The University of

Nottingham’s Complicity
In The Illegal Occupation
and Genocide of
The Palestinian People

Research Report

Nottingham Camp for the Liberation of Palestine (NCLP) November

@nottspalestinecamp 2024
1

This report is endorsed by the following organisations, which support its research aims and
recommendations but were not involved in verifying its findings.

University of Nottingham Student Societies

Brown Girl Link Up Society POC in Engineering

Friends of Medics San Frontiers Punk Society
Islamic Society Revolutionary Communist Party (Nottingham
branch)
Jordanian Society
Sudanese Society
LGBT Society
Young Socialist Students
Malaysian Society
Palestine Society

External Groups and Organisations

Association of Student Activism for Palestine Kings College London Stands for Justice
(ASAP) Lancaster University Free Palestine Student
Cage International Organisation
External
Campaign Against Arms Trade Groups
(CAAT) and Organisations
Lincoln Students for a Free Palestine
Demilitarise Education (dED) Leeds Students Against Apartheid Coalition
Friends of Al-Aqsa (FOA) Loughborough Action for Palestine
International Centre of Justice for Palestinians LSE Liberated Zone
(ICJP) Newcastle Apartheid Off Campus
People for Palestine (PFP) Portsmouth Gaza Encampment
People & Planet SOAS Liberated Zone for Gaza
Palestinian Youth Movement Britain (PYM) Students for Justice in Palestine Amsterdam
JJP (Jews for Justice for Palestine) Open University Friends of Palestine
War on Want Oxford Action for Palestine
Aberdeen University Palestine Solidarity Society Texas for Palestine
Aston for Palestine University of the Arts London Students for
Birmingham Liberated Zone Justice in Palestine
Edinburgh University Justice for Palestine Society UCL Action for Palestine
Estudantes do Porto em Defesa da Palestina University of València
Exeter Liberation Encampment for Palestine University of Leicester Palestine Society
Friends of Palestine Society University of Bristol Young Musicians for Palestine
Glasgow University Justice for Palestine York Palestine Encampment
2

We would like to express our gratitude to the academics who have supported this report with their
feedback and endorsement. Their commitment to the critical issues explored within this work have
been invaluable.
We are particularly grateful to:
➢ Professor Noemí Sánchez Nàcher - Associate professor at Universitat de València
➢ Professor Rafael Xambó - Professor of Sociology at Universitat de València
➢ Guillermo Muñoz Matutano - Research Fellow at Universitat de València
➢ Professor Louise Mallinder - Professor of Law at the School of Law, Queen's University Belfast.
➢ Professor Christine Schwöbel-Patel - Professor of International Law, Warwick Law School

We would also like to thank The Right Honourable Lord Hendy, Member of the House of Lords, for his
support and endorsement. His commitment to justice highlights the importance of this report’s
findings.

Due to time constraints, we were unable to reach everyone who might be interested in endorsing this
report. If you would like to add your support after reading it, please contact us at:
[email protected]

Authorship
This report was authored by student members of the Nottingham Camp for the Liberation of Palestine (NCLP) at the
University of Nottingham.
Acknowledgements
The authors of this report thank the staff, students and individuals from external organisations who reviewed and
commented on initial drafts of this report. The authors would also like to extend their special gratitude to the authors of
the ‘Assets in Apartheid’ report from LSESU Palestine Society, who have supported the NCLP team prior to the publication
of this work.
© Nottingham Camp for the Liberation of Palestine (NCLP)
Permission is granted for non-commercial reproduction, copying, distribution, and transmission of this publication or parts
thereof so long as full credit is given to the Nottingham Camp for the Liberation of Palestine.
3

This report is dedicated to,

Dr. Said Al-Zebda and Mrs. Ikram Ghanem, distinguished alumni of the University of Nottingham.
The Palestinian couple lovingly raised their three children—Izzedine, Intisar, and Summuyah—in the
heart of Nottingham before returning to Gaza to rebuild their lives and contribute to their homeland.
On New Year’s Eve 2023, their lives were tragically cut short when an Israeli airstrike targeted their
home, killing Dr. Al-Zebda, Mrs. Ghanem, and their three young children.

Their memory endures as a powerful testament to the resilience of the Palestinian people and their
unyielding fight for freedom, justice, and dignity.

May Peace be Upon Them,

‫عليهم السالم‬
4

Table of content
External Groups and Organisations ________________________________________________ 1
Executive Summary _____________________________________________________________ 8
Summary of Key Findings _______________________________________________________ 12
Introduction ___________________________________________________________________ 16
1. The Occupation of Palestine ________________________________________________ 19
1.1 Settler Colonialism, Apartheid, & Ethnic Cleansing _____________________________ 19
1.2. Genocide ______________________________________________________________ 21
1.3. Israeli Military & Impunity ____________________________________________________ 23
1.4 Humanising the victims of Israeli aggression __________________________________ 25
2. The Arms Trade _____________________________________________________________ 28
2.1. The Profit-Generating Machine of War _________________________________________ 28
2.2. Human Rights Violations ____________________________________________________ 29
2.3. Environmental Degradation ______________________________________________ 30
3. The Historical Importance of Boycott and Divestment Campaigns & University Involvement
_____________________________________________________________________________ 33
3.1 South African Apartheid & Divestment _______________________________________ 33
3.2 The Historical Involvement of Universities in Divestment Campaigns ______________ 34
3.3 The Double Standard______________________________________________________ 36
4. Investments ________________________________________________________________ 39
4.1. The University of Nottingham’s Ethical Investment Policy ______________________ 39
4.2. Defining Ethical Investment ______________________________________________ 40
4.3. Overview of Investments _________________________________________________ 42
4.4. Key Findings ______________________________________________________________ 42
4.5. Individual Case Studies _____________________________________________________ 44
4.6 Summary _________________________________________________________________ 46
5. Ethical Partnerships __________________________________________________________ 47
5.1 The University of Nottingham’s Ethical Research & Partnership Policies ____________ 47
5.2. Defining Ethical Partnership _________________________________________________ 52
5.3. Key Findings ______________________________________________________________ 55
5.4. Individual Case Studies _____________________________________________________ 59
5

6. Academic Partnerships ____________________________________________________ 65

6.1. Policy & Academic Freedom ______________________________________________ 65
6.2. Upholding International Norms & Law ______________________________________ 65
6.3. Academic Partners in Israel ______________________________________________ 67
7. Key Findings ________________________________________________________________ 69
7.1 Investments Concerns _____________________________________________________ 69
7.2 Total Investments Overview ________________________________________________ 69
7.3 Investments in Complicit Companies _________________________________________ 69
7.4 Ethical Partnerships ______________________________________________________ 66
7.5 Individual Case Studies ____________________________________________________ 71
7.6 Academic Partnerships ____________________________________________________ 71
8. Beyond Corporate Complicity: Student Activism & Suppression at UoN________________ 72
9. The Way Forward _________________________________________________________ 73
9.1 Public Statement of Support for Palestine _______________________________________ 73
9.2. Divestment from Complicit and Unethical Companies ____________________________ 73
9.3 Support for Student Protest Rights_____________________________________________ 75
9.4 Investment in Rebuilding & Supporting Palestinian Students and Academics__________ 75
9.5. Other Recommendations for the University of Nottingham _________________________ 76
9.6 What can Students and Staff do at the University of Nottingham ____________________ 77
Conclusion ____________________________________________________________________ 78
Bibliography __________________________________________________________________ 79
Appendix A: Methodology _______________________________________________________100
Information Gathering Techniques _______________________________________________100
Method of Investigation ________________________________________________________100
Appendix B: Investments _______________________________________________________101
Appendix B.1: Breakdown of Complicity in University Investments _____________________103
1. Supplying Israel with technology used by the IOF against Palestinians ____________103
2. Operating in illegal settlements in the occupied West Bank _____________________106
3. Financing either the Israeli military, illegal settlements or arms manufacturers complicit
in the genocide against Palestinians _____________________________________________107
4. Resource operations in the Occupied Palestinian Territory ______________________109
5. Vaccine Apartheid _______________________________________________________110
6

Appendix D: Projects & Partners _________________________________________________111

7

Table of Figures
Figure 1 UoN Endowment funds __________________________________________________________ 12
Figure 2 Timeline of public statements made by the ICJ, ICC, and the UN _________________________ 24
Figure 3 Cutting ties with Russian Unis, update 2022 - information taken from Research and Knowledge
Exchange Guidance: Collaborations with Ukraine and Russia ___________________________________ 37
Figure 4 UoN partners per arms revenue in 2022 _____________________________________________ 56
Figure 5 Total value of Awards per Financial Year ____________________________________________ 59

Table of Tables
Table 1 Arms-producing and military services companies ______________________________________ 28
Table 2 UoN partners per arms revenue in 2022 ______________________________________________ 55
Table 3 Total value of Awards per Financial Year _____________________________________________ 59
Table 4 Appendix B Investments _________________________________________________________ 101
8

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Since 2008, the student movement for Palestine in Nottingham has
been actively campaigning against various issues relating to the
illegality of Israel’s ongoing occupation of Palestine, as well as the
stakes that the University of Nottingham (University of Nottingham,
UoN, or the University hereafter) hold in this apartheid regime.

In recent years, there has been a considerable focus on divestment from companies
and termination of partnerships with arms manufacturers and distributors which are
complicit in this apartheid regime. Protest activity has intensified since the start of the
ongoing Genocide in Gaza, which has spread to other parts of Palestine and more
recently Lebanon, Syria, Iran and Yemen. This intensification is a response to the
countless war crimes committed by the settler colony of Israel. By the time that the
Nottingham Camp for the Liberation of Palestine (NCLP) first assembled and set up its
encampment on 10 May 2024, seven months after Israel’s offensive began,
approximately 35,000 Palestinians had been killed in Gaza by the IOF (the majority being
women and children), tens of thousands more had been maimed and injured, and over
9,000 were detained, in many cases arbitrarily.

NCLP forms part of a global student movement, calling on universities across the world
to support Palestinian students and professors whose educational infrastructure has
been decimated by indiscriminate Israeli bombardments, and cut their ties with Israel
and complicit arms companies responsible for this destruction, as well as any
institutions complicit in the apartheid regime. NCLP has demanded four actions by the
University, namely, to disclose its financial and industrial relationships, to divest from
and terminate partnerships with companies that have upheld the apartheid system and
spurred on the ongoing genocide, to support Palestinian students through grants and
scholarships, and finally to invest in the rebuilding of Gaza’s educational infrastructure
once these massacres cease.
9

Recent legal actions, including those initiated by the Republic of South Africa, underscore the urgent
need for international accountability regarding Israel’s conduct. The living conditions for the
Palestinians in Gaza have deteriorated significantly, with the IOF cutting off essential resources,
destroying essential infrastructure and exacerbating humanitarian crises. Historically, violent acts
against Palestinians, described by Israeli historian Ilan Pappé as “incremental genocide,” have
persisted with little international backlash. Environmental degradation further compounds these
issues, with military actions severely damaging Gaza’s water supply and agricultural lands. The lack of
accountability for these actions highlights a failure of legal mechanisms, and a need for institutions
like the University of Nottingham to be proactive in adhering to international law of their own accord
and preventing injustice.
The ongoing genocide in Palestine, being perpetuated by both military and civilians of the settler
colony of Israel, includes systematic killing, inflicting serious harm, and creating conditions that
threaten the physical existence of the Palestinian people. There is a long history of violence against
Palestinians, starting with attacks by Zionist militias in the late 1930s and culminating in the 1948
Nakba, which resulted in the death and ethnic cleansing of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians.
Recent escalations, particularly since October 2023, have included severe restrictions on access to
basic necessities in Gaza, further exacerbating the humanitarian crisis and violating international law.
Israel has intensified its attacks, conducting extensive airstrikes and endorsing settler-violence
despite international calls for a ceasefire. This ongoing assault is part of a broader strategy of settler
colonialism, which seeks to establish control over Palestinian territories through illegal settlements
and violent displacement. Israel's military actions have been bolstered by a lack of accountability from
the international community, allowing for unchecked expansion of military aggression into
neighbouring regions like Lebanon and Syria. There have been serious concerns raised by international
bodies about Israel’s lack of respect for international law, as well as concern about companies and
institutions who are continuing to support Israel’s actions.
The UK government has acknowledged a “clear risk” that UK-supplied weapons and components may
be involved in serious violations of international law, prompting Foreign Secretary, David Lammy, to
announce the suspension of around 30 out of 350 export licences to Israel. Several companies have
also faced scrutiny for their involvement in arms sales to conflict zones. For instance, BAE Systems,
Lockheed Martin, and Raytheon have been criticised for supplying weapons to Saudi Arabia, which
have been used in the Yemen conflict, resulting in significant civilian casualties and alleged war crimes.
The UN has also recently issued a statement warning arms companies to stop arms sales to Israel as
this could lead to them being complicit in human rights violations.
10

The UoN has demonstrated its ability to swiftly take action in response to global crises through
divestment. A notable example is UoN's decision to sever formal links with Russia following the 2022
invasion of Ukraine. Within three months, the University introduced the Ukrainian Scholars at Risk
programme, providing comprehensive support for Ukrainian students, allowing them to continue their
studies at UoN. Despite these decisive actions, no equivalent steps have been taken to divest from
Israeli institutions or companies involved in activities related to the ongoing genocide against
Palestinians.
UoN’s ethical investment framework is governed by its Policy on Investment, Acquisitions and
Disposals, introduced in 2013. This document outlines the University’s commitment to incorporating
ethical and social responsibilities into its investment decisions. The policy specifically states that UoN
will avoid investments in companies where the core of their business involves activities such as the
"manufacture and sale of armaments to military regimes" or participation in "institutional violations of
human rights." These ethical considerations guide how the University makes financial decisions,
although this commitment has not led to divestment from entities involved in human rights abuses in
certain regions, such as Israel.
UoN’s investment portfolio has been managed by Cazenove Capital, a subsidiary of Schroders, since
2021. The portfolio is split between a Permanent Endowment Fund and a Medium-Term Fund.
Cazenove Capital is required to implement the University’s responsible investment policy and uphold
ESG standards. The Cazenove Capital Report, which provides a high-level summary of how UoN’s
investments are managed and allocated, should be published annually, offering transparency into the
University’s financial practices. The UoN draws on the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to
both guide its investments, as well as to measure the ESG impact of its investments. The University’s
commitment to promote and contribute to the UN SDGs is also part of its wider strategy, which
theoretically applies to its partnerships and research areas, as well as its investments.
One of the methods by which the University purports to maintain these standards is through the
implementation of their own Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics. Under this Code, the
University’s core key principles for ethical research are “maximising benefit”; “minimising harm”;
“respecting autonomy”; “fairness and accountability”; and “integrity and transparency”. On a broader
scale, another structure that the University has developed to hold itself to the “highest standards” is its
Ethical Framework. This Framework was developed in 2012 “in part as a response to the findings of Lord
Woolf’s investigation into the LSE’s links with Libya”. In this inquiry, Lord Woolf identified “shortcomings
in the governance, structure and management at the LSE”.
11

This “comprehensive set of principles, structures, policies and procedures” forms an integral part of the
University’s wider governance strategy. By its own declaration, this Framework gives “the assurance
that the UoN behaves ethically across its activities”. The University has established a Research and
Knowledge Exchange Committee, tasked with implementing the University’s strategies for research
and knowledge exchange, ensuring alignment with institutional goals and managing related risks. This
strategy centres around partnerships that include collaborations with the public and policymakers to
enhance societal benefits
For this report, we have used a reduced form of the comprehensive criteria developed by the LSESU
Palestine Society in their May 2024 Assets in Apartheid: LSE’s Complicity in Genocide of the Palestinian
People, Arms Trade, and Climate Breakdown report, to assess the egregious activities, including illegal
settlement activity, supported by the University’s investments, as well as its industry partnerships. The
LSESU Palestine Society’s criteria highlighted four egregious activities, namely regarding crimes
against Palestinian people, extraction and/or distribution of fossil fuels, proliferation and/or
manufacture of arms, and the financing of fossil fuel companies and/or nuclear weapons producers.
We have chosen to focus our examination on two of these activities, alongside an adapted version of
LSESU Palestine Society’s fourth:

1. Crimes against the Palestinian people, including through supporting illegal Israeli
settlements; and/or supporting the Israeli military; and/or sustaining apartheid.

•
2. Proliferation and/or manufacture of arms.

•
3. Financing crimes against the Palestinian people and/or financing the arms trade.

•
12

Summary of Key Findings

The key findings of this report indicate that the University’s policies are insufficient and have
failed to prevent investments in and partnerships with firms and institutions involved in the
above activities.

1. Complicity Through Investments

The University’s permanent endowment fund, as of July 31st, 2024, was worth £68,752,984.72, with a
medium-term fund of £9,912,540.38. Through Freedom of Information requests and analysis of the
University’s financial statements, we have obtained details of the University’s global equity holdings,
which constitute £51,852,860.52 (65.28% of the University’s portfolio).
Our research finds that, in FY23/24, £16,974,399.98 of the University’s equities were held in 53 holdings
in 28 companies that are either conducting or enabling crimes against the Palestinian people (including
through supporting illegal Israeli settlements; and/or supporting the Israeli military; and/or sustaining
apartheid); and/or financing crimes against the Palestinian people and/or financing the arms trade.

•Companies financing
£4,2 either the Israeli
military, illegal
million settlements or arms
manufacturers

•Companies complicit
in upholding Israel’s
£8,6 apartheid regime by
Million supplying Israel with
technology used by
the IOF

•Companies operating
£2,9 in illegal settlements in
Million the occupied West
Bank

•2 global ‘big pharma’

£1,3 corporations which
have been found to
Million contribute to ‘vaccine
apartheid’

Figure 1 UoN Endowment funds

13

• The University of Nottingham has a total of £4,208,849.14 in 16 holdings in 10 companies which

are involved in financing either the Israeli military, illegal settlements or arms manufacturers
complicit in the genocide against Palestinians. Seven of these are financial institutions that are
investors and/or creditors in business enterprises listed by the Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights as involved in illegal settlement activities. These companies
include Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria Sa (£1,051,562.99), Standard Chartered Plc
(£237,684.97), Natwest Group Plc (£218,029.30), Aviva Plc (£179,540.87), BNP Paribas Sa
(£127,448.56), and Axa Sa (£112,686.23).
• We found that the University has investments worth £2,974,774.55 in 15 holdings in 8
companies operating in illegal settlements in the occupied West Bank. These include Booking
Holdings Inc (£1,006,806.73), Carrefour S.A. (£157,935.44), and Adidas Ag (£740.80).
• Furthermore, UoN invests £113,419.10 in 4 companies involved in resource extraction and/or
operations in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including First Solar, Inc. (£52,754.89), Lg
Chem Limited (£30,681.23), Sma Solar Technology Ag (£15,170.75), and Deme Group Nv
(£14,812.23).
• The University invests £8,647,246.94 in 16 holdings in 8 companies complicit in upholding
Israel’s apartheid regime by supplying Israel with technology used by the IOF against
Palestinians in the occupied Palestinian Territory. These companies include Microsoft
(£2,946,529.97), Alphabet Inc (£2,200,747.85), International Business Machines Corporation
(IBM) (£188,308.39), Hp Inc (£158,429.20), and Intel Corp (£124,884.78).
• UoN invests a total of £1,375,825.11 in two global ‘big pharma’ corporations which have been
found to contribute to ‘vaccine apartheid’ in various countries, particularly supporting Israel in
its regime of apartheid during the COVID-19 pandemic. These companies are Astrazeneca Plc
(£1,209,691.89) and Pfizer Inc (£166,133.22).

