose
granular soils, thus increasing their
bearing capacity.
❖ The compaction piles themselves do
not carry a load. Hence they may be
of weaker material (such as timber,
bamboo sticks etc.)-sometimes of
sand only.
❖ The pile tube, driven to compact the soil, is gradually
taken out and sand is filled in its place thus forming a
‘sand pile’.
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PILE FOUNDATION
Sheet pile
Sheet piles differ from above piles is that they are rarely
used to furnish vertical support but are used to function as
retaining wall. Generally used as impervious cut off to
reduce seepage.
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PILE FOUNDATION
Anchor piles
When piles are used to provide anchorage against
horizontal pull from sheet pilling wall or other pulling
forces. They are termed as anchor piles.
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PILE FOUNDATION
Tension piles
The piles that are used to anchor down the structures
subjected to uplift due to hydrostatic pressure or due to
overturning moment.
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COFFERDAMS
A cofferdam may be defined as a temporary structure
constructed in a river or lake or any other water bearing
surface for excluding water from given site in order to
perform various operation on dry surface.
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COFFERDAMS
CAISSON FOUNDATION
A caisson may be defined as a watertight structure made
up of wood, steel or reinforced concrete for foundations
of bridge, piers, abutments in rivers and lakes dock
structure for shore protection. The caisson remains in its
position and ultimately becomes an integral part of the
permanent structure.
Types of caissons:
❖ Open caisson
❖ Box caisson
❖ Pneumatic caisson
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CAISSON FOUNDATION
Open caisson
Single wall open caisson: This is a box type structure
having no top or bottom (during construction and mainly
consists of vertical walls)
Cylindrical open caisson (well): This
may be defined as a cylindrical shell
made up of timber, masonry, steel or RC
with a cutting edge which is sunk by
excavating the soil with in the shell. To
facilitate sinking of the caisson, water
jets are sometimes used around the sides
which decrease the skin friction. This
caisson is also known as well caisson. 53
CAISSON FOUNDATION
Open caisson with dredging wells:
This type of caisson has the distinction of being employed for
the deepest foundation for bridge piers, abutments and other
similar structure. The caisson in this case is rectangular or square
in plan and is further subdivided into smaller section from inside
forming open walls. The outside walls as well as the inside
divider walls are normally made up of reinforced concrete.
Cylindrical open caisson Open caisson with dredging we5l4ls
CAISSON FOUNDATION
Box caisson
This type of caisson is similar to open caisson except
that it is closed at the bottom. This caisson is cast and
cured on the land and when required it is launched in
water. The caisson is sunk by filling sand, gravel or
concrete in the empty space inside.
The function of the sand
layer is to uniformly
distribute the superimposed
loads over the soil below the
caisson and thus avoid tilting
of caisson.
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CAISSON FOUNDATION
Pneumatic Caisson
❖ This type of caisson is
closed at top and open
(during construction) at the
bottom. The water is
excluded from the caisson
chamber by means of
pumping air.
❖ Suitable for depths: 25 to
40m
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Basic Design Procedure
Assessment of site conditions in the
context of the site & soil investigation
report
Calculation of anticipated structural
loading
Choosing the foundation type, should
consider:
Sizing the chosen
❖ Soil condition foundation in the context of
❖ Type of structure
loading, ground bearing
❖ Structural loading
❖ Economic factors capacity & any likely future
❖ Time factors relative to the proposed movement of the building /
contract period structure
❖ Construction problem
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Materials used for foundation
❖Foundation must be constructed of a durable material
of an adequate strength
❖The most suitable material is concrete
❖Concrete is a mixture of cement, aggregates & water
in a controlled proportion
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CAUSES OF FAILURE OF FOUNDATION
The causes of failure of foundations may be
summarized under the following heads:
❖Unequal settlement of the subsoil.
❖Unequal settlement of masonry.
❖Horizontal movement of the soil adjoining the
structure.
❖Shrinkage due to withdrawal of moisture from the
soil below the foundation.
❖Lateral pressure tending to overturn the structure.
❖Action of atmosphere.
❖Lateral escape of the soil below the foundation.
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Hook Length
As per PWD Rate Schedule
Exercise-Estimation
Thanks to All
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Assignment-2
1. What is foundation and what's are the function and requirement of a good
foundation? Makes a details classification of different types foundation.
2. What is the difference between end bearing pile, friction pile and compaction pile?
3. What are the main reasons for failure of foundation?
4. Which type of piles have been used in the Padma Multipurpose Bridge project? What
were the challenges for constructing piles there? How Engineers overcome the
challenges ?- Explain in terms of structural point of view.- Use graphical
Illustration/Figure/Images
5. Deadline: 16/10/2024
6. Submission Mode: Both online in Google Classroom and in person with File
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