We did not find that the University invests in any arms manufacturer, nor arms distributor.
A detailed summary of these investments and supporting evidence can be found in Appendix B.
14

2. Partnerships with Arms Manufacturers and Companies Complicit in

Human Rights Violations
UoN’s collaborations with arms manufacturers are seen as tacit support for industries linked to conflict
and human rights abuses, conflicting with its commitment to social responsibility. UoN’s Career
Services promotes opportunities with companies complicit in human rights violations, particularly
against the Palestinian people, including Caterpillar, Rolls-Royce and BAE systems. Many of these
companies are key industrial partners to the University, and are featured at careers fairs, among other
events.
By examining announcements, press releases, and projects conducted primarily within the University’s
Institute for Aerospace Technology and Power Electronics and Machines Centre, we found UoN
collaborates with at least 13 of the largest global arms manufacturers, as follows:

• Boeing • Dassault
• General Dynamics • Rolls-Royce
• BAE Systems • Honeywell
• Leonardo • General Electric
• Airbus • MBDA
• Thales • Safran

The University is also a key partner on the Clean Sky programme, funded by the European Commission,
focusing on eco-friendly aviation technologies. It was the only European University to be an Associate
Partner in the initial €1.6bn programme, and now it is a core research partner on the €4bn Clean Sky 2
programme, delivering 21 projects worth a total of €42m. The end users of UoN’s research are Rolls-
Royce, Airbus, Leonardo, Safran, Dassault, Liebherr and Thales, making 93% of UoN’s €42m
contribution to the Clean Sky initiative have directly benefited defence contractors. As such, UoN’s
‘climate action initiatives’ are inconsistent with other SDGs, such as Peace and Justice, raising
➢
concerns about potential greenwashing resulting from partnerships with firms associated with human
rights violations.
15

3. Partnerships with Israeli Academic Institutions

UoN maintains collaborations with over half of Israel’s universities, reflecting a long-standing history
of academic partnership with Israeli institutions
• Tel Aviv University: Collaborations involving former Pro-Vice Chancellor Saul Tendler and
ongoing seminars.
• University of Haifa: Produced 40 joint research outputs.
• Weizmann Institute: Collaborative work in nuclear magnetic resonance research.
• Ben-Gurion University: Produced 66 shared research outputs, with Ben-Gurion academics
invited to UoN campus events.
The University of Nottingham has also received funding from the Britain-Israel Research and Academic
Exchange (BIRAX) for projects, including:
• A 2013 collaboration with Hebrew University Medical Centre on regenerative therapy for
Parkinson’s disease.
• A 2015 pacemaker research project with Technion, Israel Institute of Technology.
16

INTRODUCTION
Over the past year, the Israeli army has announced and enacted a campaign of ethnic cleansing across
the Gaza Strip, through non-stop carpet bombing attacking “safe-zones”, psychological warfare,
torture and sexual assault, alongside ground invasions, with snipers targeting children and tanks
targeting civilian infrastructure. While coverage has focused on Gaza, the Israeli army and illegal
settlers have intensified attacks against Palestinians across the illegally occupied West Bank and
increased their aggression towards Palestinians who hold Israeli citizenship through surveillance and
arrest.
Despite the recommendations of UN experts to cease the airstrikes to reduce civilian harm and allow
access to humanitarian aid, Israel has made no meaningful efforts committed to a lasting ceasefire
in Gaza nor de-escalation in the wider Middle East.1 The impunity with which it has been allowed to
behave has led Israel to expand its ever-escalating violence to surrounding countries, including Syria 2
and Lebanon.3
The Nottingham Camp for the Liberation of Palestine (NCLP) was created after countless protests to
stop the University of Nottingham’s complicity in the apartheid, occupation and genocide of the
Palestinian people by the colonial state of Israel. NCLP forms part of a global student movement,
calling on universities across the world to boycott Israel and support Palestinian students, whose
educational infrastructure has been decimated by indiscriminate Israeli attacks. Different student
groups within the movement have different demands based on the context of their university’s
contribution to the oppression of Palestinians. NCLP only has four demands, which are as follows:
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, “UN Experts Alarmed by Israel-
Lebanon Conflict, Strongly Condemn Escalation and Urge Immediate Protection for Civilians,”
September 30,

1 United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, “UN Experts Alarmed by Israel-Lebanon Conflict, Strongly
Condemn Escalation and Urge Immediate Protection for Civilians,” September 30 2024
2 Aljazeera, “Israel’s attacks on Syria explained’’ 12 October 2024. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/12/how-can-israel-

attack-syria
3 Acled, “Expanding Israeli Operations in Lebanon and the Escalation of the Middle East Crisis,” October 4, 2024,

https://acleddata.com/2024/10/04/middle-east-september-2024-special-issue-middle-east-crisis.
17

The UoN, established in 1881 as University College Nottingham, initially offered education to local
residents before being granted its Royal Charter in 1948, officially becoming a university. 4 It has grown
into a globally recognised institution, known for its strong emphasis on research and international
outreach.5 Today, the university is a member of the prestigious Russell Group, which includes leading
research-intensive universities in the UK. It boasts a diverse community spanning across three
campuses in the UK, as well as international campuses in Ningbo, China, and Semenyih, Malaysia6. The
UoN consistently ranks among the top universities in the UK and has a strong reputation in areas such
as medicine, engineering, and social sciences. It is also known for its innovative research centres,
interdisciplinary projects, and partnerships with institutions worldwide.7
As a ‘global University’, UoN has been vocal about world issues and geopolitical conflict in the past.
Most notably, it was incredibly quick to condemn Russia’s unlawful invasion of Ukraine in 2022, and it
pledged to grant support for Ukrainian students, as well as to effectively boycott Russia. In stark
contrast to this, the University of Nottingham has given no meaningful statement of support for

4 University of Nottingham, “A Brief History of the University”

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/about/history/abriefhistoryoftheuniversity.aspx
5 Times Higher Education, “University of Nottingham,” https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-

rankings/university-nottingham.
6 University of Nottingham, "Campuses," https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/about/campuses/campuses.aspx.
7 University of Nottingham, “Key Facts and Accolades,” https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/about/facts/Key-facts-and-accolades.aspx.
18

Palestinian students, no pledge to provide any scholarships or aid and no commitment to cutting ties
with the Israeli settler-colonial state.

Due to the current and past context of the situation in Palestine, this report will discuss the 76 yearlong
occupation of Palestine by the settler colonial state of Israel (hereafter referred to as Israel for
conciseness), the ethnic cleansing of Palestinians from their land, the current genocide that is being
perpetuated by Israel and how the Israeli military has been avoiding consequences for their human
rights violations for decades. It will discuss the arms trade and how companies profit from war and
conflict, the historical importance of boycott and divestment campaigns, and how universities have
played a role in divestment campaigns in the past. It will draw on the University’s own ethical
frameworks and public commitments to Sustainable Development goals to highlight how their
investments in and partnerships with companies that are at risk of complicity in human rights
violations, apartheid and aiding the genocide being carried out by Israel makes them complicit in the
ongoing assaults. We will also highlight the links between the University of Nottingham and Israeli
universities and why these should be boycotted, drawing comparisons to how the University divested
from institutions in Russia when they invaded Ukraine. Lastly, we will discuss the University’s response
to the current student movement and what they can do to avoid complicity in apartheid, illegal
occupation and genocide. The report will also propose a way forward for the University of Nottingham
to be in line with its ethical frameworks, commitment to student wellbeing and their advertised values.
This report was created to publicly highlight The University of Nottingham’s Complicity in the Illegal
Occupation and Genocide of the Palestinian People and to urge them to divest from companies and
institutions that uphold the settler-colony of Israel.

Importance of Language
In this report, we will use specific language such as "Israeli Occupation Forces" (IOF) to accurately
reflect the realities on the ground and to challenge the narratives that obscure the impact of military
occupation. We will use IOF and Israeli military/army interchangeably throughout this report
depending on the source information. We refer to Israel as an "apartheid regime" to highlight the
systemic discrimination and violence faced by Palestinians, aligning with international definitions of
apartheid. Additionally, we state and highlight Israel as a "settler colony” due to its colonial actions of
displacement and dispossession against the Palestinian people. We will define the word “genocide” as
based on the Geneva Convention definition and will be using this term to describe the ongoing attacks
that Israel is perpetuating.
The focus of this report is to highlight the UoN’s role in the ongoing ethnic cleansing, human rights
violations and genocide being perpetuated by Israel and using appropriate and accurate language to
describe what is happening is imperative for accurate chronicling of the events. We firmly reject the
normalisation of Israel as a state without acknowledging these realities. Normalisation ignores the
ongoing violations of human rights and legitimises a “state” that is a product of ethnic cleansing,
colonialism and illegal occupation.
19

1. THE OCCUPATION OF PALESTINE

1.1 Settler Colonialism, Apartheid, & Ethnic Cleansing
The 76 years long occupation of Palestine by the settler-colonial state of Israel is a direct product of
western colonialism, with the act of settler colonialism in the region finding its roots in the British
Mandate over Palestine. Initially the Palestine population consisted of a variety of religions. They were
predominantly Christianity, Judaism and Islam but featuring notable Sikh and Hindu populations as well
– with all citizens, regardless of religion, categorised as Palestinian.8 However, as a result of
widespread European antisemitism and racist British colonial views, British officials encouraged the
migration of European Jews to British occupied Palestine in order to “transform the territory in line
with contemporary notions of European modernity and progress”. This process began in the early 1920s
under British Mandate and has continued into the Zionist occupation.9
This process of settler-colonialism – a form of colonialism in which an external power occupies and
settles on indigenous land, displacing the native population10 – has been central to Israel's expansionist
policies since its founding in 1948, marked by the establishment of Israeli settlements in the West Bank
and East Jerusalem. These settlements, considered illegal under international law, are part of a
broader strategy to create "facts on the ground" that entrench Israeli control over Palestinian
territories.11, 12, 13, 14, 15 Settler colonialism and the control that it offers is fostered off of destruction and
replacement, accelerating the progression of the ten stages of genocide outlined by the Holocaust
Memorial Day Trust.16 Two Israeli officials, Theodor Herzl and Meron Benvenisti - Herzl being the
founder of Zionism — both blatantly admitted to using these methods. 17 Herzl compared the process of
settler-colonialism and ethnic cleansing to constructing buildings, stating he must ‘demolish’ in order

8 Gudrun Krämer, A history of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel (Princeton University
Press, 2008).
9 Jacob Norris, “Transforming the Holy Land: The Ideology of Development and the British Mandate in Palestine,” Humanity: An

International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, 8m no, 2 (2017), 269-286.
10 Wikipedia Contributors, “Settler Colonialism,” last modified October 11, 2024,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settler_colonialism.
11
United Nations Security Council, “Resolution 338,” 1973,
https://documents.un.org/symbol-explorer?s=S/RES/338(1973)&i=S/RES/338(1973)_4438105.
12 United Nations Security Council, “Resolution 242,” 1967.

https://documents.un.org/symbol-explorer?s=S/RES/242(1967)&i=S/RES/242(1967)_5644897.
13 United Nations General Assembly, “Resolution 194,” 1948, https://documents.un.org/symbol-

explorer?s=A/RES/194(III)&i=A/RES/194(III)_8075352.
14 United Nations General Assembly, “Resolution 3236,” 1974,

https://documents.un.org/symbol-explorer?s=A/RES/3236(XXIX)&i=A/RES/3236(XXIX)_0046924.
15 International Humanitarian Law Databases, “Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War.

Geneva, 12 August 1949,” https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gciv-1949.

16 Holocaust Memorial Day Trust, "The Ten Stages of Genocide," accessed October 17, 2024, https://www.hmd.org.uk/learn-about-

the-holocaust-and-genocides/what-is-genocide/the-ten-stages-of-genocide/.
17 Patrick Wolfe, “Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native,” Journal of Genocide Research, 8, no. 4 (2006): 387-409,

https://doi.org/10.1080/14623520601056240.
20

to ‘construct’, while Benvenisti claims he ‘“made the desert bloom” by uprooting the ancient olive trees
of al-Bassa to clear the ground for a non-native banana grove.18, 19
The European Commission defines ethnic cleansing as the deliberate and systematic use of force or
intimidation to remove individuals of a particular ethnic or religious group from a specific area to
achieve ethnic homogeneity — an act that blatantly violates international law.20 According to the Office
of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), the ongoing situation in Palestine has been
explicitly identified as a clear case of ethnic cleansing, further underscoring the severity of the
violations being committed.21 The UN has stated ethnic cleansing is rendering an area ethnically
homogeneous by using force or intimidation to remove from a given area persons of another ethnic or
religious group, and is contrary to international law.22
It is this policy of erasure and replacement – destroying native wildlife, historic buildings and
landmarks, and the lives of Palestinians – that forms the foundation of Zionism and enabled the ethnic
cleansing of Palestinian cities to make way for Israeli settlers. This violent displacement was
performed through a variety of tactics including the “military occupation of Palestinian cities (Lydda for
instance) ... confiscation of Palestinian properties, demolition of cultural, political and religious centres,
populating of now emptied houses with Jewish settlers, and re-inscription of Palestinian landscapes as
Jewish-Israeli.”23
This approach is accompanied by policies that critics and human rights organisations describe as
apartheid, wherein two separate legal systems exist: one for Israeli settlers and another for
Palestinians. This dual system manifests in widespread discrimination, including restricted
movement, limited access to resources, and the demolition of Palestinian homes. 24 Such restrictions
are intended to limit and criminalise the daily actions – therefore the existence – of native Palestinians,
to the benefit of the occupying Israeli settlers and government.

18 Herzl, Theodor. Old–New Land [Altneuland]. Translated by Lotta Levensohn. New York: M. Wiener, 1941. Accessed October 17,
2024. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Old-New-Land-Herzls-vision-for-the-future-of-
Herzl/74c94b07b57abf3a64f7c9e5e5936f37e2a6b60e.
19 Meron Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape. The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948 (Berkeley, CA: California U.P. 2000), 2.
20 European Commission, "Ethnic Cleansing," Asylum and Migration Glossary, accessed October 16, 2024, https://home-

affairs.ec.europa.eu/networks/european-migration-network-emn/emn-asylum-and-migration-glossary/glossary/ethnic-cleansing_en.
21 United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, "UN Expert Warns of New Instance of Mass Ethnic Cleansing of

Palestinians, Calls for Immediate Ceasefire," OHCHR Press Release, October 12, 2023. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-
releases/2023/10/un-expert-warns-new-instance-mass-ethnic-cleansing-palestinians-calls.
22 United Nations, Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect, "Definitions: Ethnic Cleansing," accessed

October 17, 2024, https://www.un.org/en/genocide-prevention/definition.

23 Naama Blatman and Areej Sabbagh‐Khoury, “The Presence of the Absence: Indigenous Palestinian Urbanism in Israel,”

International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 47, no. 1 (2022): 119-128. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.13130.
24 John Dugard and John Reynolds, “Apartheid, International Law, and the Occupied Palestinian Territory,” European Journal of

International Law 24, no. 3 (2013): 867-913, https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/cht045.

21

1.2. Genocide
For the purpose of this section – and throughout this paper – we will be referring to the army of the
settler colonial state of Israel, generally referred to as the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), as the Israel
Occupation Forces (IOF), acknowledging their current and historic role in enforcing ethnic cleansing
and occupation across Palestine and Lebanon.25 We will be using the term ‘genocide’ in accordance
with the definition supplied by the United Nations in Article II of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.26 This reads as follows:

“Genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national,
ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:

(a) Killing members of the group;

(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;

(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in
whole or in part;

(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;

(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.”

It is on this basis that, on the 29th of December 2023, the Republic of South Africa initiated legal
proceedings against the Israeli occupation’s presence and conduct in the Gaza strip. In the following
months Nicaragua, Colombia, Libya, Mexico, Palestine, Spain, Türkiye, Chile, the Maldives and Bolivia
have each submitted a declaration of intervention – as well as the ICJ issuing provisional measures27
which Israel has continually ignored.

Prior to October 7th, 2023 had already been deemed the deadliest year on record for Palestinians since
1948.28 Since October 2023, over 40,000 Palestinians in Gaza have been murdered, 20,000+ of those
murdered being women and children.29 This statistic is a huge underestimate, detailing the people who

25 Raanan Ben-Zur, “IDF to Recognize 18-Year Occupation of South Lebanon as Official Campaign,” The Times of Israel, October
18, 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-to-recognize-18-year-occupation-of-south-lebanon-as-official-campaign/
26 United Nations, “Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide,”

https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-
crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf.
27 International Court of Justice. "Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the

Congo v. Uganda)." https://www.icj-cij.org/case/192.

28 Save the Children, “2023 Marks Deadliest Year on Record for Children in Occupied West Bank,” Save the Children, October 18,

2023, https://www.savethechildren.net/news/2023-marks-deadliest-year-record-children-occupied-west-bank.
29 Al Jazeera, "Israel-Hamas War in Maps and Charts: Live Tracker," Last Modified 20 Oct 2024,

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/10/9/israel-hamas-war-in-maps-and-charts-live-tracker.
22

have had their identities confirmed; a more accurate, albeit still extremely conservative, estimate was
provided by the Lancet medical journal estimating over 186,000 Palestinians have been killed directly
or indirectly as a result of the assault on Gaza. To put this into context, this is as though the entire UoN
student population of the UK, Malaysia and China were massacred four times over. 30 October 2024
marked the beginning of the targeted ethnic cleansing of North Gaza.31 Men and boys were separated
from their families and lined up while a hole was dug next to them. As we write this paper, journalists
and civilians from Gaza are calling out to the world to take action against these abhorrent actions
reminiscent of the genocides committed against the people of Bosnia, as well as against millions of
Jewish and marginalised peoples during the Holocaust in World War Two.
It is all too easy when discussing the occupation of Palestine to focus solely on Israel’s assault on Gaza
– the scale and extremity of the crimes being committed by the IOF on Gazan civilians understandably
hold the focus of current dialogue. However, it is of the utmost importance that Israel’s aggression and
plans for ethnic cleansing across the entirety of Palestine are not overlooked or ignored. According to
Al Jazeera, these attacks span back to 1938 when the armed Zionist militia, Irgun, carried out a series
of violent attacks on Palestinians. Just 8 years later, the same group bombed the King David hotel in
Jerusalem, killing 91 people. 32 Only a decade after Irgun’s first attack on Palestinians, the 1948 Nakba
took place, killing 15,000 Palestinians and displacing two thirds of the Palestinian population. 33 Israel’s
attacks on Palestine have continued at increasing rates over the last 70 years, with many of them
carried out not by the IOF but by the settlers themselves, with nearly 3000 attacks taking place over
just nine years in the West Bank alone.34
This process has been described by Israeli historian Ilan Pappé as an “incremental genocide”, in which
the crime is committed in “waves”.35 Facing little to no international backlash to these ‘waves’ has
enabled both the expansion and refinement of Israel’s crimes against Palestine: refinement in the form
of practice – with the committing and defence of the ethnic cleansing of Palestine becoming routine –
and expansion in terms of tactics. Since October 7th 2023, this being little over a year from the time of
writing, Israel has cut almost all access to food, water, electricity, fuel, internet and
telecommunication services in Gaza, rendering healthcare services inoperable. 36 On top of this
Palestinians, who have been illegally and indefinitely detained without trial at large, are refused family
visits – an act which is also in violation of international humanitarian laws’. 37,38

30 University of Nottingham, “Student Statistics 2019/20,” University of Nottingham, accessed October 21, 2023,
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/ppsc/student-statistics/student-statistics-2019-20.aspx.
31
Al Jazeera, “Genocide Unfolding: 640 Palestinians Killed in North Gaza in 17 Days,” October 21, 2024,
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/21/genocide-unfolding-640-palestinians-killed-in-north-gaza-in-17-days.
32 Palestine Remix, “Timeline of Palestine’s History,” https://remix.aljazeera.com/aje/PalestineRemix/timeline_main.html.
33 Meena Ghani, “Remembering the Nakba: A 70 Year Struggle for Justice,” Global Justice Now, May 15, 2024,

https://www.globaljustice.org.uk/blog/2024/05/remembering-the-nakba-a-70-year-struggle-for-justice.
34 Al Jazeera, “Israeli Settler Attacks Against Palestinians by the Numbers,” March 3, 2023,

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/3/israeli-settler-attacks-against-palestinians-by-the-numbers.
35 Ilan Pappé, “Israel’s Incremental Genocide in the Gaza Ghetto,” The Electronic Intifada,

July 13, 2014, https://electronicintifada.net/content/israels-incremental-genocide-gaza-ghetto/13562.

36
Aamir Hasan and Mohamed Buheji, “A World Losing Its Legitimacy: Gaza from Collective Punish till Ethnic Cleansing &
Genocide,” International Journal of Management 15, no. 1 (2024).
37 CounterPunch, “No to Preventive Detention: From Palestine to Guantanamo to U.S. Jails,” February 23, 2022,

https://www.counterpunch.org/2022/02/23/no-to-preventive-detention-from-palestine-to-guantanamo-to-u-s-jails/.
38 ibid.
23

1.3. Israeli Military & Impunity

The unofficial exemption of the IOF from the legal consequences of their crimes is not confined to their
treatment of Palestinian hostages or murder of Palestinians civilians. From early on in its assault on
Gaza, the IOF has employed various technologies to exacerbate its onslaught. The use of artificial
intelligence and surveillance technology not only further dehumanises Israel’s victims but – according
to Human Rights Watch – may even ‘be increasing the risk of civilian harm’ through ‘tools not fit for
purpose to help make life and death decisions in Gaza’.39 As noted by the British Medical Journal, these
technologies have since been used to carry out Israel’s newest protocol-divergent strategies, including
‘the foregoing of warning shots along with strikes on residential buildings with no active military
targets’ – actions which are in complete violation of international humanitarian law.40 Israel’s
undeniable confidence in their exemption from these laws has only been bolstered by the international
community’s lack of action, who have failed to condemn Israel’s latest targeting of Gaza’s health
industry in addition to maintaining silence on the equally horrific attacks – in which hospitals were
flattened and paramedics and doctors were targeted – of 2014 and 2009.41 42
International and legal bodies, such as the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the International
Criminal Court (ICC) and the United Nations (UN) have put out a number of statements.
The following shows a timeline of public statements made by the ICJ, ICC, and the UN since January
2024, regarding the human rights violations being perpetuated by the Israeli military against
Palestinians and the illegality of the Israeli settlements.

39 Human Rights Watch, “Gaza: Israeli Military’s Digital Tools Risk Civilian Harm,” September 10, 2024,
https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/09/10/gaza-israeli-militarys-digital-tools-risk-civilian-harm.
40 Bram Wispelwey et al., “Civilian Mortality and Damage to Medical Facilities in Gaza,” BMJ Global Health 9, no. 5 (2024):

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014756.
41 Owen Dyer, “Israeli Forces Attack Medical Facilities in Gaza and Destroy Brand New Hospital,” BMJ, 349, no. 4865:

https://www.bmj.com/content/375/bmj.n3044.
42 Mads Gilbert and Erik Fosse, “Inside Gaza's Al-Shifa hospital,” The Lancet, 373, no. 9659, (2009):

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(09)60057-X/fulltext.
24

Figure 2: Timeline of public statements made by the ICJ, ICC, and the UN
25

4344454647484950

Despite the numerous rulings, legal opinions and warnings from various international organisations,
the Israeli army has only escalated their attacks against Palestine, now replicating its previous attacks
and attempted occupation in other countries such as Lebanon. 51 These actions remain unimpeded by
governments and institutions across the world who maintain partnerships with and invest in arms and
technology companies, directly work with Israeli businesses and universities, and financially and
socially support the Israeli government and their crimes. This sits in stark contrast to the rightful global
condemnation of the Russian government and military. The clear impunity with which the Israeli
military has been allowed to operate highlights how these institutions value profits, which they receive
from the sale of arms to Israel, over human rights and international law. The intricacies of the arms
trade, the profit-generating machine of war and the resulting human rights violations will be further
explored below.

1.4 Humanising the victims of Israeli aggression

Dehumanisation is identified as the fourth stage of genocide in Stanton’s The Ten Stages of Genocide52.
The University of Nottingham appear to have fallen for the widespread campaigns of dehumanisation
against the Palestinian people, and have become accustomed to their massacre, losing the normal
revulsion one would experience when discovering they are connected to ethnic cleansing, illegal
occupation and genocide. Countering dehumanisation involves actively choosing to ensure we do not
allow murdered Palestinians to become mere statistics. Statistics are important to record and cite,
however the importance of maintaining the humanity of victims cannot be understated. This
necessarily entails acknowledging the reality of their suffering and taking swift action to end any and
all connections to their oppression.

43 United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, “Gaza: ICJ Ruling Offers Hope for Protection of Civilians
Enduring ‘Apocalyptic’ Conditions,” January 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/01/gaza-icj-ruling-offers-hope-
protection-civilians-enduring-apocalyptic.
44 United Nations Human Rights Council, “Anatomy of a Genocide: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human

Rights in the Palestinian Territory Occupied Since 1967 to Human Rights Council,” Advance Unedited Version A/HRC/55, 2023,
https://www.un.org/unispal/document/anatomy-of-a-genocide-report-of-the-special-rapporteur-on-the-situation-of-human-rights-in-
the-palestinian-territory-occupied-since-1967-to-human-rights-council-advance-unedited-version-a-hrc-55/.
45 International Criminal Court, “Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A.A. Khan KC on Applications for Arrest Warrants in the

Situation in the State of Palestine,” October 2023, https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-

applications-arrest-warrants-situation-state.
46
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, “Israeli Authorities and Palestinian Armed Groups Are
Responsible for War Crimes,” June 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/06/israeli-authorities-palestinian-armed-
groups-are-responsible-war-crimes.
47
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, “States and Companies Must End Arms Transfers to Israel
Immediately or Risk Complicity in War Crimes,” June 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/06/states-and-
companies-must-end-arms-transfers-israel-immediately-or-risk.
48 United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, “UN Special Committee on Israeli Practices in the Occupied

Territories Concludes Field Mission,” June 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/06/un-special-committee-israeli-

practices-occupied-territories-concludes-field.
49 International Court of Justice, “Legal Consequences Arising from the Policies and Practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian

Territory, Including East Jerusalem,” July 19, 2024, https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/186/186-20240719-pre-

01-00-en.pdf.
50
Vibhu Mishra, “UN General Assembly Demands Israel End ‘Unlawful Presence’ in Occupied Palestinian Territory,” UN News,
September 18, 2024, https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/09/1154496.
51 Al Jazeera. “Updates: Israel Kills 27, Again Hits UN Peacekeeping Force in Lebanon.”

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/16/live-ten-killed-as-israel-hits-homes-healthcare-centre-in-lebanons-qana.
52 Genocide Watch. “The Ten Stages of Genocide.” Accessed October 21, 2024. https://www.genocidewatch.com/tenstages.
26

Over the span of one year between October 2023 to October 2024, organisations have diligently been
working to gather and publish statistics about the ongoing genocide in an attempt to share the severity
of massacres and move the international community to take action. A reputable organisation called
Let’s Talk Palestine has meticulously combed through this information and compiled a fully sourced
document titled “One Year of Genocide: Factsheet” 53.
In order to counter the internalised biases, we are encouraged to hold - consciously or otherwise - and
to re-humanise and commemorate the Palestinian people, we have taken the time to gather four
individual cases where Palestinians have been heinously killed by the settler colony of Israel across this
past year. It is important to remember that these four people are drops in a sea of millions of
Palestinians killed, orphaned, injured, displaced, tortured, amputated, raped and traumatised as a
result of Israel’s 76 years long campaign of ethnic cleansing.

Hind Rajab, aged 6: Murdered alongside her family and 2 paramedics travelling along ‘safe routes’ 54
Hind was a child. Her family did everything they had been ordered to, notifying the IOF of their intent to
travel along the safe route, and sticking to the safe roads. Nonetheless, the Israelis targeted the car,
ultimately killing all the family members Hind was travelling with, including her 15-year-old cousin,
Layan. Hind was trapped in the car, surrounded by the dead bodies of her family members, and
remained on the phone to the Red Crescent for three hours. The paramedics sent by the Red Crescent
were killed when they tried to rescue her, and the IOF proceeded to block access to the area,
preventing the recovery of their remains for twelve days. When the military left, the ambulance was
found burnt to pieces, and Hind’s body was found decomposing in the car her family were killed in.
Forensic evidence has revealed that the car was hit with 335 bullets and analysts have concluded that
it is 'not plausible' that the Israeli forces in the tank could not see children inside the car. This six-year-
old witnessed her family killed around her, called for help herself only to be murdered in cold-blood.

Sha’baan Al-Dalou55, aged 19: Burnt alive with his family in the ruins of Al-Asqa Hospital (Gaza)
Sha’baan was studying software engineering and had just survived an airstrike attack carried out
against people sheltering in a mosque in Gaza a week before he was martyred. He was being treated
alongside his family in makeshift tents in the ruins of Al-Aqsa hospital, which has also been bombed
previously. An Israeli airstrike on these hospital tents left Sha’baan burning alive in his hospital bed,
still connected to an IV drip. His father recounts being thrown out of his bed by the bomb blast, faced
with the decision of choosing which of his three children to attempt saving from the flames. Sha'baan’s
10-year-old brother, who was rescued from the fire, later died from his wounds. Sha’baan did not live

53 Let’s Talk Palestine. “One Year of Genocide: Factsheet (Oct 7, 2023 - Oct 5, 2024)” Last modified 05 October 2024.
https://docs.google.com/document/d/12tQgWUFgeGJ_KlcccrwfQ_Yh546teMAq1IrDWZF_cPM/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.2fkkq4h9u
w78
54
Middle East Eye. “Forensic Architecture Probe Says Israeli Tank Fire Likely Killed Palestinian Child Hind Rajab.” Accessed
October 21, 2024. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/forensic-architecture-probe-says-israeli-tank-fire-likely-killed-palestinian-
child-hind-rajab.
55 Al Jazeera. “Shaban al-Dalou: The Palestinian Teen Burned to Death in Israeli Bombing.” October 15, 2024. Accessed October

21, 2024. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/15/shaban-al-dalou-the-palestinian-teen-burned-to-death-in-israeli-bombing.

27

to see his 20th birthday, due to bombs dropped on hospital tents used to treat refugees who had
survived a previous bombing.

Hassan Hamad56, aged 19: Assassinated by Israeli aerial attacks for reporting on the Gaza genocide
Hassan was a teenager who took on the responsibility of becoming a journalist to report on the crimes
being committed by the IOF in Gaza. He had shared with his colleagues online that the Israeli army had
been threatening him, ordering him to either stop sharing news about the massacres or face death.
Although it is a crime under international law, it is common practice for Israel to target Palestinian
journalists. As such, Hassan had already been forced to make the decision to stay away from his family
to protect them from being targeted. Hassan was on the phone to a fellow journalist before he was
killed, saying “There they are, there they are, it’s done”. The attack dismembered his body so severely
that his remains were given to his father in two shoe boxes. Hassan was a child who was forced to
document the murder of his people and the destruction of his land for a year only to be targeted and
killed for it.

Ziad Abu Helaiel57, aged 66: Beaten to death by IOF soldiers during a house raid in the occupied West
Bank
Ziad Abu Helaiel was a renowned Palestinian activist, known for peacefully confronting the IOF during
their attacks in Al-Khalil (Hebron). Across his many years of living under illegal occupation and Israeli
war crimes, Ziad was often found standing (supported by his walking stick) between heavily armed
soldiers and peaceful protesters, trying to protect the youth of his town from being murdered. He was
a highly respected man, killed for trying to peacefully protect his people and land.

Countering dehumanisation involves actively choosing to ensure we do not allow murdered

Palestinians to become mere statistics. In the UK, we must rediscover the natural reaction to genocide
that we have been taught to ignore. Unlearning the normalisation of genocide and rejecting the
dehumanisation of Palestinians will allow us all to feel repulsed by the mass murder and displacement
of millions and moved to do all we can to stop it. The University of Nottingham must acknowledge the
reality of the role it plays in supporting and enabling this genocide and take instantaneous action to
rectify its wrongs. The settler colony of Israel has been given permission to act with impunity, but as
an academic institution, the University must take swift action to ensure international law and human
rights taught on our campuses are upheld. The University of Nottingham has demonstrated it is
possible to do this in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, it is imperative we see the same
swift response for Palestine as a matter of urgency.

56 Al Jazeera, “Palestinian Journalist, 19, Killed in Israeli Raid After Receiving Threats,” October 6, 2024,
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/6/palestinian-journalist-19-killed-in-israeli-raid-after-receiving-threats.
57 Middle East Eye, “Israeli Forces Beat to Death Renowned Activist in Hebron,” October 23, 2023,

https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israeli-forces-beat-death-renowned-activist-hebron.
28

2. THE ARMS TRADE

2.1. The Profit-Generating Machine of War
The Arms Trade is one of the most lucrative industries globally, with the financial value of the global
arms trade estimated at over US$112 billion in 2020. With the combined revenue of the world’s top 100
arms-producing and military services companies equating to US$597.2 billion58 in 2022, according to
data from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
The market is dominated by a small number of key players, namely the following companies:

COMPANY NAME 2023 REVENUE

LOCKHEED MARTIN 59 $67.6 billion
BOEING60 $77.8 billion
BAE SYSTEMS61 17.2 billion
NORTHROP GRUMMAN62 $39.3 billion
RAYTHEON63 $£74.3 billion
Table 1 Arms-producing and military services companies

These companies manufacture a wide range of military equipment, from advanced fighter jets such as
the F-35 to missile systems and small arms, with a significant proportion of their revenue derived from
government defence contracts. The arms trade is intertwined with geopolitical instability, as conflicts
increase arms demand, leading to increased production and profit. This dynamic reinforces a cycle of
conflict where profits incentivise further arms proliferation, often to unstable regions, exacerbating
conflicts rather than resolving them.
The arms trade raises significant moral and ethical concerns. Weapons sold to oppressive regimes or
conflict zones contribute to human rights abuses and the deaths of civilians. Previous examples
include arms supplied to Syria in 2011, Saudi Arabia/UAE - involved in the Yemen conflict - and in the
present day – Israel. These have all sparked international outcry due to civilian casualties, humanitarian
crises and human rights violations.

58 SIPRI, The SIPRI Top 100 Arms-Producing and Military Services Companies in the World, 2022 (2023),
https://www.sipri.org/visualizations/2023/sipri-top-100-arms-producing-and-military-services-companies-world-2022.
59 Statista, “Revenue of the Defense Supplier Lockheed Martin from 2000 to 2023,"

https://www.statista.com/statistics/268908/revenue-of-the-defense-supplier-lockheed-martin/.
60 Statista, "Worldwide Revenue of Boeing from 2005 to 2022," https://www.statista.com/statistics/264374/boeings-worldwide-

revenue/.
61 Statista, "Revenue of the Defense Technology Supplier BAE Systems from 2000 to 2022,"

https://www.statista.com/statistics/268878/revenue-of-the-defense-technology-supplier-bae-systems/.
62 Statista, "Revenue of Northrop Grumman from 2000 to 2022," https://www.statista.com/statistics/268953/revenue-of-northrop-

grumman/.
63 Statista, “Net Sales of United Technologies from 2005 to 2022," https://www.statista.com/statistics/261562/net-sales-of-united-

technologies/.
29

While some regulations like the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) and the Geneva conventions attempt to
ethically control the flow of weapons, enforcement is often weak. Powerful nations and companies,
who are also the largest arms suppliers, can bypass or ignore such regulations, driven by profit and
strategic interests rather than international human rights laws and national safety.
Countries heavily reliant on arms exports can see their economies tied to global military spending,
creating a "war machine" that sustains itself with conflict. This not only includes arms manufacturers
but also smaller contractors and supply chains, leading to a broad dependence on the defence sector
for economic stability.

2.2. Human Rights Violations

The global arms trade has significant implications for human rights, often exacerbating conflicts and
contributing to civilian suffering. International treaties such as the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), which
came into force in 201464, aim to regulate the international trade in conventional arms and prevent their
diversion to illicit markets. The ATT requires states to assess the risk that exported arms could be used
to commit or facilitate serious violations of international humanitarian law or human rights abuses.
Several companies have faced scrutiny for their involvement in arms sales to conflict zones. For
instance, BAE Systems, Lockheed Martin, and Raytheon have been criticised for supplying weapons to
Saudi Arabia, which have been used in the Yemen conflict 65, resulting in significant civilian casualties
and alleged war crimes. The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) 66, Amnesty
International67 and other human rights organisations have highlighted the failure of these companies
to adequately address the human rights risks associated with their business operations.
The UK government has acknowledged a “clear risk” that UK-supplied weapons and components may
be involved in serious violations of international humanitarian law, prompting Foreign Secretary, David
Lammy, to announce the suspension of around 30 out of 350 export licences to Israel 68. However, it's
important to note that this suspension does not apply to UK-made components for the multinational
F-35 Joint Strike Fighter programme, except in instances where they are sent directly to Israel. This
exclusion raises serious concerns given the established connections between UK-made F-35
components and civilian casualties in Gaza69.
The UK Chief Executive of Amnesty International stated this exclusion is “a catastrophically bad
decision for future arms control and misses a clear obligation to hold Israel accountable for its

64 Arms Trade Treaty, https://thearmstradetreaty.org/.

65 Amnesty International, "Yemen: The Forgotten War," September 22, 2015.
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/09/yemen-the-forgotten-war/.
66 United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, “States and Companies Must End Arms Transfers.”
67 Amnesty International, "Arms Companies Failing to Address Human Rights Risks," September 30, 2019,

https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2019/09/arms-companies-failing-to-address-human-rights-risks/.
68 UK Government. "UK Suspends Around 30 Arms Export Licences to Israel for Use in Gaza Over International Humanitarian Law

Concerns."
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-suspends-around-30-arms-export-licences-to-israel-for-use-in-gaza-over-international-
humanitarian-law-concerns.
69 Action on Armed Violence (AOAV), "UK-Made F-35 Components Linked to Civilian Casualties in Gaza Strikes: New Evidence

Published," January 8, 2024, https://aoav.org.uk/2024/uk-made-f-35-components-linked-to-civilian-casualties-in-gaza-strikes-new-

evidence-published/.
30

extensive war crimes and other violations”70. This situation suggests that the measures taken may be
more reactive than proactive, failing to adequately address the potential for British-made arms to
contribute to human rights abuses abroad.
The situation in Palestine underscores the ongoing issues with the arms trade. Weapons supplied to
Israel have been used in operations that have resulted in significant civilian casualties and destruction
in Gaza. The international community’s failure to effectively regulate arms transfers to such conflict
zones highlights the need for stronger enforcement of international treaties and greater
accountability for both states and corporations involved in the arms trade.

2.3. Environmental Degradation

The environmental degradation caused by the arms trade is significant, though it often receives less
attention than the human toll of conflict. The production, transportation, testing, and deployment of
military equipment contribute heavily to carbon emissions, pollution, and habitat destruction.
In 2019, the global military sector accounted for approximately 6% of the world’s total carbon
emissions, with defence-related activities contributing nearly 1.8 billion tonnes of CO2 annually 71.
Between the years 2006-2019, the total aviation fuel used for UK’s defence activities equated to an
average of 1.8 billion tons of CO2 annually. From the manufacture of weapons to the aftermath of their
use, the arms trade has a profound and lasting impact on ecosystems and biodiversity.
The production of arms is resource-intensive, relying on vast amounts of raw materials like steel,
aluminium, and rare earth metals. Arms manufacturing is energy-heavy, often requiring fossil fuels,
which leads to the emission of large amounts of greenhouse gases. Factories producing military
equipment can also generate significant amounts of toxic waste. Hazardous chemicals used in
processes such as metal plating, coating, and assembly can leach into the soil and local water systems
if not properly managed. For instance, military production facilities in the United States alone produce
over 400,000 tonnes of hazardous waste annually72. When improperly disposed of, these pollutants can
cause long-term environmental damage, contaminating ecosystems and harming human populations
living nearby.
The environmental impacts of arms do not end with production; their deployment in conflict zones also
causes widespread environmental degradation. The use of high-explosive weapons in warfare results
in the destruction of natural landscapes, contaminating soil and water sources with hazardous
materials like lead, mercury, and unexploded ordnance. These chemicals persist in the environment
long after conflicts have ended, contributing to long-term health issues and preventing the land from
being repurposed for agriculture or habitation. For example, research suggests that conflicts across
Africa, particularly in countries such as Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, have left

70 Amnesty International UK, "UK Suspension of 30 Arms Export Licences to Israel Too Limited,"
https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/uk-suspension-30-arms-export-licences-israel-too-limited.
71 Ho-Chih Lin and Deborah Burton, Indefensible: The True Cost of the Global Military to Our Climate and Human Security

(London: Tipping Point North South, 2020). https://transformdefence.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/indefensible-the-true-cost-of-

the-global-military-to-our-climate-and-human-security.pdf.
72 U.S. Department of Defense. Defense Environmental Programs Annual Report to Congress: Fiscal Year 2020. Washington, DC:

U.S. Department of Defense, 2022. https://www.denix.osd.mil/arc/denix-files/sites/6/2022/06/TAB-B-FY-2020-DEP-ARC-Report-

508C.pdf.
31

behind large areas of land contaminated by unexploded ordnance, leading to loss of farmland and
biodiversity73
The arms trade is also responsible for significant carbon emissions due to the transportation and
deployment of military equipment. Fighter jets, tanks, and naval vessels are among the most energy-
intensive vehicles, consuming vast quantities of fuel. A single F-35 fighter jet, for instance, burns
around 5,600 litres of fuel per hour, contributing significantly to atmospheric pollution 74,75.
Additionally, military activities involving the detonation of explosives release harmful particulates into
the air, further degrading air quality in conflict zones. This not only has an immediate effect on human
health but also contributes to long-term environmental damage.
Military operations and conflicts lead to significant deforestation, soil erosion, and habitat destruction,
particularly in areas rich in biodiversity. A case study of the Vietnam War highlights how defoliants like
Agent Orange, used to remove forest cover, destroyed approximately 1.8 million hectares of forest,
leaving large swaths of land barren and uninhabitable.76 Similarly, modern conflicts in regions such as
the Middle East have caused severe damage to natural ecosystems, as bombs and heavy artillery have
disrupted critical habitats and biodiversity. The conflict in Yemen, for example, has led to the
destruction of over 100,000 hectares of agricultural land due to aerial bombardment and landmines,
drastically reducing biodiversity and food production77.

2.3.1 Case Study: Palestine

Environmental degradation in Palestine, particularly in Gaza and the West Bank, has been exacerbated
by military conflict and infrastructure damage. Gaza’s sole aquifer has been severely contaminated,
leaving over two million people without safe drinking water due to over-extraction, as well as pollutants
from explosives and waste generated by conflict.78 Restrictions on importing materials needed to
repair water and sewage systems have worsened water scarcity, contributing to environmental stress
and public health risks.79 Furthermore, damage to Gaza’s wastewater treatment plants has resulted in
raw sewage flowing into the Mediterranean Sea, causing pollution that affects not only Gaza’s coastline
but also neighbouring territories, such as the Israeli occupied areas of Palestine and Egypt80.

73
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). “The Environmental Impacts of Explosive Ordnance.” December 16, 2021
https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2021/12/16/environmental-impacts-explosive-ordnance/.
74
Margaret Sullivan, "Military Carbon Emissions: A Major Factor in Climate Change," Inside Climate News, January 18, 2022,
https://insideclimatenews.org/news/18012022/military-carbon-emissions/.
75 John A. Tirpak, "The Next Threat: Stealth F-35 and Global Warming," The National Interest, October 17, 2022,

https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/next-threat-stealth-f-35-global-warming-92931.
76 Keith McCull and Robert J. McCoy, "The Extent and Patterns of Usage of Agent Orange and Other Herbicides in Vietnam,"

Environmental Health Perspectives 113, no. 6 (2005): 596–602,

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10799590_The_extent_and_patterns_of_usage_of_Agent_Orange_and_other_herbicides_i
n_Vietnam.
77 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The State of Food and Agriculture 2022: Sustainability and

Resilience in the Face of Climate Change. Rome: FAO, 2022. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/bf424047-

b87c-4469-bb08-72b2d8673307/content.
78 Conflict and Environmental Observatory (CEOBS), “UN Report Details Environmental Degradation in West Bank and Gaza,”

https://ceobs.org/un-report-details-environmental-degradation-in-west-bank-and-gaza.
79 Institute for Middle East Understanding (IMEU), “Environmental Apartheid in Palestine,” https://imeu.org/article/environmental-

apartheid-in-palestine.
80Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem (ARIJ), “Impact of Occupation and Environmental Challenges on Palestine,”

https://www.arij.org/latest/impact-of-occupation-and-environmental-challenges-on-palestine.
32

Agriculture, a critical part of Palestine’s economy, has also been severely impacted. Thousands of
acres of farmland have been destroyed due to military operations, bulldozers, and artillery81. In the 2014
Gaza massacres, large areas of agricultural land were ruined, threatening long-term food security. In
the West Bank, Israeli settler activity has resulted in the destruction of olive trees, which are
economically and culturally vital for Palestinian farmers. Unexploded ordnance and munitions residues
pose ongoing risks in densely populated regions like Gaza82.
The destruction of Gaza’s natural ecosystems, especially its coastal and marine environments, has had
severe repercussions on marine biodiversity and the local fishing industry. The collapse of systems for
managing sewage, wastewater, and solid waste has led to major environmental impacts and adverse
effects on communities 83. Various international organisations, including the United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP), have highlighted these environmental crises, noting that over a
decade of blockade, conflict, and infrastructure collapse have rendered the situation unsustainable84.
Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have also documented how the destruction of key
infrastructure, including water and sanitation facilities, intensifies both humanitarian and
environmental crises85.
Although international laws, such as Article 55 of the 1977 Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions 86 and
Article 8(2) (b) (iv) of the Rome Statute87 aim to prevent severe, long-term environmental damage during
warfare, enforcement remains weak88. As a result, the degradation of Palestine’s natural resources
continues with minimal accountability. Reports from UNEP89 and the Stockholm International Peace
Research Institute (SIPRI)90 underscore the environmental toll of military activities and arms
production, calling for stronger regulations to curb military carbon emissions and prevent further
environmental harm. This complex crisis highlights the urgent need for more effective legal
mechanisms to hold actors accountable for environmental damage in conflict zones and to promote
sustainable recovery efforts in regions like Palestine. Divestment campaigns are one of the strategies
to highlight to governments that they cannot act with impunity and must operate within the framework
of international law.

81 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), “State of the Environment in Palestine,” https://www.unep.org/state-palestine.
82 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), “Environmental Assessment of the Occupied Palestinian Territory,” 2020,
https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/32268.
83 United Nations, “Environmental Impact of Conflict in Gaza,” June 2024, https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-

content/uploads/2024/06/environmental_impact_conflict_Gaza.pdf.
84 Deoxy.org, "World Conference on the World Crisis," Accessed October 17, 2023, https://deoxy.org/wc/wc-proto.htm.
85
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), "Article 55: Protection of the Natural Environment," In Protocol Additional to
the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts
(Protocol II)
https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/api-1977/article-55.
86 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), “Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and

Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II),” Accessed October 17, 2023, https://ihl-
databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/api-1977.
87 International Criminal Court, “Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court” (May 2024), 6, https://www.icc-

cpi.int/sites/default/files/2024-05/Rome-Statute-eng.pdf.
88 International Bar Association, “Crimes Against the Environment and International Criminal Law,” last modified July 2023,

https://www.ibanet.org/article/6D983066-BCDB-481A-8C79-BD47362BDB49.
89 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), “Protecting the Environment during Armed Conflict: An Inventory and

Analysis of International Law,” 2022, https://www.unep.org/resources/report/protecting-environment-during-armed-conflict-

inventory-and-analysis-international.
90 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). SIPRI Yearbook 2024: Armaments, Disarmament and International

Security. Stockholm: SIPRI, 2024. https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2024/05.

33

3. THE HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE OF

UNIVERSITY BOYCOTT AND
DIVESTMENT CAMPAIGNS
3.1 South African Apartheid & Divestment
The student-led divestment campaigns against South African apartheid in the 1970s and 1980s were
pivotal in applying international pressure to dismantle the racist regime 91. These campaigns focused
on encouraging universities, governments, and corporations to withdraw their investments from
companies operating in or supporting apartheid South Africa to weaken its economic base and
international legitimacy92.
Despite the end of Britain's formal colonisation of South Africa by the early 1960s, its economic
influence and control persisted and between 1972 and 1976, British banks provided over $2.7 billion in
loans to South Africa, which rose to $3.16 billion by 1977. The anti-apartheid movement specifically
targeted Barclays Bank, one of Britain’s largest financial institutions and the most prominent street
bank operating in South Africa, as well as Shell, which continued to supply oil to South Africa even after
major oil-exporting nations imposed an embargo93. After the movement gained momentum in 1976 it
was revealed that Barclays National had invested an additional £6.5 million in South African Defence
Bonds94.
The divestment movement gained significant momentum in the United States and Europe, with
university students playing a crucial role. Protests and sit-ins were organised on campuses,
demanding that universities divest from companies complicit in apartheid 95. The success of these
campaigns was marked by several high-profile divestment decisions, including those by large
institutions like the University of California system, which divested $3.1 billion from South Africa-
related investments in 198696. These actions contributed to the broader global pressure that ultimately
led to the end of apartheid legislation97. Presently, Pro-Palestinian activists and organisations mirror
many of the same demands and actions to ensure that governments, institutions and organisations do

91
South Africa Apartheid Divestment Movement (1970s-1980s), "Global Nonviolent Action Database, Swarthmore College,
https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/category/wave-campaigns/south-africa-apartheid-divestment-movement-1970s-1980s.
92 Wikipedia, “Disinvestment from South Africa," last modified August 20, 2023,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa
93 AAM Archives, “Barclays and Shell,” accessed October 17, 2023, https://www.aamarchives.org/campaigns/barclays-and-

shell.html.
94 Swarthmore College, “British Students Force End to Barclays Bank's Investments in South African Apartheid, 1969-1987,”

accessed October 17, 2023, https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-students-force-end-barclays-bank-s-investments-

south-african-apartheid-1969-1987.
95
Swarthmore College, “South Africa Apartheid Divestment Movement, 1970s-1980s,” accessed October 17, 2023,
https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/category/wave-campaigns/south-africa-apartheid-divestment-movement-1970s-1980s.
96 Marc Fisher, "Students Protest Divestment From South Africa," Los Angeles Times, July 19, 1986,

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-19-mn-26296-story.html.
97 Wikipedia Contributors, "Apartheid," last modified October 16, 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid.
34

not invest in apartheid, illegal occupation as well as the genocide being carried by the Israeli
government.

3.2 The Historical Involvement of Universities in Divestment

Campaigns
Universities have historically been at the forefront of divestment campaigns, acting as moral and
intellectual leaders in global social justice movements. The anti-apartheid protests in Nottingham,
especially at the University of Nottingham, demonstrate a longstanding commitment from students to
push universities and governments toward anti-apartheid actions. From the 1960s onward, student-
led campaigns sought to pressure the university to divest from companies supporting South Africa’s
apartheid regime and urged the UK government to take stronger stances against it. This activism
reflects a persistent call for institutions to align their policies with global human rights values,
particularly in opposition to racial injustice98. The anti-apartheid divestment campaigns were often
driven by the belief that universities, as centres of learning and progress, had a moral obligation to
align their investments with their values of equality and justice. The success of the anti-apartheid
divestment movement set a precedent for future campaigns.
In more recent years, universities have been involved in divestment campaigns targeting fossil fuels,
private prisons, and companies involved in human rights violations, such as what is currently
happening in Palestine99 100 101. Although opponents of divestment argue that divesting fails to
significantly reduce the amount of money sent to arms and fossil fuel companies. However, activists
and social scientists argue that this overlooks the main impact of divestment, which is to stigmatise
these industries, undermine their social licence to operate, and ultimately help shape policy
decisions102. These highlight the continued role of universities in shaping ethical investment practices
and contributing to global social justice movements. Presently, many universities worldwide are being
urged to divest from Israel by cutting ties with companies that work with and in the apartheid state103
104
. In May of this year Goldsmiths University of London agreed to review investments with Israeli
companies as well as renaming a building in honour of Shireen Abu Akleh, who was a longtime
correspondent with Al Jazeera, and was killed two years ago by an Israeli soldier while covering a raid

98 University of Nottingham, "Anti-Apartheid Activists of Nottingham," last modified March 22, 2023,
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/news/anti-apartheid-activists-of-nottingham.
99
Simon Baker, "UK Universities Divest from Fossil Fuels," The Guardian, October 27, 2022,
https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/oct/27/uk-universities-divest-fossil-fuels.
100 Alene Wong, "An Uphill Battle: Harvard Students Urge School to Pull Investments That Support Prisons," NBC News, December

4, 2019.
https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/uphill-battle-harvard-students-urge-school-pull-investments-support-prisons-n1038686.
101 Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions (BDS) Movement, "Student Solidarity," accessed October 17, 2023,

https://bdsmovement.net/student-solidarity?__cf_chl_tk=MA3TcUc40N_yHgqLtCClFFVvin.0BYOZ6QwCYb2svJw-1725052813-
0.0.1.1-5033.
102 David Shaw, "As Oil Giants Defy Pressure to Divest from Russia, the Risks of Inaction Grow," Financial Times, March 30, 2022,

https://www.ft.com/content/6d56db46-6241-4b1c-846f-9985933cbdd0.
103 Marc Fisher, "Students Protest University Fossil Fuel Divestment Amid Ongoing Conflict in Gaza," The Guardian, April 24,

2024, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/apr/24/university-fossil-fuel-divestment-student-protests-israel-gaza.
104 Islam Channel, "Assets in Apartheid: UK University Encampments Grow as Students Urge Israel Divestment," accessed October

17, 2023, https://islamchannel.tv/assets-in-apartheid-uk-university-encampments-grow-as-students-urge-israel-divestment/.

35

in the West Bank105. In the same month, Columbia Union Theological Seminary announced it will divest
its $110 million endowment from all “companies substantially and intractably benefiting from the war in
Palestine"106. In April of 2024, Brown University made a public agreement to vote on divestment from
“companies that facilitate the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian Territory” in their October meeting107.
Similar commitments have been made by the University of Cambridge Trinity College 108, the University
of York109, and Trinity College Dublin110. This demonstrates that universities have the ability to review
their investments, divest from unethical companies and honour those who were murdered by the
Israeli military.
The UoN is one of many that have investments and partnerships with companies and institutions that
are operating in the settler colony of Israel and aid the IOF in carrying out military attacks that have
killed over 42,126 people, in Gaza alone111. Despite the widely known facts about Israel’s human rights
violations, and the legal opinions that urge states and international organisations to stop aiding the
apartheid regime, the UoN has not made any commitments to divest from arms companies that are at
risk of complicity in these actions.
In 2023, The UoN advertised and hosted a talk about the crime of apartheid in South Africa 112. This
included speakers and guests such as Francesca P. Albanese113, Noura Erakat114, Russell Rickford115,
Omar Shakir116 and Daniel Levy117 who have all shown public criticism of Israel’s actions and support for
the liberation of Palestine. This highlights the University’s position in regard to past apartheid regimes,
yet despite the ICJ advisory ruling that what Israel is presently doing is apartheid, the University is not
following their past approach in addressing apartheid 118. This performative support for Palestine
through the invitation of prominent Pro-Palestine activists whilst not taking any action to divest from
Israel highlights that the University does not stand by its own principles and past actions. The

105 Al Jazeera, “Israel’s War on Gaza Live: Unprecedented Levels of Death and Destruction,” May 3, 2024,
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/3/israels-war-on-gaza-live-unprecedented-levels-of-death-and-destruction.
106 Union Theological Seminary, "Union Theological Seminary Board of Trustees Endorses Divestment and Other Strategies for

Companies Profiting from War in Palestine/Israel," May 9, 2024, https://utsnyc.edu/blog/2024/05/09/union-theological-seminary-

board-of-trustees-endorses-divestment-and-other-strategies-for-companies-profiting-from-war-in-palestine-israel/.
107 Brown University, "Brown University Administration and Students Reach Agreement Following Student Encampment," April

30, 2024, https://www.brown.edu/news/2024-04-30/encampment-agreement.

108 Middle East Eye "Cambridge's Wealthiest College to Divest from Arms Companies,", May 1, 2024,

https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/cambridges-wealthiest-college-divest-arms-companies.
109 University of York, "University of York Announces Divestment from Companies Involved in Weapons Production,", April 30,

2024, https://www.york.ac.uk/students/news/2024/responsible-investment/.
110 The Guardian, "Trinity College Dublin Agrees to Divest from Israeli Firms After Student Protest,", May 8, 2024,

https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/08/trinity-college-dublin-agrees-to-divest-from-israeli-firms-after-student-
protest.
111 Ibid., 29.
112 University of Nottingham, "The Crime of Apartheid in South Africa and Beyond," accessed October 17, 2024,

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/conference/fac-socsci/crime-of-apartheid-in-south-africa-and-beyond/home.aspx.
113 United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, "Francesca Albanese," https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-

procedures/sr-palestine/francesca-albanese.
114 Noura Erakat, Instagram profile, https://www.instagram.com/nouraerakat/?hl=en.
115 Cornell University Department of History, "Russell Rickford," https://history.cornell.edu/russell-rickford.
116 Human Rights Watch, "Omar Shakir," https://www.hrw.org/about/people/omar-shakir.
117
Wikipedia, "Daniel Levy (political analyst)," last modified October 8, 2024,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Levy_(political_analyst).
118 International Court of Justice, "Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures in the Case Concerning the Allegations of

Genocide Under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation)," July
19, 2024, https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/186/186-20240719-adv-01-00-en.pdf.
36

University’s approach to supporting human rights causes is selective and showcases a lack of a
uniform approach and reinforcement for their own policies and principles.

3.3 The Double Standard

The involvement of universities in divestment campaigns is also intertwined with broader questions
about institutional racism. Historically, many universities, both in the UK and globally have been
complicit in systems of racial oppression, whether through investments, policies, or practices that
perpetuate inequality119. The anti-apartheid divestment campaign not only addressed the issue of
South African racism but should have also sparked internal reflections on racism, colonial mindsets
and imperialistic practices within the universities themselves. The recent actions of many UK
universities, including UoN, highlight that these reflections have not taken place.
In 2022, The UoN put out a public statement about their decision to cut all formal ties with Russia in
response to the invasion of Ukraine, aligning its actions with a commitment to support Ukrainian
students and uphold human rights. This decision included ending partnerships and collaborations with
Russian institutions, reflecting the university's stance against the conflict and its implications for
global justice.120
Within 3 months of Russia invading Ukraine, the University introduced the Ukrainian Scholars at Risk
programme, offering a “full package of support enabling eligible Ukrainian students displaced by the
Russian invasion of their country to continue their studies at UoN”121.

119 Alice Foster, "A Demeaning Environment: Stories of Racism in UK Universities," The Guardian, July 5, 2019,
https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/jul/05/a-demeaning-environment-stories-of-racism-in-uk-universities.
120 University of Nottingham, “Support for Ukraine – University to End All Formal Links with Russia,” 2022,

https://exchange.nottingham.ac.uk/blog/support-for-ukraine-university-to-end-all-formal-links-with-russia/.
121 University of Nottingham, "Scholarship Programme Launched to Support At-Risk Ukrainian Students," 2022,

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/currentstudents/news/scholarship-programme-launched-to-support-at-risk-ukrainian-students.
37

MoUs Immediate termination

(Research (Global Engagement / Legal
Services)
focused)

Consider
Cessation of
Active Russian
Review viability of
project (R&I, PI,
interventions to
adapt research
Action plan to be
signed off by APVC
Final sign off by
projects partnerships (R&I,
PI, HoRKE)
HoRKE) project (R&I, PI, RKE
PVC RKE
HoRKE)

Review Consider
partnership interventions to Action plan to be
Final sign off by
New Awards arrangements and adapt research signed off by APVC
PVC RKE
project viability project (R&I, PI, RKE
(R&I, PI, HoRKE) HoRKE)

Consider
Identify potentially Assess impact
interventions to
PGRs impacted students (R&I, Supervisor,
adapt study plan
(R&I, HoRKE) Student)
(R&I, Supervisor)

Strongly advise Trusted Research

Any concerns regarding publications
checks on publication co-
Publications authored with Russian
to be directed to PVCs for RKE or
Global Engagement
institutions

Any concerns
Research regarding Support / guidance
Current guidance
Secondments not to travel
individuals, please provided as
contact your Head required
/ Visitors of RKE

Figure 3 Cutting ties with Russian Unis, update 2022 - information taken from Research and Knowledge Exchange Guidance:
Collaborations with Ukraine and Russia122

The University has approved five awards for postdoctoral and established researchers, as well as three
awards for PhD students displaced by the war in Ukraine. These initiatives are funded through
Universities UK International's UK-Ukraine R&I Twinning Grants Scheme.123 The key areas of research
that the grants are afforded to are:
• War and Resilience
• Religion and War
• Moral and Legal Considerations of Wartime Actors
• Integral Human Development and Sustainable Reconstruction
Grants of £5,000 and £15,000 are available per application, with a total of £100,000 available. The
disparity between the approach they have taken in regard to Ukraine and the ongoing genocide in
Palestine is evident. In the 12 months since Israel’s ongoing genocidal assault on Gaza began, which has
systematically targeted and destroyed every single Gazan university and 80% of schools, no such
programme has been put in place by UoN for Palestinian students who have been affected by this

122 Research and Knowledge Exchange Guidance: Collaborations with Ukraine and Russia, internal document, University of
Nottingham SharePoint, accessed October 17,
2024.https://uniofnottm.sharepoint.com/sites/ResearchandInnovation/Shared%20Documents/Forms/AllItems.aspx?id=%2Fsites%2F
ResearchandInnovation%2FShared%20Documents%2FTrusted%20Research%2FResearch%20and%20Knowledge%20Exchange%2
0Guidance%5Fcollaborations%20with%20Ukraine%20and%20Russia%5F%5F29%20March%202022%2Epdf&parent=%2Fsites%
2FResearchandInnovation%2FShared%20Documents%2FTrusted%20Research
123 Universities UK, “UK-Ukraine R&I twinning grants scheme,” 2022,

https://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/topics/international/international-research-collaboration/uk-ukraine-ri-twinning-grants-scheme
38

‘scholasticide’124. Additionally, the escalations in the West Bank and Lebanon have resulted in school
closures over the past year.125,126 Neither has the University of Nottingham made any public
commitment to improve the level of financial support available to students affected by the Israeli
attacks.
Despite UoN claiming its contribution to the Quality Education SDG, they have not provided adequate
support to students affected by Israel’s assaults on Palestine and, generally, current financial support
for Palestinian students at UoN is inadequate and severely disproportionate. The Middle East and
Turkey Undergraduate Excellence Award, offered to students from 16 countries including Israel, is the
only undergraduate scholarship available to Palestinians 127. It grants £2,000 for the first academic
year; meanwhile European scholarship students receive triple the sum (£6,000) 128. It also offers one
Saïd Foundation Masters Scholarship for students from Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine and Syria 129.
Furthermore, there is no country-specific information page for Palestinian international students who
wish to study at UoN. Aside from these two programmes, the University provides no substantial
financial nor welfare support for Palestinian students, despite the context of the past 12 months130.
The double standard between the approaches that the UoN has taken with regards to Ukraine and
Palestine is evident both in the support they provide for students and their investments in companies,
institutions and organisations that continue to support the apartheid regime of Israel and enable the
genocide that is being committed by the settler-colonial state of Israel.

124
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, "UN Experts Deeply Concerned Over ‘Scholasticide’ in Gaza,"
April 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/04/un-experts-deeply-concerned-over-scholasticide-gaza.
125 Anadolu Agency, "Lebanon Announces Nationwide School Closure After Pager Explosions," October 16, 2023,

https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/lebanon-announces-nationwide-school-closure-after-pager-explosions/3332964.
126 ReliefWeb, "Urgent Appeal to Protect Palestinian Children's Future," accessed October 17, 2024,

https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/urgent-appeal-protect-palestinian-childrens-future.
127 University of Nottingham, "Middle East and Turkey Undergraduate Excellence Award,"

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/studywithus/international-applicants/scholarships/middle-east-ug.aspx.
128 University of Nottingham, "Europe Undergraduate Excellence Award," https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/studywithus/international-

applicants/scholarships/europe-ug.aspx.
129 University of Nottingham, "Saïd Foundation Masters Scholarship," https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/pgstudy/funding/said-

foundation-masters-scholarship.
130 University of Nottingham, "Country-specific Information," https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/studywithus/international-

applicants/country-info/index.aspx.
39

4. INVESTMENTS
4.1. The University of Nottingham’s Ethical Investment Policy
The UoN first introduced its investment policy, ‘Policy on investment, acquisitions and disposals’, in
2013.131 This is the single document which outlines how the University incorporates ethical
considerations when making investment decisions. These considerations are also reiterated in the
Cazenove Capital Report, a high-level summary of how the University’s portfolio is managed and
allocated, which should be published every fiscal year.132,133 Cazenove Capital, a Schroders subsidiary,
has managed Nottingham’s investments since 2021, in a Permanent Endowment Fund and a Medium
Term Fund.134 It is required to implement the University’s responsible investment policy and uphold ESG
standards as highlighted in the Cazenove Capital report:

“The intention is for the Fund to have a positive impact on people and the planet. The
managers will invest to avoid harm through ESG integration and exclusions, benefit society
through responsible business activities and contribute to solutions through influence and
investing for impact.” 135

The University’s investments are therefore subject to several exclusionary criteria, namely the
University’s fund manager is responsible for ensuring that investments are not held in “organisations
where the primary part of their business clearly demonstrates the following characteristics:
• explicit environmental damage;
• manufacture and sale of armaments to military regimes;
• institutional violations of human rights, including modern slavery and the exploitation of
the workforce;
• discrimination against the individual;
• the manufacture and sale of tobacco products;
• the extraction of thermal coal and tar sands or oil shale;
• oil and gas producers.”136

As this is particularly relevant for the purposes of this report, it is worth noting that two of the above
exclusion commitments stated in the University’s investment policy do not feature in the 2023

131 University of Nottingham, Policy on Investment, Acquisitions and Disposals (2021),

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/governance/documents/policy-on-investment-acquisitions-and-disposals.pdf.
132 University of Nottingham, Cazenove Capital Report (2023), 5, https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/sustainability/documents/cazenove-

capital-report-2023.pdf.
133 Note: The Cazenove Capital Report for FY23/24 has yet to be published. In June, NCLP requested information from the Registrar

of the University about when this report will be made publicly available, however the Registrar has provided no answer.
134
Schroders, "Cazenove Capital Appointed to Manage Endowment Assets for University of Nottingham," 2021,
https://www.wealth.schroders.com/en/global/wealth-management/media-centre/cazenove-capital-appointed-to-manage-endowment-
assets-for-university-of-nottingham/.
135 University of Nottingham, Cazenove Capital Report.
136 University of Nottingham, Policy on Investment.
40

Cazenove Capital Report. Namely, the commitment to screen out institutional violations of human
rights and discrimination against the individual are both not referenced within the Report’s exclusion
criteria.137
The UoN draws on the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to both guide its investments, as well
as to measure the ESG impact of its investments. The University’s commitment to promote and
contribute to the UN SDGs is also part of its wider strategy. 138,139 A primary means by which businesses
and organisations can contribute to the UN SDGs, which act as a “shared blueprint for peace and
prosperity for people and the planet”, is through responsible investments. 140 The UoN claims that 34%
of its fund directly contributes to goals 3, 7, 9 and 11, which respectively concern good health (38%),
clean energy (23%), sustainable industrialisation (10%) and sustainable cities and communities (9%). 141
In the following sections, we will scrutinise these claims and consider how the University’s investments
might undermine these particular SDGs, alongside Goal 16, which concerns the promotion of peace and
justice.

4.2. Defining Ethical Investment

Although there exists a multitude of frameworks and guidelines outlining the financial responsibilities
of institutions, the UoN does not draw on any of these in its investment policy, but rather focuses on
the UN SDGs as an impact indicator. However, SDGs, which are very broad in scope and do not outline
any specific responsibilities, cannot be said to constitute a comprehensive metric against which the
ethics and sustainability of university investments may be quantified. This issue is particularly
aggravated when they are interpreted in isolation because, although they may serve as a (somewhat)
adequate indicator of the University’s positive-impact investments, they provide no real basis for
developing robust exclusion criteria. Indeed, the weaknesses of the University’s investment policy are
clearly reflected in its choice of investments, which will be examined more closely in the following
section.
Developing a robust investment policy necessarily requires consideration and implementation of more
concrete guidelines, a key example being the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. 142
The Guiding Principles framework is the key document outlining businesses’ responsibilities in
upholding human rights, and it will be of particular importance when discussing the University’s
industrial partners in the following chapter (Chapter 5). It is important to note that universities,
regardless of whether they are created as statutory bodies, charities, or otherwise, are business
enterprises for the purposes of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. Therefore,
Universities have the corporate responsibility to respect human rights.

137 University of Nottingham, Cazenove Capital Report, 45, https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/sustainability/documents/cazenove-

capital-report-2023.pdf.
138 University of Nottingham, "Ethical Finance and Investments," 2024, https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/sustainability/finance.aspx.
139 University of Nottingham, Strategy (2019), https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/strategy/documents/university-strategy.pdf.
140
United Nations, “The 17 Goals,” https://sdgs.un.org/goals.
141 University of Nottingham, “Ethical Finance and Investments,” 2024, https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/sustainability/finance.aspx.
142 United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights:

Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework (2011),
https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/publications/Guidingprinciplesbusinesshr_en.pdf.
41

The responsibilities of business enterprises and private bodies with respect to illegal Israeli
settlements has been laid out very clearly by a UN fact-finding mission, as early as 2013143:

“116. The mission calls upon all Member States to comply with their obligations under international
law and to assume their responsibilities in their relations with a State breaching peremptory
norms of international law, and specifically not to recognize an unlawful situation resulting from
Israel’s violations.
117. Private companies must assess the human rights impact of their activities and take all
necessary steps – including by terminating their business interests in the settlements – to ensure
that they do not have an adverse impact on the human rights of the Palestinian people, in
conformity with international law as well as the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.
The mission calls upon all Member States to take appropriate measures to ensure that business
enterprises domiciled in their territory and/or under their jurisdiction, including those owned or
controlled by them, that conduct activities in or related to the settlements respect human rights
throughout their operations. The mission recommends that the Working Group on Business and
Human Rights be seized of this matter.”

Despite the recommendations of the mission over 10 years ago, Israel has continued to expand its
settlements with practically no consequence nor pressure from other States, nor private bodies. In
light of this, the ICJ revisited this issue in July 2024 to provide an official ruling clarifying the legality
of the settlements and Israel’s continued presence in the occupied Palestinian territory. The world
court concluded, for the first time, that144:

“279. … in view of the character and importance of the rights and obligations involved, all States are
under an obligation not to recognize as legal the situation arising from the unlawful presence of Israel
in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. They are also under an obligation not to render aid or assistance
in maintaining the situation created by Israel’s illegal presence in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. It
is for all States, while respecting the Charter of the United Nations and international law, to ensure that
any impediment resulting from the illegal presence of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory to the
exercise of the Palestinian people of its right to self-determination is brought to an end. In addition, all
the States parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention have the obligation, while respecting the Charter
of the United Nations and international law, to ensure compliance by Israel with international
humanitarian law as embodied in that Convention.”

143 United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, “Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission
to Investigate the Implications of the Israeli Settlements on the Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of the
Palestinian People Throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Including East Jerusalem,” February 7, 2013, 23,
https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session22/A-HRC-22-63_en.pdf.
144 International Court of Justice, “186 - Legal Consequences arising from the Policies and Practices of Israel in the Occupied

Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem”, 2024. https://www.icj-cij.org/index.php/node/204160

42

We have used a reduced form of the comprehensive criteria developed by the LSESU Palestine Society
in their May 2024 Assets in Apartheid: LSE’s Complicity in Genocide of the Palestinian People, Arms
Trade, and Climate Breakdown report, to assess the egregious activities, including illegal settlement
activity, which the University’s investments, as well as its industry partnerships, are complicit in
supporting.145 The LSESU Palestine Society’s criteria highlighted four egregious activities, namely
regarding crimes against Palestinian people, extraction and/or distribution of fossil fuels, proliferation
and/or manufacture of arms, and the financing of fossil fuel companies and/or nuclear weapons
producers. We have chosen to focus our examination on two of these activities, alongside an adapted
version of LSESU Palestine Society’s fourth:
1. Crimes against the Palestinian people, including through supporting illegal Israeli settlements;
and/or supporting the Israeli military; and/or sustaining apartheid.
2. Proliferation and/or manufacture of arms.
3. Financing crimes against the Palestinian people and/or financing the arms trade.

4.3. Overview of Investments

The Cazenove Capital Fund is monitored by an independent Advisory Committee, therefore University
does not independently curate its investment portfolios. This makes it even more imperative that the
University has a robust policy for ethical investment.
The University’s permanent endowment fund, as of July 31 st 2024, was worth £68,752,984.72, with a
medium-term fund of £9,912,540.38. This sums to a total of £78,665,525.10, which is invested in a range
of different assets.146 At the time of writing, the University has agreed to share the equities in which its
funds are invested, accounting for approximately 60% of the University’s total investments. The
remaining 40% are mostly held in bonds or alternative assets. Therefore, the following analysis will
draw primarily on the University’s equity holdings in FY23/24, however we will refer to some short-term
equity funds, as well as brief findings from the previous year FY22/23.

4.4. Key Findings

Through Freedom of Information requests and analysis of the University’s financial statements, we
have obtained details of the University’s global equity holdings, which constitute £51,852,860.52
(65.28% of the University’s portfolio).
Although our research did not reveal any investments in arms manufacturer, nor arms distributor, we
did however find that £16,974,399.98 of the University’s equities in FY23/24 were held in 53 holdings in
28 companies that are either conducting or enabling crimes against the Palestinian people (including
through supporting illegal Israeli settlements; and/or supporting the Israeli military; and/or sustaining
apartheid); and/or financing crimes against the Palestinian people and/or financing the arms trade.

145 LSESU Palestine Society, ‘Assets in Apartheid: LSE’s Complicity in Genocide of the Palestinian People, Arms Trade, and
Climate Breakdown”, May 2024, https://lsepalestine.github.io/documents/LSESUPALESTINE-Assets-in-Apartheid-2024-Web.pdf
146 Note: This information was obtained from an FOI request “UoN Investments breakdown” What Do They Know? “UON

Investments Breakdown.” Accessed October 21, 2024. https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/uon_investments_breakdown.

43

• We found that the University has investments worth £2,974,774.55 in 15 holdings in 8

companies operating in illegal settlements in the occupied West Bank. These include Booking
Holdings Inc (£1,006,806.73), Carrefour S.A. (£157,935.44), and Adidas Ag (£740.80).
• Furthermore, UoN invests £113,419.10 in 4 companies involved in resource extraction and/or
operations in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including First Solar, Inc. (£52,754.89), Lg
Chem Limited (£30,681.23), Sma Solar Technology Ag (£15,170.75), and Deme Group Nv
(£14,812.23).
• The University invests £8,647,246.94 in 16 holdings in 8 companies complicit in upholding
Israel’s apartheid regime by supplying Israel with technology used by the IOF against
Palestinians in the occupied Palestinian Territory. These companies include Microsoft
(£2,946,529.97), Alphabet Inc (£2,200,747.85), International Business Machines Corporation
(IBM) (£188,308.39), Hp Inc (£158,429.20), and Intel Corp (£124,884.78).
• The University of Nottingham has a total of £4,208,849.14 in 16 holdings in 10 companies which
are involved in financing either the Israeli military, illegal settlements or arms manufacturers
complicit in the genocide against Palestinians. Seven of these are financial institutions that
are investors and/or creditors in business enterprises listed by the Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights as involved in illegal settlement activities. These companies
include Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria Sa (£1,051,562.99), Standard Chartered Plc
(£237,684.97), Natwest Group Plc (£218,029.30), Aviva Plc (£179,540.87), BNP Paribas Sa
(£127,448.56), and Axa Sa (£112,686.23).
• UoN invests a total of £1,375,825.11 in two global ‘big pharma’ corporations which have been
found to contribute to ‘vaccine apartheid’ in various countries, particularly supporting Israel in
its regime of apartheid during the COVID-19 pandemic. These companies are Astrazeneca Plc
(£1,209,691.89) and Pfizer Inc (£166,133.22). Israel has shown to be participating in medical
apartheid, most notably through denying access to Covid-19 vaccines to Palestinians147 and
denial of medical referrals for more advanced healthcare148. The unequal access that Israelis
and Palestinians have to medical care is a clear indication of the power-imbalance between the
occupying force (Israel) and the occupied population (Palestine).

Furthermore, although the UoN claims to have no direct investments in the arms trade, its assets are
managed by Cazenove Capital, a Schroders subsidiary. 149 Schroders and other financial institutions
currently financing the genocide against Palestinians also sponsor several of the funds in which the
University’s short-term assets are invested. These funds include Schroder Global Sustainable Growth
Fund, Schroder Global Energy Transition and HSBC ESG Liquidity Fund.150 In December 2023, HSBC was
named the second largest European creditor to companies operating in Israeli settlements in the West

147 Rima Najjar, "COVID-19 Vaccinations Are Proof of Israel's Medical Apartheid," Al Jazeera, March 23, 2021,
https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/3/23/covid-19-vaccinations-are-proof-of-israels-medical-apartheid.
148 Yazid Barhoush & Joseph J. Amon. 2023. “Medical Apartheid in Palestine.” Global Public Health 18 (1).

doi:10.1080/17441692.2023.2201612.
149 Schroders (2014). Cazenove Capital Fund information.

https://web.archive.org/web/20140204075331/http://www.schroders.com/global/cazenove-capital
150 University of Nottingham, Cazenove Capital Report. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/sustainability/documents/cazenove-capital-

report-2023.pdf. P. 9
44

Bank between 2020-2023, providing them $14.201bn in loans and underwriting services. 151 HSBC
invested $2.652bn in such companies, and Schroders invested a larger sum, at $3.535bn. 152 Previous
figures from 2017 also indicate investments of £831.5m in arms and technology companies equipping
the Israeli military by HSBC, and £917.6m by Schroders.153

4.5. Individual Case Studies

4.5.1 Alphabet Inc.

Alphabet’s subsidiary, Google, alongside Amazon, is delivering a $1.2bn project to the Israeli military
and government.154 Project Nimbus weaponises cloud computing and AI to facilitate the expansion of
Israel’s illegal settlements, and the unlawful surveillance of Palestinians. It has been opposed by
hundreds of Google and Amazon employees for this.155 In the FY23/24, the University holds equities in
Alphabet totalling £2,200,747.85 in their Medium Term and Permanent Endowment Funds. Despite the
links with the Israeli military and illegal settlements in Palestine, the UoN actively invests in Alphabet
Inc.

4.5.2 Booking Holdings

In 2020, the UN’s Human Rights Council named Booking.com as a company complicit in human rights
infringements, due to its support for illegal Israeli settlements in Palestine 156. In December 2023, a
report found that Booking.com continues to offer accommodation in at least 21 Israeli settlements 157.
Despite the evidence of Booking.com profiting off illegal settlements, the University currently holds
£986,806.73 worth of equities in their medium term and permanent endowment funds.

4.5.3 Intel Corp.

Intel Corp has strong ties with Israel, with major investments in its technology sector, including R&D
centres and manufacturing plants. Notably, Intel's $25 billion investment in a new factory has been

151
DBIO (2023). European Financial Institutions’ Continued Complicity in the Illegal Israeli Settlement Enterprise.
https://dontbuyintooccupation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/2023_DBIO-III-Report_11-December-2023.pdf p.14
152 DBIO (2023). European Financial Institutions’ Continued Complicity in the Illegal Israeli Settlement Enterprise.

https://dontbuyintooccupation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/2023_DBIO-III-Report_11-December-2023.pdf p.17
153 War on Want (2017). Deadly Investments: UK bank complicity in Israel’s crimes against the Palestinian people.

https://waronwant.org/sites/default/files/Final%20Web%20version%20Deadly%20Investments.pdf
154 McCarthy, Brian. “Google and Amazon Are Tied to Israeli Arms Firm That Supplies Weapons Used in Gaza.” The Intercept,

May 1, 2024. Accessed October 21, 2024. https://theintercept.com/2024/05/01/google-amazon-nimbus-israel-weapons-arms-gaza/.

155 Graham-Harrison, Emma. “Google and Amazon Workers Condemn Project Nimbus, a $1.2bn Israeli Military Contract.” The

Guardian, October 12, 2021. Accessed October 21, 2024. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/oct/12/google-amazon-

workers-condemn-project-nimbus-israeli-military-contract.
156 United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2020). Database of all business enterprises involved in certain activities

relating to Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem and the West Bank (A/HRC/43/71). P.17
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session43/Documents/A_HRC_43_71.docx
157 Khan, Wasima. “Booking.com Has Been Doing Business in Illegal Israeli Settlements for Years.” FTM, 2023. Accessed October

21, 2024. https://ftm.eu/articles/bookingcom-active-in-illegal-israeli-settlement-

areas?share=OUC8pQhIS6761HjkZ5spaMm4wBeGNOcD1%2B1oOh4z3angc%2BCErhasfNU8%2BJTT0iU%3D.
45

linked to Israel's economy, contributing to its technology infrastructure 158. Its plant at “Qiryat Gat” is
built on Palestinian land within the boundaries of the Palestinian village of Iraq al Manshiya, which was
ethnically cleansed and razed to the ground and then replaced by the Israeli settlement of Qiryat Gat 159.
Intel's involvement has sparked debates on ethical responsibility and political implications related to
its operations in the region. The University's current equity portfolio invests £124,884.78 in Intel Corp
which highlights their lack of due diligence when screening for ethical investments.

4.5.4 International Business Machines Corp. (IBM)

IBM makes up £188,308.39 of the 2024 equity investment portfolio despite the company having strong
links to the Israeli apartheid through its provision of technology used in the management of Israel’s
population registry and biometric systems 160. PIBA, that IBM has provided services to, have also
created an illegal biometric database of facial images161. The company has a long history of unethical
business, which the University of Nottingham has been ignoring in the interests of profit.

1 4.5.4 First Solar Inc.

The University has £52,757.89 total equities invested in First Solar, Inc. A report from Who Profits in
2016 and 2017 found that approximately 104,000 solar panels, covering 135,000 square metres of
Palestinian land, were installed in the Kalia settlement in the occupied Jordan Valley. This installation,
a joint venture between Clal Sun Ltd and Kibbutz Kalia, highlights the unethical nature of profiting from
renewable energy infrastructure on land taken from Palestinians under military occupation 162. Using
occupied land for economic gain not only violates international law but also exacerbates the
exploitation of Palestinian resources and rights.

4.5.5 Microsoft Corp.

Microsoft, which makes up £2,976,529.97 of the University’s equity portfolio, has been supporting
Israeli operations through its technology and services and has strong ties to the Israeli military. It
provides cloud solutions and software to the Israeli government and military, while also investing in
tech companies163 that develop surveillance tools used against Palestinians164. They also have a cloud
system Azure which Elbit systems and the Israeli military utilises165. Microsoft operates in illegal Israeli
settlements and supports Israel's military operations, which raises serious ethical concerns regarding

158 Krauss, Clifford. “Intel to Get $32 Billion Government Grant for New $25 Billion Israel Chip Plant.” Reuters, December 26,
2023. Accessed October 21, 2024. https://www.reuters.com/technology/intel-get-32-billion-government-grant-new-25-billion-israel-
chip-plant-2023-12-26/.
BDS Movement. “Act Now Against These Companies Profiting From Genocide.” Accessed October 21, 2024.
https://bdsmovement.net/Act-Now-Against-These-Companies-Profiting-From-Genocide.
160 Who Profits. “IBM Company Feature.” February 2022. Accessed October 21, 2024.

https://www.whoprofits.org//writable/uploads/old/uploads/2022/02/IBM-company-feature-final-1.pdf.
161 Kabir, Omer. “Israel's Secret Biometric Database Revealed.” Calcalist Tech, January 11, 2024. Accessed October 21, 2024.

https://www.calcalistech.com/ctech/articles/0,7340,L-3912552,00.html.
162 Who Profits. “First Solar.” Accessed October 21, 2024. https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/3694?first-solar.
163 Deger, Alice. “How Microsoft Is Invested in Israeli Settler Colonialism.” Mondoweiss, March 15, 2021. Accessed October 21,

2024. https://mondoweiss.net/2021/03/how-microsoft-is-invested-in-israeli-settler-colonialism/.
164 Solon, Olivia. “Why Did Microsoft Fund an Israeli Firm That Surveils West Bank Palestinians?” NBC News, October 30, 2019.

Accessed October 21, 2024. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/why-did-microsoft-fund-israeli-firm-surveils-west-bank-

palestinians-n1072116.
165 No Tech for Apartheid, accessed October 20, 2023, https://www.notechforapartheid.com/.
46

its complicity in the occupation and human rights violations. There are also ongoing investigations into
how the cloud computing technologies, provided by companies like Microsoft, have aided the Israeli
military during their attacks on Gaza.166

4.5.6 Notable mention: ThyssenKrupp Nucera AG & Co KgaA

Thyssenkrupp Nucera is the subsidiary of one of the top 100 arms companies in the world,
ThyssenKrupp AG.167 Although not present on the FY23/24 Fund list, the University had £9252.87 worth
of equity investments in the company in the FY22/Y23. Not only is Thyssenkrupp currently listed on the
UN complicity list 168 but was one of the top 100 arms companies in 2022169. This highlights the
University’s weak investment policy as it did qualify for exclusion on last year's portfolio.

4.6 Summary
The current Investment Policy allows for investments in companies that have shown clear links with
the Israeli military and are complicit in crimes against the Palestinian people. Although the University
claims to not invest in the arms trade directly, they are complicit through their investments in
companies that have links to the military and the arms trade as well as illegal and activities such as
apartheid, illegal occupation and the genocide due to the companies operating in Israel and aiding their
apartheid regime. We urge the university to take on a full investigation of the current investment
portfolios to ensure that the companies that they invest in do not have links with unethical and illegal
activities.
The current findings are based on approximately 60% of the University’s investment portfolio and
include only equity holdings. Remaining 40% investments have not been made easily accessible and
therefore can reveal further complicity. However, investments are only a portion of the companies that
make the University of Nottingham complicit. Past and active partnerships with companies which have
links to the arms trade and the Israeli military which is currently perpetuating human rights violations
and upholding an apartheid regime showcases how the University does not care for following their
ethics framework or international law. The University is also not transparent with all the partnerships
that they take on and therefore the following findings are based on the limited accessible information
that could be found.

166 Abraham, Yuval. “Amazon, Google & Microsoft Fuel Israeli Military Aggression in Israel’s War on Gaza, Investigation
Reveals.” Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, August 4, 2024. Accessed October 21, 2024. https://www.business-
humanrights.org/en/latest-news/amazon-google-microsoft-fuel-israeli-military-aggression-in-israels-war-on-gaza-investigation-
reveals/.
167
Ibid., 57.
168 United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. “States and Companies Must End Arms Transfers to Israel

Immediately or Risk Complicity in Violations of International Law.” June 2024. Accessed October 21, 2024.
https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/06/states-and-companies-must-end-arms-transfers-israel-immediately-or-risk.
169 Ibid., 154
47

5. ETHICAL PARTNERSHIPS
5.1 The University of Nottingham’s Ethical Research & Partnership
Policies
The UoN has publicly declared its “commitment to maintaining the highest standards of integrity,
rigour, and excellence”170 with regards to research integrity, ethics and partnerships. This ties into the
University’s values of Inclusivity, Ambition, Openness, Fairness and Respect, 171 with particular
reference to the penultimate value listed. Under “Fairness”, the University specifies that its “decisions
and actions are consistent, impartial and ethical.”172.

5.1.1 The Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics

One of the methods by which the University purports to maintain these standards is through the
implementation of their own Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics173. This is a
“comprehensive framework” 174 that “all staff and students involved in research are expected to be
familiar with”175. Under this Code, the University’s core key principles for ethical research are
“maximising benefit”; “minimising harm”; “respecting autonomy”; “fairness and accountability”; and
“integrity and transparency”176. The Code also draws particular attention to considerations of the
impact on “anyone involved in or affected by the research”, “welfare of animals”, “cultural sensitivities”,
and “the environment”177.
While the University’s Investment Policy precludes investments in organisations where the primary
part of their business involves “manufacture and sale of armaments to military regimes” 178 to “reflect
its ethical values” 179, the Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics includes no explicit
restrictions of this kind. It does however emphasise that UK-based researchers are responsible for
ensuring that “research being undertaken in the UK abides to applicable UK law” in the context of
international research collaborations. This difference in standards allows research partnerships to be

170 University of Nottingham, "2023 Annual Statement on Research Integrity.", Ethics and Integrity, November 17, 2023, 3.
.https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/documents/ethics-and-integrity/2023-uon-annual-statement-on-research-integrity-17-nov-
2023.pdf.
171 University of Nottingham, "Values," https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/strategy/values.aspx.
172
ibid.
173 nb: the Code and its implementation are reviewed by the University Research Integrity and Research Ethics Committee which, at

the time of writing, is chaired by Professor Penny Gowland. See:

University of Nottingham. “Research Ethics.” Accessed October 21, 2024.
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/governance/universitycommittees/research-ethics.aspx.
174 University of Nottingham. "Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics." Ethics and Integrity, March 27, 2023, 1.

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/documents/ethics-and-integrity/code-of-research-conduct-and-research-ethics-v9.0-27-
march-2023.pdf.
175 University of Nottingham. “Research Ethics and Integrity.” Accessed October 21, 2024.

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/ethics-and-integrity/.
176 University of Nottingham. "Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics." Ethics and Integrity, March 27, 2023, 1.

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/documents/ethics-and-integrity/code-of-research-conduct-and-research-ethics-v9.0-27-
march-2023.pdf.
177 ibid., 6.
178 University of Nottingham. “Research Ethics and Integrity.” Accessed October 21, 2024.

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/ethics-and-integrity/.
179 ibid., 163
48

formed with company’s heavily involved in the sale of arms to the Israeli military. Israeli operations in
Gaza have taken the lives of over 42,000 Palestinians, wreaked environmental devastation, threatened
hundreds of animal species180, and attempted to eradicate Palestinian culture.181 Therefore, we would
challenge the University as to whether working with organisations that are key beneficiaries of this
genocide constitutes “minimising harm”.182

5.1.2 The Ethical Framework

On a broader scale, another structure that the University has developed to hold itself to the “highest
standards” is its Ethical Framework. This “comprehensive set of principles, structures, policies and
procedures” forms an integral part of the University’s wider governance strategy. 183 By its own
declaration, this Framework gives “the assurance that the University of Nottingham behaves ethically
across its activities”.
It is worth noting that this Framework was developed in 2012 “in part as a response to the findings of
Lord Woolf’s investigation into the LSE’s links with Libya.” In this inquiry, Lord Woolf identified
“shortcomings in the governance, structure and management at the LSE”. 184 These shortcomings
allowed for the development of financial ties and research partnerships between the UK university and
the Gaddafi regime at the centre of the Libyan Civil War. In 2011, whilst the LSE was deepening its links
to Gaddafi’s brutal regime, the leader was charged by the ICC with two counts of crimes against
humanity.185
Lord Woolf’s inquiry exposed the poor practice of LSE management, not excluding the Director, Sir
Howard Davies, who resigned over this scandal. It also proposed recommendations on how the
university might have prevented this unethical conduct. Many of these were adopted by the University
of Nottingham’s Executive Board when developing their Ethical Framework, although UoN admits it
“does not follow all of Lord Woolf’s recommendations”.186
Given the ICJ’s ruling that the occupying state of Israel is plausibly committing a genocide against
Palestinians people and, more specifically, its July ruling that Israel’s presence in the Occupied
Palestinian territories has been considered unlawful, there are arguably parallels to be drawn with the

180 Egypt Today Staff. “Israeli Occupation Destroys Gaza’s Biodiversity.” Egypt Today, October 19, 2023. Accessed October 21,
2024. https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/134169/Israeli-occupation-destroys-Gaza-s-biodiversity.
181 Vanishing Ink: Palestinian Culture Under Threat in Gaza." Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 2024.

https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2024/02/vanishing-ink-palestinian-culture-under-threat-in-gaza?lang=en.
182 University of Nottingham. "Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics." Version 9.0. March 27, 2023. Pg5

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/documents/ethics-and-integrity/code-of-research-conduct-and-research-ethics-v9.0-27-
march-2023.pdf.
183 "Ethical Framework," University of Nottingham, accessed October 04, 2024,

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/governance/otherregulations/ethical-framework.aspx.
184 "The Woolf Inquiry Report: An Inquiry into LSE's Links with Libya and Lessons to Be Learned," London School of Economics

and Political Science, 2017, https://www.lse.ac.uk/News/News-Assets/PDFs/The-Woolf-Inquiry-Report-An-inquiry-into-LSEs-

links-with-Libya-and-lessons-to-be-learned-London-School-of-Economics-and-Political-Sciences.pdf.
185 "Situation in Libya: Gaddafi," International Criminal Court, accessed October 18, 2024, https://www.icc-cpi.int/libya/gaddafi.
186 "Ethical Framework," University of Nottingham, accessed October 04, 2024,

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/governance/otherregulations/ethical-framework.aspx.
49

LSE-Gaddafi scandal that prompted the introduction of this Framework. 187,188 We would call on the
University to review their Ethical Framework to cease all partnerships that link the University to the
crimes against humanity and war crimes that are being displayed in Palestine.

5.1.3 The Research and Knowledge Exchange Strategy

The University has established a Research and Knowledge Exchange Committee, tasked with
implementing the University’s strategies for research and knowledge exchange, ensuring alignment
with institutional goals and managing related risks. This strategy centres around partnerships that
include collaborations with the public and policymakers to enhance societal benefits. 189 The committee
oversees all research activities, including those of staff and postgraduate students, and promotes key
initiatives such as interdisciplinary collaboration, strategic industry partnerships, and knowledge
exchange. It also ensures compliance with regulatory obligations and supports the development of
research policies. The committee operates under Senate’s authority, has a delegated budget of £2
million, and meets quarterly to review progress, address risks, and drive performance in line with the
University’s objectives. Its membership includes senior academic leaders, professional staff, and
student representation, with effectiveness reviewed every three years. While the RKE framework
emphasises collaboration, societal benefit, and compliance with ethical standards, it may fall short in
ensuring that all research aligns with values of human rights and global justice. This failure lies in not
sufficiently scrutinising the broader consequences of research activities, thereby undermining the
ethical foundation of the RKE strategy and its commitment to societal benefit. 190, 191

5.1.4 Dual-Use Export Control Loopholes

The University also avoids accountability by utilising the dual-use export control loophole. 'Export'
means the physical removal of goods or the transfer (by any means) of technology or software and/or
knowledge from the UK to a destination outside the UK, incl. via email, fax, video conferences and
shared data environments. Technology means 'specific information' necessary for the 'development',
'production' or 'use' of goods or software that is not in the public domain. Export Control regulates the
international transfer of certain goods, technology, and information, particularly those related to
military equipment and "dual-use" items, which can be used for both civilian and military purposes. At
the University, researchers must ensure their projects comply with these regulations, particularly if
they involve controlled items or technologies. This includes obtaining the necessary licences, ensuring
all team members follow export control laws, and preventing unauthorised transfers. While the
University holds Principal Investigators responsible for understanding and following these rules to

187 International Court of Justice, “Summary of the Order of 26 January 2024”, 26 January 2024, “https://www.icj-
cij.org/node/203454#:~:text=(7)%20The%20State%20of%20Israel,not%20act%20to%20deny%20or
188 International Court of Justice. “Legal Consequences Arising from the Policies and Practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian

Territory, Including East Jerusalem.” July 19, 2024. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/186/186-20240719-pre-

01-00-en.pdf.
189 University of Nottingham. “Knowledge Exchange: Strategic Delivery Plan.” November 2020. Accessed October 21, 2024.

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/Strategy/documents/KE-Strategic-Delivery-Plan-for-Publication-Final.pdf.
190 University of Nottingham. "Research Innovation." Accessed October 18, 2024.

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/fabs/research-innovation/rke-development.aspx.
191 University of Nottingham. "Research Ethics." Accessed October 18, 2024.

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/governance/universitycommittees/research-and-knowledge-exchange-committee.aspx.
50

avoid severe legal repercussions 192, this framework does not prevent potential misuse of research
outputs.
By partnering with defence contractors like BAE Systems and Boeing, the University can sell small
components it collaboratively develops, often intended for military applications, without retaining
oversight of their end use. Projects such as TEMPEST and FLAVIIR, both undertaken in collaboration
with BAE Systems, highlight this issue, as these programs explicitly focus on military objectives.
Although the exported components may receive legal approval, the subsequent privatisation of
research limits accountability and obscures the actual applications of the technology. Additionally, the
UK’s violations of domestic arms export laws further diminish the effectiveness of these controls,
especially regarding human rights concerns in conflict zones like Palestine, ultimately allowing the
University to distance itself from the dangerous implications of its research partnerships. 193
Dual-use items are “goods, software and technology that can be used for both civilian and military
applications”.194 Export Control involves regulation of cross border transfers of certain types of goods,
technology and information. Export controls apply to controlled items such as military equipment, so
called “dual-use goods” and to the technology related to them. As a researcher you must understand
how to comply with any export licences that apply to the projects you are working on. Failure to comply
with this law can result in fines, legal costs or prison sentences of up to 10 years. The Export Control
Joint Unit can, and will, hold individuals accountable.195

192 University of Nottingham, “Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics”

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/documents/ethics-and-integrity/code-of-research-conduct-and-research-ethics-v9.0-27-
march-2023.pdf
193 Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, “A Legal Duty and a Moral Imperative: the UK Must Halt its Arms

Transfers to Israel”, https://www.wilpf.org/a-legal-duty-and-a-moral-imperative-the-uk-must-halt-its-arms-transfers-to-israel/.

194
European Commission, “Exporting dual-use items”, https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/help-exporters-and-importers/exporting-
dual-use-items_en#:~:text=Dual%2Duse%20items%20are%20goods,Dual%20use
195 Gov.uk, “Export controls: dual-use items, software and technology, goods for torture and radioactive sources”,

https://www.gov.uk/guidance/export-controls-dual-use-items-software-and-technology-goods-for-torture-and-radioactive-
sources#:~:text=Dual%2Duse%20items%20(including%20software,or%20other%20nuclear%20explosive%20devices.
51

5.1.5 The Concordat to Support Research Integrity

The current framework in place allows for the University to partner with companies that have direct
links with the arms trade and the Israeli military and that have been warned to cut ties with the Israeli
military. The UoN is a signatory to the Concordat to Support Research Integrity196 which states that the
core elements of research integrity are as follows:

o “honesty in all aspects of research, including in the presentation of research

goals, intentions and findings…
o rigour, in line with prevailing disciplinary norms and standards, and in
performing research and using appropriate methods…
o transparency and open communication in declaring potential competing
interests; in the reporting of research data collection methods…
o care and respect for all participants in research, and for the subjects, users
and beneficiaries of research, including humans, animals, the environment
and cultural objects…
o accountability of funders, employers and researchers to collectively create a
research environment in which individuals and organisations are empowered
and enabled to own the research process. Those engaged with research must
also ensure that individuals and organisations are held to account when
behaviour falls short of the standards set by this concordat…”

Continuing to partner with and endorse companies that are complicit in human rights violations falls
below the standard outlined in the Concordat as it actively ignores the effect that these partnerships
have on the environment, people and wider society. Several core elements of the concordat are
challenged when considering instances where the end use of research findings is not disclosed and
where research is funded by companies that are not held accountable for their potential complicity in
human rights violations.
Furthermore, the University's Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics stresses the need for
research to comply with evolving ethical, legal, and professional standards, including new international
rulings. This includes responsibility for addressing human rights issues in partnerships, which are
linked to the arms trade and supply weapons to conflict zones. The code also highlights reputational
damage defined as “Protection, money laundering, and working or co-partnering with countries that
have human rights issues or less rigorous research ethics standards” which is direct contradiction with
the partnerships to Israeli institutions that have ties to the Israeli military with numerous reports of
human rights violations against the Palestinian people. UN rulings warn that companies continuing

196Universities UK. "The Concordat to Support Research Integrity." August 2021.

https://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/sites/default/files/field/downloads/2021-08/Updated%20FINAL-the-concordat-to-support-research-
integrity.pdf. P. 6
52

business with Israel risk complicity in human rights violations. 197 By maintaining ties with such
companies, the University contradicts its own ethical values of integrity, accountability, and fairness.
Through partnerships with companies like BAE Systems and other known arms manufacturers, the
University sends the message that they do not consider the impact that these companies have on the
wider society, namely their direct involvement in ongoing apartheid, occupation and genocide against
the Palestinian people.
Conducting research in partnership with companies that are in clear violation of human rights through
their aid to the Israeli military showcases that the University is not committed to their own principles
and policies of “ensuring that research is conducted according to appropriate ethical, legal and
professional frameworks, obligations and standards”198.
The Research Ethics Committee (REC) is tasked with protecting the dignity and welfare of human
participants, and this should extend to the ethical implications of the University's partnerships. 199
Additionally, as the University Research Integrity and Research Ethics Committee (URIEC) reviews the
Code to align with new legal obligations, the University should sever ties with arms-trade companies
involved in conflicts like Gaza, ensuring that its actions reflect its ethical and legal responsibilities 200.

5.2. Defining Ethical Partnership

To effectively identify ethical research partnerships, we propose a refined framework that aligns with
the Sustainable Development Goals and incorporates the principles of the Boycott, Divestment, and
Sanctions (BDS) movement.
Our Criteria for Ethical Research Partnerships include the following:
1. Alignment with Values, Policies, and Ethics:
Partnerships must reflect the core values of the University and uphold ethical standards. Misalignment
or lack of due diligence can lead to complicity in unethical practices.
As a public research university, the UoN has an obligation to adhere to their established policies.
Violating these policies can lead to legal repercussions, damage to the university’s reputation, and a
loss of trust among stakeholders, including students, faculty, and the wider community.
Furthermore, public universities are often subject to state regulations and oversight, which further
enforces the need to follow their policies.

197 United Nations, “UN experts warn international order on a knife’s edge, urge States to comply with ICJ Advisory Opinion”,
https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2024/09/un-experts-warn-international-order-knifes-edge-urge-states-comply-icj-advisory
198 Universities UK. "The Concordat to Support Research Integrity." August 2021.

https://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/sites/default/files/field/downloads/2021-08/Updated%20FINAL-the-concordat-to-support-research-
integrity.pdf.
199 University of Nottingham. "Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics." Version 9.0. March 27, 2023. Pg12

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/documents/ethics-and-integrity/code-of-research-conduct-and-research-ethics-v9.0-27-
march-2023.pdf.
200 University of Nottingham. "Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics." Version 9.0. March 27, 2023. Pg12

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/documents/ethics-and-integrity/code-of-research-conduct-and-research-ethics-v9.0-27-
march-2023.pdf
53

2. Legal Compliance:
Partnerships must adhere to both domestic and international legal standards. This includes the legal
implications of operating in conflict-affected areas, where partnerships could contribute to gross
human rights abuses.
Note that universities, regardless of whether they are created as statutory bodies, charities, or
otherwise, are business enterprises for the purposes of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and
Human Rights. Therefore, Universities have the corporate responsibility to respect and uphold human
rights.
Some operating environments, such as conflict-affected areas, may increase the risks of enterprises
being complicit in gross human rights abuses committed by other actors (security forces, for example).
Business enterprises should treat this risk as a legal compliance issue, given the expanding web of
potential corporate legal liability arising from extraterritorial civil claims, and from the incorporation
of the provisions of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in jurisdictions that provide
for corporate criminal responsibility. In addition, corporate directors, officers and employees may be
subject to individual liability for acts that amount to gross human rights abuses. 201

3. Transparency:
A lack of transparency in partnership agreements can conceal unethical practices and potential
human rights violations. In order to uphold their own values, we recommend the University be
transparent with their partnerships and publicly disclose its active partnerships, especially with
companies in the engineering, manufacturing and aerospace department that are at higher risk of
having links with the arms trade.

4. Impact of policy:

For example, a report highlights that universities are not effectively reviewing ethical considerations
in research funding. As stated by the Cambridge UCU, “The University should revise processes of ethical
review for research funding to include assessment of risks of complicity in violations of international
humanitarian law.”202 This gap allows partnerships that facilitate complicity in war crimes, violations of
international law and uphold illegal occupation. Furthermore, these weak policies inadvertently
support militarisation by promoting arms manufacturers as viable career paths, funnelling students
into these careers while obscuring both the moral and legal intricacies, an indirect affront to their duty
of care.203
Through the UoN’s promotion of companies with direct links to the arms trade, they highlight their
position on the activities carried out by these companies. This undermines their responsibility to

201 United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.
202
University and College Union Cambridge, "Campaigning for Boycott and Divestment in Solidarity with Palestine: An Update,"
UCU Cambridge, accessed October 10, 2024, https://www.ucu.cam.ac.uk/campaigning-for-boycott-and-divestment-in-solidarity-
with-palestine-an-update/.
203 Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT). “Clean Investment.” Accessed October 12, 2024. https://caatunis.net/campaigns/clean-

investment/.
54

protect stakeholders from complicity in activities such as illegal occupation and genocide. The
International Court of Justice emphasises the need for private companies, including universities, to
assess the human rights impact of their operations, advocating for the termination of partnerships
with companies that may be violating human rights204
We call on the University to protect itself and key stakeholders from complicity in war crimes,
international law violations and genocide by ceasing to advertise arms manufacturers and other such
companies as viable career paths for UoN students, who reject the militarisation of their education.

204
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. “Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission
to Investigate the Implications of the Israeli Settlements on the Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of the
Palestinian People Throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Including East Jerusalem.” February 7, 2013. Page 23.
Accessed October 21, 2024.
https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session22/A-HRC-22-63_en.pdf.
55

5.3. Key Findings

Of the largest 50 arms manufacturers in the world205, UoN partners with at least 13 (see Table 2 below).
Table 2: Arms revenue of University of Nottingham partners in 2022

Arms revenue as share of total

Company Name Arms revenue (USD $bn)
revenue (%)

MBDA206 4.380 99
BAE Systems207 26.900 97
Leonardo208,209 12.470 83
General Dynamics210 28.320 72
Dassault Aviation Group211 5.070 70
Raytheon212 39.570 59
Thales213 9.420 51
Boeing214 29.300 44
Rolls-Royce 215 4.930 32
Safran216,217,218 4.200 21
Airbus219 12.090 20
Honeywell220 4.630 13
General Electric221 4.410 5.2

205 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. “SIPRI Top 100 Arms Producing and Military Services Companies, 2022.”
2023. Accessed October 21, 2024. https://www.sipri.org/publications/2023/sipri-fact-sheets/sipri-top-100-arms-producing-and-
military-services-companies-2022.
206 ibid.
207 BAE Systems (2021). BAE Systems welcomes University of Nottingham as latest strategic academic partner.

https://www.baesystems.com/en-uk/article/bae-systems-welcomes-university-of-nottingham-as-latest-strategic-academic-partner.
208 Institute for Aerospace Technology. ORCHESTRA Project. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/aerospace/projects/orchestra-

project/index.aspx.
209 Institute for Aerospace Technology. ASPIRE Project. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/aerospace/projects/cleansky/aspire-

project.aspx.
210
ATI Project Portfolio. Industry Partners. https://my.sharpcloud.com/html/#/story/9517f066-5610-4308-bf0b-
4be1eace4bd4/view/ab440801-b4e2-46fb-b02b-2a4e7a6ecd3c
211
ibid.
212 Raytheon UK. “Education Redirected.” Accessed October 21, 2024. https://www.raytheon.co.uk/who-we-are/responsibility-

redirected/education-redirected.
213
Institute for Aerospace Technology (2018). Clean Sky 10th Anniversary.
214 Institute for Aerospace Technology. “Institute for Aerospace Technology Industry Partners.” Accessed October 21, 2024.

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/aerospace/partners/index.aspx.
215 University of Nottingham (2024). Rolls-Royce University Technology Centres. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/utc/.
216 Institute for Aerospace Technology. ORCHESTRA Project. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/aerospace/projects/orchestra-

project/index.aspx.
217 University of Nottingham, “ACHIEVE Project,” https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/pemc/pemc-projects/achieve-

project.aspx.
218 University of Nottingham, “INSTEP Project,” https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/aerospace/projects/cleansky/instep-project.aspx.
219
Institute for Aerospace Technology. MARQUESS Project. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/aerospace/projects/cleansky/marquess-
project.aspx.
220 ATI Project Portfolio. Industry Partners. https://my.sharpcloud.com/html/#/story/9517f066-5610-4308-bf0b-

4be1eace4bd4/view/ab440801-b4e2-46fb-b02b-2a4e7a6ecd3c
221 Ibid.
56

Note: references 206 to 221 provide evidence of the University of Nottingham’s partnerships with these companies.

Figure 4 UoN partners per arms revenue in 2022

Many of these partnerships are advertised as ‘green’ initiatives working to take climate action and
achieve net zero goals. The Clean Sky programme, funded by the European Commission, is an EU
initiative focused on developing innovative technologies to reduce aircraft emissions and noise. In
theory, it supports R&D to create more efficient, eco-friendly aviation technologies. UoN delivered 25
Clean Sky projects, worth a total of €49m, delivering to partners including: Airbus, Leonardo, Rolls-
Royce, Safran, and Siemens222. It was the only European University to be an Associate Partner in the
initial €1.6bn programme, and now it is a core research partner on the €4bn Clean Sky 2 programme,
delivering 21 projects worth a total of €42m223. The end users of UoN’s research are named: Rolls-Royce
(25%), Airbus (21%), Leonardo (16%), Safran (14%), Dassault (11%), Liebherr (7%) and Thales (6%). 224
Excluding Liebherr, this makes 93% of UoN’s €42m contribution to the Clean Sky initiative a direct
contribution to defence contractors. Several of these companies have been warned by the June 2024
UN report to stop exporting arms to Israel as they risk being responsible for serious violations of human
rights and international humanitarian laws.225
The University’s Career Service website advertises several defence contractors, weapons
manufacturers, and other military companies, including Rolls-Royce, BAE Systems, Atomic Weapons
Establishment, MBDA, Safran, Honeywell Malaysia, Smiths Detection, Eurofighter fighter aircraft
GmbH, Boneham and Turner LTD, Chelton, Goodrich Control Systems, Precision Castparts
Corporation, and Rapiscan Systems. Additionally, at the October 2023 Engineering, Science and

222 Institute for Aerospace Technology. Clean Sky. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/aerospace/projects/cleansky/index.aspx

223 Ibid., 212
224 Ibid., 212
225 United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, “States and Companies Must End Arms Transfers.”
57

Technology Careers Fair, 10 defence contractors were in attendance, including: GE Aerospace UK,
DSTL (Defence Science and Technology Laboratory), Collins Aerospace, Frazer-Nash Consultancy,
Airbus, Leonardo, Kratos Defense, MBDA, Sellafield Ltd and Thales.
The 2024 Engineering and Science Fair also included several companies linked with the arms trade and
other unethical practices. Defence contractors included GE Aerospace UK, Collins Aerospace, Frazer-
Nash Consultancy, Airbus, Kratos Defense and Sellafield Ltd 226. There were also Airbus and JCB which
have links with the arms trade. Other honourable mentions include Nestlé which has extensive links
with unethical practices and controversies and has been a target of multiple boycott campaigns.227 The
presence of arms manufacturing companies such as Airbus also raises significant ethical concerns.
Collaborating with companies that have defence contracts suggests a tacit endorsement of the arms
industry, often associated with conflict and human rights violations. These connections undermine the
university’s commitment to social responsibility and sustainability, prompting critical discussions
about the moral implications of supporting industries that contribute to violence and warfare.
The University also advertises career opportunities with companies complicit in upholding Israel’s war
crimes and illegal occupation of Palestine, such as Caterpillar, which manufactures the D9 armoured
bulldozer used for the mass demolition of Palestinian homes228, and Barclays, which holds £2.524bn in
in arms and tech companies equipping the Israeli military and has been actively supporting the
genocide229. Both companies attended the 2024 Engineering and Science Careers fair. 230
Ultimately, with regards to the University’s interests in tackling global challenges231, it is unproductive,
unsustainable and inconsistent to prioritise Climate Action at the expense of other Sustainable
Development Goals, such as Peace, Justice, Zero Hunger, and Clean Water and Sanitation. While the
UoN may publicly champion its commitment to addressing climate change through initiatives like
reducing emissions and promoting renewable energy, this singular focus can mask deeper
contradictions in its overall approach to global challenges. If the university fails to align its
investments, partnerships, and broader institutional policies with the full spectrum of SDGs, it risks
being accused of greenwashing. Greenwashing, in this context, would refer to the practice of
emphasising climate action but ignoring other critical areas of social responsibility, thus creating a
misleading image of comprehensive commitment to sustainability.
Moreover, the university’s focus on climate action might involve symbolic or surface-level initiatives
that generate positive publicity but do little to address the root causes of climate change or other
interconnected global issues. Involvement in environmental campaigns while continuing to engage in
practices that undermine Peace, Justice, and strong institutions—such as partnering with companies
known for human rights violations or environmental degradation in other parts of the world undermines
the University’s initiatives. To have a holistic approach to meeting their SDG’s the University must steer

226 University of Nottingham, “Engineering and Science Careers Fair,”

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/careers/students/events/careerfairs/engscitech-fair.aspx.
227 Ethical Consumer, “Nestlé S.A.,” https://www.ethicalconsumer.org/company-profile/nestle-sa.
228 Who Profits, “Caterpillar,” https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/3772?caterpillar.
229 Palestine Campaign, Barclays: Arming Israel’s Apartheid and Genocide (2024), https://palestinecampaign.org/wp-

content/uploads/Barclays-report-May-2024-v3-FINAL.pdf.
230 The University of Nottingham, “Engineering, Science and Technology Careers Fair,”

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/careers/students/events/careerfairs/engscitech-fair.aspx.
231 University of Nottingham, “University of Nottingham Ranked Among World’s Top Higher Education Institutions Tackling

Global Challenges,” 2024, https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/news/the-impact-rankins.

58

clear of companies complicit in weapons manufacturing, apartheid regimes, and war crimes. The UN
has now expressly concluded that Israel has “committed war crimes, crimes against humanity and
violations of IHL and IHRL” since 7 October232, meaning any companies that provide weapons and
resources to Israel may also be held responsible for these crimes. It is critical that the UoN takes urgent
steps towards phasing such partnerships out and developing long-term solutions which uphold
University values and democracy, sustainable development goals and international law to the highest
standard.
In 2023, The UoN claimed to have divested from all fossil fuel investment and cut emissions by over
36%.233 Through its exclusive emphasis of their efforts to cut ties with fossil fuels, the University
diverts attention from ethically questionable relationships with arms companies, creating a misleading
image of social responsibility. Such partnerships, especially with companies linked to the arms
industry which have been highlighted to be at risk of complicity in human rights violations 234, conflict
with the University’s ethical values and raise concerns about the integrity of its sustainability efforts.

232 United Nations Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied
Palestinian Territory, Including East Jerusalem, and Israel (A/HRC/56/26) (2024), 18,
https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session56/a-hrc-56-26-auv.docx.
233 University of Nottingham, “Strategic Review and Financial Statements,” (2023),

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/FABS/Finance/documents/Financialstatements/Strategic-review-and-financial-statements-2023-
University-of-Nottingham.pdf.
234 United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, "States and Companies”
59

5.4. Individual Case Studies

The UoN has received considerable funding in the past years (2017-2021) for research funding,
industrial consultancy fees, and industrial research fees from BAE systems, Rolls Royce and the
Ministry of Defence.235

Financial Year BAE systems Rolls Royce MOD

2017 £388,000.00 £6,262,289.82 £0.00

2018 £101,556.00 £1,401,824.00 £0.00
2019 £344,518.61 £2,157,244.94 £0.00
2020 £207,668.32 £1,896,513.96 £1,051,025.04
2021 £147,655.94 £428,176.53 £147,134.07
Table 3 Total value of Awards per Financial Year

The following outlines some of the companies that the UoN has partnerships with and the projects they
have taken on and the links these companies have with the arms trade and the Israeli military:

Total value of Awards per Financial Year

£7,000,000.00

£6,000,000.00

£5,000,000.00

£4,000,000.00

£3,000,000.00

£2,000,000.00

£1,000,000.00

£0.00
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

BAE systems Rolls Royce MOD

Figure 5 Total value of Awards per Financial Year

235 University of Nottingham, “Freedom of Information Request,” Reference: 1090653 (2022).

60

5.4.1 BAE Systems

BAE Systems is the world’s 6th largest arms manufacturer 236. It provides the Israeli military with M109
155mm Howitzer shells, some of which are white phosphorus bombs 237. It also manufactures
components for Israel’s F-15, F-16 and F-35 fighter jets238. Note that the indiscriminate use of heavy
weaponry and the use of white phosphorus in densely populated regions like Gaza constitutes a war
crime239. At least 15 percent of the value of each US-made F-35 combat aircraft is produced by the UK,
according to research by the UK-based Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT)240.
UoN’s Institute for Advanced Manufacturing commits to helping the UK’s defence industry “compete in
this global market and maintain a sovereign strategic production capability”. Collaborating with BAE
Systems at its Warton site, the University’s research team is working on an Integrated Autonomous
Assembly Demonstrator to sponsor “the cost-effective production of aircraft in single assembly
stations”. This project is designed to support the development of BAE Systems’ Tempest Future
Combat Air System, a sixth-generation fighter jet due to be completed by 2035241

The UoN collaborated with BAE Systems on the 5-year FLAVIIR (Flapless Air Vehicle Integrated
Industrial Research) programme, which aimed to advance the development of autonomous, flapless
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The project focused on designing innovative wing technologies,
using sensors and fluidic controls to replace traditional mechanical systems for manoeuvring 242243. This
programme contributed to making the DEMON.
The defence contractor, BAE Systems, confirm that they are “leveraging relationships with leading
universities” including UoN in the Tempest programme, suggesting that these collaborations “will
contribute to improving the human capital and capabilities of academic institutes and attract further
investment into academia”.244 The fact that BAE specifically commended the UoN for its “world-class
Industry 4.0 knowledge and research capabilities [which] can be applied to other areas of our business”

236 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. "SIPRI Top 100 Arms Producing and Military Services Companies in the
World.”
237
Evidence Lab, Israel/OPT: Identifying the Israeli Army’s Use of White Phosphorus in Gaza (2023),
https://citizenevidence.org/2023/10/13/israel-opt-identifying-the-israeli-armys-use-of-white-phosphorus-in-gaza/.
238 AFSC Investigate, “BAE Systems PLC,” https://investigate.info/company/bae-systems.
239 Human Rights Watch, “Israel: White Phosphorus Used in Gaza, Lebanon,” 2023, https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/12/israel-

white-phosphorus-used-gaza-lebanon.
240 Al Jazeera, “What Does the UK's Partial Stop on Arms Exports to Israel Really Mean?” September 3, 2024,

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/3/what-does-the-uks-partial-stop-on-arms-exports-to-israel-really-mean.
241 University of Nottingham, “Radical Approach to Aircraft Assembly,”

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/engineering/research/impact/research-impact-success-stories/evolvable-assembly-systems.aspx.
242
Flaviir, archived July 11, 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20110711005454/http://www.flaviir.com/home.htm.
243 The Engineer, “FLAVIIR Project Trials New Forms of Wing Command,” accessed May 20, 2024,

https://www.theengineer.co.uk/content/in-depth/flaviir-project-trials-new-forms-of-wing-command/.
244 PwC, Assessment of the Expected Economic Impact of the Tempest Programme (2021-2050) (2021), 44,

https://www.baesystems.com/en-media/uploadFile/20210524211439/1434666035128.pdf.
61

is particularly concerning to the students of the University, who have been strongly opposed to this
partnership since the outset, as reflected in the passing of the ‘Ban BAE’ motion in 2022. 245,246

5.4.2 Rolls-Royce

Rolls-Royce manufactures multiple parts for F-35 jets that Israel has used in its onslaught in Gaza247. It
also manufactures MT883 engines for the Israeli Merkava 4 and 5 tanks, and 6V980 engines for the
Israeli Eitan Armored` Fighting Vehicle248. The Merkava battle tanks were used to carry out the attacks
which decimated both the Shifa Hospital and the Indonesian Hospital in late 2023 249,250. Note that
hospitals are protected spaces under international humanitarian law, and attacks on hospitals
constitute war crimes251.
Nonetheless, the UoN prides itself on its “technical discoveries and innovations” which “have been both
very satisfying and valuable to Rolls-Royce”, and has maintained a partnership with Rolls-Royce for
over 25 years, even hosting the defence contractor at two University Technology Centres252 253. In April
2023, the Cornerstone Prosperity Partnership, led by UoN and Rolls-Royce alongside other
universities, received £13.5 million in funding for mechanical engineering initiatives in 6 areas. These
advancements can – and have – been leveraged by arms manufacturers like UoN’s industrial partner,
Rolls-Royce. Rolls-Royce also sponsors Aerospace PhD students at UoN, paying over £19,237 per year
per student254.
The Rolls-Royce University Technology Centre (UTC), which is hosted by UoN’s Mechanical and
Aerospace Systems Research Group, has been developing robots to maintain and repair wing engines,
thereby “improving operational efficiency for Rolls-Royce and minimising disruption for air
passengers”255, 256

245 BAE Systems, “BAE Systems Welcomes University of Nottingham as Latest Strategic Academic Partner,” 2021,
https://www.baesystems.com/en-uk/article/bae-systems-welcomes-university-of-nottingham-as-latest-strategic-academic-partner.
246 University of Nottingham Students’ Union, The Gaza-Israel Conflict and On-Campus Tensions: A University of Nottingham

Response (2024), 21, https://assets-cdn.sums.su/NT/Web-Design/The_Gaza-Israel_Conflict_and_on-Campus_Tensions_-

__A_University_of_Nottingham_Response.pdf.
247
Rolls-Royce plc, “Rolls-Royce LiftSystem,” https://www.rolls-royce.com/products-and-services/defence/aerospace/combat-
jets/rolls-royce-liftsystem.aspx.
248 AFSC Investigate, “Rolls-Royce Holdings Plc,” https://investigate.info/company/rolls-royce-hldgs.
249
Al Jazeera, “Israeli Tanks Besiege Gaza’s Indonesian Hospital,” 2023, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/20/israeli-tanks-
surround-gazas-indonesian-hospital-after-killing-12-people.
250 Reuters, “Israeli Tanks Outside Gaza Hospital, Biden Hopes for 'Less Intrusive' Action,” 2023,

https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/largest-gaza-hospital-not-functioning-amid-israeli-assault-2023-11-12/.
251 International Humanitarian Law Databases. “Rule 28. Medical Units,” https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1/rule28.
252 University of Nottingham, “Rolls-Royce University Technology Centres,” 2024, https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/utc/.

253 University of Nottingham, “News - Multi-Million-Pound Partnership Celebrates Taking Aerospace Industry to New Heights,”
2023, https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/news/multi-million-pound-partnership-celebrates-taking-aerospace-industry-to-new-heights.
254 Jobs.ac.uk, “PhD Studentship: Rolls-Royce Sponsored PhD Scholarship - Laser Beam Processing of Aerospace Materials,” 2024,

https://www.jobs.ac.uk/job/DFX267/phd-studentship-rolls-royce-sponsored-phd-scholarship-laser-beam-processing-of-aerospace-
materials/.
255 University of Nottingham, “Engineering Impact,” https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/engineering/documents/research/research-

impact/robots.pdf.
256 Boeing, “Investors Overview,” https://investors.boeing.com/investors/overview/default.aspx.
62

5.4.3 Boeing

In 2022, Boeing was the world’s 4th largest defence contractor257. In 2023, Boeing's Defence, Space &
Security segment generated $24.933 billion in revenue. This represented an 8% increase from the
previous year, 2022, where the revenue was $23.162 billion. It directly supplies Israel with JDAMs,
Apache AH-64 attack helicopters, F-15 fighter jets, and missiles used to execute the current assault on
Gaza258.
The UoN has neglected Boeing’s -and by extension its own- complicity in warfare and mass
destruction. Having worked with Boeing since 2006, UoN established a strategic research
collaboration with them, benefitting from an investment regime where Boeing provide $1m per annum
to fund research on the recycling of carbon fibre composites 259. In November 2023, Aerospace
Engineering students from the UoN Ningbo China partook in the Boeing Global Education Outreach
program. According to the trip leader, they will continue visiting “both Boeing campuses and other
industrial partners regularly to further enhance university-industry engagement”260.

5.4.4 Leonardo

Leonardo is in partnership with the UoN through their collaboration in the ASPIRE project261. However,
the UoN is not the only institution Leonardo are collaborating with as they have also announced a joint
partnership with established Israeli higher education institutions: Israeli Innovation Authority and
Ramot Tel Aviv University. The partnership between Leonardo and the Israeli education institutions
focuses on developing start-ups in defence and cybersecurity. These collaborations seek to leverage
Israel's advanced military technology ecosystem, which has been pivotal in ongoing conflicts. 262

Furthermore, it was reported that on the 12th of January 2024, Pope Francis rejected a €1.5 million
donation from Leonardo to the Bambin Gesù Children’s Hospital in Rome. The Pope's decision aligns
with his peace advocacy, as Leonardo is the largest arms producer in the EU, generating 83% of its
revenue from defence contracts. Although the company claims its weapons are not used in active
conflicts, the arms watchdog The Weapon Watch refuted this, revealing that Leonardo’s systems,
including Oto Melara naval guns and other military equipment, have been used by the Israeli military in
operations in Gaza263.

257
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. "SIPRI Top 100 Arms Producing and Military Services Companies in the
World.”
258 Who Profits, “The Companies Supplying Weapons to Israel's Attack on Gaza,” last modified June 2024,

https://www.whoprofits.org/publications/report/170?the-companies-supplying-weapons-to-israel-s-attack-on-gaza#_ftn9.
259 University of Nottingham, “Composites Research Group,” https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/composites-research-

group/research/recycling-of-composites/boeing-nottingham-strategic-collaboration.aspx.
260 University of Nottingham Ningbo China, “UNNC Aerospace Engineering Students Visited Boeing Shanghai Campus,” 2023,

https://www.nottingham.edu.cn/en/science-engineering/news/article.aspx?id=2347677d-2585-4c81-a965-
1a65a7845c5a&language=en-GB.
261
University of Nottingham, “Aspire Project,” https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/aerospace/projects/cleansky/aspire-project.aspx.
262 Leonardo, “Leonardo Established Two Partnerships in Israel to Foster the Development of Start-Ups,” February 3, 2023,

https://www.leonardo.com/en/news-and-stories-detail/-/detail/leonardo-sole24ore-startup-partnership-israel.
263 Atlas of Wars, “Leonardo: Italy’s State-Owned Company Involved in Gaza Conflict,” accessed October 18, 2024,

https://www.atlasofwars.com/leonardo-italys-state-owned-company-involved-in-gaza-conflict/.
63

These ties raise significant ethical concerns, especially given the humanitarian crises in Gaza, where
the use of a full blockade and besiegement of areas in Gaza has inflicted severe suffering on civilians.
Engaging in such partnerships may further entrench the cycle of violence and contribute to ongoing
human rights violations. Thus, the UoN’s compliance with Leonardo helps the innovation of
technologies which contributes to the destruction caused by Israel.

5.4.5 Safran

The UoN has several collaborations with Safran, a French defence company through projects such as
ORCHESTRA and INSTEP264,265. The company has collaborated with Israel’s leading arms manufacturer,
Elbit Systems, through joint ventures such as the development of tactical drones. Additionally, Safran
has supplied critical electronic components for Israel's Arrow 3 anti-missile system, which plays a role
in the Israeli military's operations. 266 Other collaborations include Israel's use of Rafeals FIRE WEAVER
in conjunction with Safrans MOSKITO TI system to arm the Israeli military 267. These defence systems
and technologies are used by the Israeli army in its ongoing military offensives, including the current
attacks on Gaza, which have resulted in thousands of Palestinian civilian deaths. Safran's continued
arms sales and support for Israel’s military infrastructure contribute to the violence and destruction in
Gaza, reinforcing accusations of genocide.

264 University of Nottingham, “ORCHESTRA Project,” accessed October 18, 2024,

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/aerospace/projects/orchestra-project/index.aspx.
265 University of Nottingham, “INSTEP Project.”
266
Anadolu Agency, "Activists Protest French Company Safran's Arms Sales to Israel," March 11, 2024. Accessed October 17,
2024. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/activists-protest-french-company-safrans-arms-sales-to-israel/3161874.
267 Safran Group, “Rafael and Safran Team Up on FIRE WEAVER and MOSKITO TI Targeting Solution,” September 9, 2021,

accessed October 17, 2024, https://www.safran-group.com/pressroom/rafael-and-safran-team-fire-weaver-and-moskito-ti-targeting-

solution-2021-09-09.
64

5.5.6 Other Notable Partners

The Midlands Centre for Data-Driven Metrology (MCDDM) was a project set up by UoN amongst other
universities to aid “high-value manufacturing companies seeking to incorporate Industry 4.0 within
their operations”268. One MCDDM’s key partners is Hexagon Manufacturing Intelligence269, which relies
on MCDDM’s research to enhance its metrology-assisted precision capacities 270. It then leverages
these findings to improve its manufacture of arms and military vehicles: “From military ground
vehicles, aircraft and naval vessels to communications and electronic equipment and beyond, defence
contractors face a huge challenge to meet global demand. See how Hexagon’s smart manufacturing
solutions are helping defence manufacturers deliver military equipment on time and within budget” 271.
Hexagon, the parent company of Hexagon Manufacturing Intelligence, reported approximately €5.4
billion in net sales revenue in 2023272.
The UoN has entered partnerships with companies that have ties to the arms trade, raising serious
concerns about ethical practices and complicity in human rights violations. These collaborations
include associations with companies linked to the Israeli military, which has been accused of
committing violations of international law273. Such partnerships not only conflict with the University’s
stated values but also risk compromising its commitment to social responsibility and ethical research.
Many of its current partnerships are not in alignment with the University values, international law and
produce research and technology that can and has been used to aid the Israeli army in their crimes
against the Palestinian people.

268 University of Nottingham, “Midlands Centre for Data-Driven Metrology,” 2022,

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/beacons-of-excellence/smart-products/projects/mcddm/index.aspx.
269 Midlands Centre for Data-Driven Metrology, “Founding Partners of the Midlands Centre for Data-Driven Metrology,”

https://www.mcddm.ac.uk/partners/founding-partners.aspx.
270 Sergio Catalucci, Andrew Thompson, James Eastwood, Zhongyi Michael Zhang, Daniel T. Branson, Richard Leach, and Stefano

Piano, “Smart Optical Coordinate and Surface Metrology,” Measurement Science & Technology 34, no. 1 (2022): 012001,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ac9544.
271
Hexagon, “Solutions for the Defence Industry,” https://hexagon.com/industries/defence.
272 Hexagon, “Hexagon Year-End Report 1 January-31 December 2023,” 2024, https://hexagon.com/company/newsroom/press-

releases/2024/hexagon-year-end-report-1-january---31-december-2023.
273 United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, “Israeli Authorities and Palestinian Armed Groups Are

Responsible for War Crimes.”

65

6. ACADEMIC PARTNERSHIPS
6.1. Policy & Academic Freedom
At the UoN, the interplay between policy, research ethics, and academic freedom is central to fostering
a scholarly environment conducive to innovation and inquiry. The university’s commitment to
academic freedom is underscored by its adherence to ethical guidelines that ensure research integrity
and the responsible conduct of academic activities.
According to the UoN’s Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics, ethical considerations are
paramount in upholding the integrity of research practices. The code has been created to maintain “the
highest standards of integrity, rigour and excellence in all aspects of our research and for all research to
be conducted according to the appropriate ethical, legal and professional frameworks and standards.” 274
The Code lays out the key principles of ethical research, including the idea that this research must
maximise benefit, minimise harm, respect autonomy, have fairness and accountability, and operate
with integrity and transparency. Moreover, the Code also stipulates that ethical implications in
consideration need to include anyone involved in, or impacted by the research, and the environment.
The following section elucidates how, through its current academic partnerships with Israel, the
University may in particular be in violation of its key principle of minimising harm. Additionally, in
continuing to partner with arms companies, the University fails to take into adequate consideration of
the human and environmental impacts of said research.

6.2. Upholding International Norms & Law

Universities have historically been at the forefront of divestment campaigns, acting as moral and
intellectual leaders in global social justice movements. These institutions therefore have a moral
obligation to uphold international ethical norms.
The University rightly pledged to cut ties with Russian Universities and institutions in the wake of
Russia’s 2022 attack on Ukraine. The University released a public statement highlighting this along
with a statement of support for Ukrainian students.275 This highlighted their position on unlawful
invasions and their stance regarding war. We are calling on the University to take initiative in the same,
fundamental interests of “human rights, democracy and international law” and terminate all active
agreements with Israeli universities and institutions276.
Despite numerous international organisations highlighting the situation in Palestine along with the
student body urging them to divest from complicit companies and institutions, the UoN has made no
public commitments to divesting from companies or institutions that operate in Israel or profit off the

274
University of Nottingham, Department of Sociology, “Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics,” accessed October 18,
2024, https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/sociology/documents/ethics-documents/code-of-research-conduct-and-research-ethics.pdf.
275 University of Nottingham, “Statement of Support for Ukraine,” last modified March 1, 2022,

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/currentstudents/news/ukraine-statement-of-support.
276 University of Nottingham, “Support for Ukraine – University to End All Formal Links with Russia.”
66

ongoing attacks. They have provided inadequate support and have not shown any commitment to
communicating with their own students regarding the situation.
When universities do not live up to international norms or fail to divest from controversial industries,
they may face serious consequences including reputational damage which can impact student
enrolment, future partnerships and funding opportunities. One example is Cambridge University,
which came under fire for years over its investments in fossil fuels.277 Students and staff organised
protests and accused the university of greenwashing—claiming it was promoting sustainability while
still backing oil and gas companies. The pressure built up, and while Cambridge eventually agreed to
divest in 2020, the delay hurt its reputation.278 The University of Edinburgh also faced protests for its
investments in fossil fuel companies. The university ignored contestations of its investments for a
while, until sustained pressure forced it to announce full divestment in 2018.279 Before that decision, it
had taken a hit to its credibility as a leader in environmental research.
At an international level, Harvard University took a long time to divest from companies involved in
South African apartheid back in the 1980s, and more recently, from fossil fuel investments 280. Protests,
negative press, and high-profile campaigns put the university under scrutiny. When they finally
announced they would divest from fossil fuels in 2021, many felt the decision was long overdue, and
the delay had already tarnished their standing.281
With the increasing number of people seeing universities as a waste of time it is crucial that
universities listen to their student body 282. Reputational damage can not only impact public
perceptions of the university but can influence the partnerships that they get in the future. We
recommend that the UoN takes the necessary steps to ensure that they do not suffer anymore
reputational damage and divest from the arms companies along with divesting from funds and
companies that are at risk of complicity in human rights violations.

277
Paul Harris, “Cambridge Must Divest from Fossil Fuels – It’s the Least It Can Do in a Climate Emergency,” The Guardian,
October 2, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/oct/02/cambridge-fossil-fuels-divestment-fossil-fuels-climate-
emergency.
278 Laura Hughes, “Cambridge University Announces Plans to Divest from Fossil Fuels,” BBC News, September 24, 2020,

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-54373774.
279 University of Edinburgh, “Responsible Investment: Fossil Fuels Q&A,” accessed October 17, 2024,

https://www.ed.ac.uk/sustainability/operations/responsible-investment/fossil-fuels/q-and-a.
280 Emma Fitzsimmons, “Harvard Endowment to Go Greenhouse Gas Neutral by 2050,” Harvard Gazette, April 21, 2020,

https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/04/harvard-endowment-to-go-greenhouse-gas-neutral-by-2050/.
281
Matt Kornfeld, “Harvard Students Push for Divestment from Fossil Fuels,” The New York Times, September 10, 2021,
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/10/us/harvard-divestment-fossil-fuels.html.
282 Higher Education Policy Institute (HEPI), “Public Attitudes to Higher Education: What Does the Evidence Tell Us?” March 30,

2023, https://www.hepi.ac.uk/2023/03/30/public-attitudes-to-higher-education-what-does-the-evidence-tell-us/.
67

6.3. Academic Partners in Israel

Unlike the stance that the University took when Russia invaded Ukraine, the University has not made
any public commitment to cut ties with any Israeli institutions despite the ongoing calls to boycott
Israeli academic institutions such as Technion, the Israel Institution of Technology283.
In total, we found that the UoN maintains collaborations with over half of Israel’s universities (six of
ten), reflecting a significant level of international academic engagement. The University has a long
history of supporting Israel and Israeli institutions through collaborations and partnerships, and
simultaneously repressing Pro-Palestinian voices through claims of “extremism” 284. Despite calls to
boycott the apartheid regime and their institutions, the University has continued to collaborate with
them.

6.3.1 BIRAX: Technion and the Hebrew University

The UoN has received funding from Britain-Israel Research and Academic Exchange (BIRAX) on several
occasions. In 2013, BIRAX funded UoN’s collaboration with the Hebrew University Medical Centre on
regenerative cell therapy research for Parkinson’s disease 285. In 2015, BIRAX also funded a pacemaker
research project between UoN and Technion 286. To partner with an institution operating within an
apartheid regime, which necessarily deprives Palestinians of the benefits of this research, is deeply
unethical and stands diametrically opposed to our university’s values of openness and inclusivity. The
partnership between UoN and Technion, which may facilitate research activities or other forms of
academic cooperation, remains active287. This is in spite of evidence that Technion has developed
unmanned vehicles for the purposes of illegal Palestinian house demolitions by the Israeli military288.
Below is an extensive list of Israeli institutions with which The UoN has collaborated.

283 Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions Movement. "Boycott Technion Conference." https://bdsmovement.net/boycott-technion-
conference.
284 John Sweeney, "Nottingham University Filmed Students in Secret," The Guardian, June 11, 2011,

https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/jun/11/nottingham-university-secret-films-students.
285 British Council, "Borax Ageing," 2023, https://www.britishcouncil.org.il/sites/default/files/birax_brochure_2023_version_2.pdf.
286
University of Nottingham, "Pacemakers of the Future," 2015, https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/vision/vision-pacemakers-future.
287 Technion, "AGREEMENTS - Technion International," https://int.technion.ac.il/agreements/.
288 European Coordination of Committees and Associations for Palestine (ECCP), "EU Funding to Israeli Military Companies and

Institutions Through Horizon 2020," 2015, https://www.eccpalestine.org/eu-funding-to-israeli-military-companies-and-institutions-

through-horizon2020/.
68

6.3.2 Tel Aviv University (TAU)

Former Pro-Vice Chancellor for Research at UoN, Saul Tendler, participated in a long-term scientific
collaboration with Professor Ehud Gazit from TAU. When interviewed, Tendler commented on the
matter of academic boycotts, stating:
"In reality, talks of boycotts are baseless; there may be academics here and there who choose not to
work with Israel, just as there are those who refuse to work with China." 289
Additionally, in 2017, UoN Professor Daniele Nosenzo hosted a psychology, sociology, and economics
seminar at TAU. Currently, UoN’s Centre for Decision Research and Experimental Economics (CeDEx)
is hosting Dr. Ori Weisel, an external fellow from TAU290.

6.3.3 University of Haifa

UoN has produced a total of 40 research outputs in collaboration with the University of Haifa 291.
Furthermore, the UoN Ningbo China (UNNC) has contributed two research outputs with Haifa292.

6.3.4 Weizmann Institute & Weizmann Institute of Science

UoN’s Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) Magic Angle Spinning (MAS) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
(NMR) Facility collaborates with the DNP research groups led by Shimon Vega and Michal Leskes, both
from the Weizmann Institute of Science293,294,295.

6.3.5 Ben-Gurion University

UoN and Ben-Gurion University have produced a total of 66 shared research outputs296. Additionally,
two academics from Ben-Gurion, Ro'i Zultan (2014) and Ofer H. Azar (2017), have been invited by CeDEx
to host events on UoN’s campus297,298.

289 Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, "Technion to Celebrate 100th Anniversary of Israel's First Graduation," March 2014,
https://www.technion.ac.il/en/2014/03/.
290
Tel Aviv University, Coller School of Management, "Seminar on March 21, 2017," https://coller.tau.ac.il/events/seminar-21-3-
17?gid=28.
291 University of Haifa, "Network Organizations," https://cris.haifa.ac.il/en/organisations/university-of-haifa-5/network-

organisations/.
292 University of Nottingham, "Network Organizations," https://research.nottingham.edu.cn/en/organisations/school-of-international-

communications/network-organisations/.
293 University of Nottingham, "DNP Resources from Around the World," https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/dnpnmr/dnp-resources-

from-around-the-world.aspx.
294 Weizmann Institute of Science, "Vega Group," http://www.weizmann.ac.il/chemphys/Vega_group/.
295
Weizmann Institute of Science, "Leskes Group," http://www.weizmann.ac.il/materials/Leskes/home.
296 Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, "Network Organizations," https://cris.bgu.ac.il/en/organisations/ben-gurion-university-of-

the-negev-3/network-organisations/.
297 University of Nottingham, "Zultan," https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/cedex/events/archive-2013/zultan.aspx.
298 University of Nottingham, "Ofer Azar," https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/cedex/events/2017/ofer-azar-04-10-17.aspx.
69

7. KEY FINDINGS
7.1 Total Investments Overview
• As of March 31, 2023, the University’s permanent endowment fund was valued at £61,789,246,
and its medium-term fund was £9,238,177, totalling £71,027,423.
• In FY22-23, the University held £44,736,459 in equities (61.9% of medium-term and 63.1% of
permanent endowment funds).
• By July 31, 2024, the permanent endowment fund increased to £68,752,984.72 and the
medium-term fund to £9,912,540.38, totalling £78,665,525.10.
• In FY23-24, £51,852,860.52 was held in equities (64.42% of medium-term and 66.13% of
permanent endowment funds).

7.2 Investments Concerns

• The University has short-term investments in funds like the Schroder Global Sustainable
Growth Fund, Schroder Global Energy Transition, and HSBC ESG Liquidity Fund.
○ HSBC is the second-largest European creditor to companies operating in Israeli
settlements,
○ HSBC provides $14.2 million in loans and underwriting services from 2020-2023
○ HSBC invests $2.65 billion in such companies.
• Schroders invested approximately $3.54 billion in companies linked to illegal Israeli
settlements.
• Historical investments by HSBC and Schroders in arms and technology companies equipping
the Israeli military totalled £831.5 million and £917.6 million, respectively.

7.3 Investments in Complicit Companies

• FY22-23: £3,805,450.12 was invested in companies linked to apartheid and illegal settlements
(e.g., Microsoft, Alphabet).
• FY23-24:
o Medium Term Fund: ££ 1,911,315.51 invested in 26 complicit companies (17.65% of
total).
o Permanent Endowment Fund: ££ 14,213,364.02 in 26 complicit companies.
70

7.4 Ethically Incompatible Partnerships

Collaborations with arms manufacturers suggest tacit support for industries associated with conflict
and human rights abuses, undermining UoN's commitment to social responsibility.

• Partnerships with Arms Manufacturers: The UoN collaborates with at least 13 of the world's
largest arms manufacturers, including Raytheon, Boeing, General Dynamics, BAE Systems, and
Airbus.
• Green Initiatives and Clean Sky Programme: UoN participates in the Clean Sky programme,
funded by the European Commission, which focuses on developing eco-friendly aviation
technologies. UoN has delivered 25 projects worth €49 million, with the majority benefiting
defence contractors.
• Financial Contributions to Defence Contractors: Excluding one company, 93% of UoN's €42
million contribution to Clean Sky supports defence contractors, raising ethical concerns about
partnerships with firms linked to human rights violations.
• Career Services Promotion: UoN's Career Service actively advertises opportunities with
multiple military companies, including Rolls-Royce and BAE Systems, indicating a commitment
to the arms industry.
• Conflict with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): UoN's emphasis on climate action
appears inconsistent with other critical SDGs, such as Peace and Justice, raising concerns
about potential greenwashing.
• Complicity in Human Rights Violations: UoN partners with companies that support Israel's
military actions, such as Caterpillar and Barclays, which are implicated in human rights
violations.
• Misleading Image of Responsibility: Despite claims of divesting from fossil fuels, UoN's
partnerships with arms manufacturers create a misleading narrative about its commitment to
ethical practices.
71

7.5 Individual Case Studies

• BAE Systems: A major arms manufacturer supplying Israel with controversial munitions,
including white phosphorus bombs. UoN collaborates on projects related to the Tempest
Future Combat Air System, despite student opposition evidenced by the passing of the "Ban
BAE" motion in 2022.
• Rolls-Royce: This company produces critical components for military equipment, including
engines for Israeli tanks. UoN has a long-term partnership with Rolls-Royce, involving various
engineering initiatives and sponsorship of PhD students.
• Boeing: As a leading defence contractor, Boeing supplies Israel with attack helicopters and
missiles. UoN has a strategic collaboration with Boeing, which provides funding for research
on carbon fibre recycling.
• Leonardo: Engages with UoN on the ASPIRE project while partnering with Israeli institutions
for defence and cybersecurity initiatives. Leonardo’s reputation is marred by ethical concerns,
as highlighted by Pope Francis' rejection of their donation due to their arms production
activities.
• Safran: Collaborates with UoN on projects that involve technology used by the Israeli military,
raising ethical questions about complicity in human rights abuses.

7.6 Academic Partnerships

• Funding from BIRAX: UoN has received funding from Britain-Israel Research and Academic
Exchange (BIRAX) for projects, including:
o Collaboration with the Hebrew University Medical Centre in 2013 on regenerative
cell therapy for Parkinson’s disease.
o A 2015 pacemaker research project with Technion, the Israel Institute of
Technology.
• Ethical Concerns: Partnering with institutions in Israel, perceived as operating under an
apartheid regime, raises ethical questions about inclusivity and access to research benefits for
the Palestinian population.
• Collaborations with Israeli Institutions: UoN has partnered with several Israeli institutions,
including:
o Tel Aviv University: Notable collaborations involving former Pro-Vice Chancellor
Saul Tendler and ongoing seminars hosted by UoN faculty.
o University of Haifa: UoN has produced 40 research outputs with this institution.
o Weizmann Institute: Collaborative work in nuclear magnetic resonance research.
o Ben-Gurion University: A total of 66 shared research outputs, with invitations
extended to Ben-Gurion academics for campus events.
• Response to Academic Boycotts: Despite international calls for boycotts against Israeli
institutions, UoN has continued collaborations, contrasting its more decisive stance against
Russian institutions after the invasion of Ukraine.
72

8. BEYOND CORPORATE COMPLICITY:

STUDENT ACTIVISM & SUPPRESSION AT UON
Since 2008, the student movement in Nottingham has been actively campaigning on various issues,
with divestment from arms companies being a key focus in recent years.299 Students have consistently
pushed the UoN to divest from companies involved in the arms trade, particularly those supplying
weapons to conflict zones. This intensified in the wake of protests related to the most recent attacks
on Palestinians by Israel.
Despite the various actions taken by students demanding divestment from arms companies and
protesting the University's ties to such industries, the university response was to vilify students and
take legal action against them300. This legal battle, which unfolded during exam season, caused
significant stress for the students involved, highlighting the University’s failure to prioritise student
well-being. This is not only in direct opposition to the University’s duty of care to its students but also
exemplifies their prioritisation of profit over students and ethical obligations. Despite the protests, the
University has made no public commitment to support Palestine or its Palestinian students, nor has it
pledged to divest from arms companies, which prompts grave concerns about its ethical
responsibilities and stance on human rights issues.
The UoN claims it is committed to fostering an environment where all staff and students are free to
“have an awareness and openness to diversity across cultures”, “inherently exercise flexibility and
emotional or cultural intelligence with strong intellectual ability”, and “think and act across borders and
not be bound by local constraints”.301 Despite this “Global Mindset”, the University has repeatedly
attempted to repress Pro-Palestinian voices by taking legal action against students, used threats of
legal fees to silence student voices 302 and, most concerningly, alleged that the protests are
antisemitic. The University has not engaged in open and constructive dialogue with the student body
and avoids taking accountability for their complicity in Israeli occupation, apartheid and genocide.
One of the University’s values is “Openness”. However, numerous attempts by students to obtain
detailed information pertaining to the University’s financial ties to Israel and arms manufacturers have
been met with repeated refusal by the University to disclose this information when requested by NCLP.
Additionally, despite motions passed by student groups and legal rulings calling for divestment from
companies linked to human rights abuses, the university has made no public commitment to support
students affected by the violence in Palestine or to reconsider its controversial partnerships. This goes
against the values of “Respect” and “Inclusivity” that the University claims to stand by and raises serious
concerns about the University’s commitment to ethical practices and student welfare.

299 Al Mayadeen English, "Uni of Nottingham Sides with Weapons Companies, Closes Down Palestinian Society,"
https://english.almayadeen.net/articles/features/uni-of-nottingham-sides-with-weapons-companies--closes-down.
300 Telegraph Reporters, "Nottingham University Wins Court Order to Remove Palestine Protestors from Campus," July 5, 2024,

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/07/05/nottingham-university-court-order-palestine-protestors/.
301
University of Nottingham, "Strategic Delivery Plan for Global Engagement," 2021,
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/Strategy/documents/Global-Engagement-Strategic-Delivery-Plan-vOnline.pdf, 4.
302 @nottspalestinecamp, "Threats of Legal Fees, Silencing Student Voices," Instagram, May 28, 2024,

https://www.instagram.com/reel/C7glh85CFr8/?igsh=eGV0cTRsNWh6YmZh.
73

9. THE WAY FORWARD

As students at the University of Nottingham, we expect our university to act ethically with integrity and
honesty. Based on the information we have presented we expect the appropriate actions to be taken
in regard to disclosure of information, divestment from arms and complicit companies along with a
revised framework for identifying new investments and partnerships, as well as public support for their
Palestinian and all students and academics who stand up against illegal occupation, apartheid and
genocide.
We highlight the following actions as needed to be taken by the UoN to be in line with their previous
actions (i.e. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine), their ethical policies and sustainable development goals, and
their duty of care to their students and staff.

9.1 Public Statement of Support for Palestine

A public statement of support for Palestinian rights is crucial, particularly when aligned with
international rulings and legal opinions regarding the ongoing occupation and genocide. Various
United Nations resolutions and rulings from international courts emphasise the necessity of
recognizing Palestinian self-determination and the illegality of Israeli settlements in the Occupied
Palestinian Territories. Such a statement not only reinforces the legal and moral obligations of states
and organisations but also aligns with the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) movement 303,
which seeks to hold Israel accountable for its actions against Palestinians. By publicly endorsing these
principles, institutions uphold international law and demonstrate solidarity with the Palestinian cause,
creating a framework for accountability that fosters broader public discourse on justice and human
rights.

9.2. Divestment from Complicit and Unethical Companies

Divestment from companies that contribute to human rights abuses is an essential strategy for
promoting social justice. This is particularly relevant in the context of arms companies that supply
military equipment used in the ongoing attacks. By divesting from such corporations, the University
can signal their disapproval of practices that perpetuate violence and oppression. This approach not
only financially impacts companies complicit in the conflict but also raises awareness among
stakeholders about the ethical implications of their investments. We recommend the following:
• Disclosure of all the University’s investments
• Divestment from all complicit companies with links to international law violations, apartheid,
illegal occupation and war crimes.
• A student-informed review of the University’s Ethical Investment Policy.
• The establishment of an Investment Review Working Group composed of at least one NCLP-
nominated UoNSU member.

303 Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions Movement, "Home," accessed October 17, 2024, https://bdsmovement.net/.
74

This would not only illuminate the University’s position on illegal occupation but also reduces the risk
of the University being complicit in human rights violations. It would also ensure that they are in line
with all of the Sustainable Development Goals.
The UoN has thus been made aware of their complicit partnership and investments. We urge the
University to undertake full investigations into their current relationships to ensure that the companies
and institutions with which it is partnered are not complicit in illegal occupation, apartheid and human
rights violations. So long as the occupation is ongoing and the benefits of the academia being
undertaken in these institutions excludes Palestinian beneficiaries, these relationships are
unethical/in contravention of international law.

We recommend the following in regard to their research and industrial partnerships:

• Public disclosures regarding industry and academic partnerships.
• Termination of partnerships and research contracts between the University and
companies risking complicity in war crimes, crimes against humanity, and/or violations of
IHL and IHRL.
• Termination of all formal agreements, partnerships and research contracts with Israeli
institutions.
• Review of the Research Ethics and Integrity Framework, conducted alongside a working
group whose membership includes at least one NCLP-nominated UoNSU officer.

We urge the University to publicly pledge that they will divest and cut ties with companies complicit in
Israel’s ongoing genocide and occupation of the Palestinian people, with a detailed and appropriate
timeline for this to happen.

Several institutions have also successfully divested from controversial sectors, demonstrating that
divestment is not only feasible but also financially viable. For example, universities like St Andrews,
Goldsmiths, Bangor, and SOAS have set a precedent by withdrawing investments linked to the arms
trade and unethical practices304. Bangor University has implemented an ethical investment policy that
focuses on sustainable and socially responsible ventures. Similarly, Cambridge’s Trinity College has
divested from arms companies, showcasing the growing trend among academic institutions to
prioritise ethical investments305. By following these examples, the University of Nottingham can lead
the way in responsible investing and invest in an ethical and morally conscious way.

304 Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT), "Clean Investment," accessed October 12, 2024, https://caatunis.net/campaigns/clean-
investment/.
305 Ibid., 107.
75

9.3 Support for Student Protest Rights

The support for student protest rights is vital in promoting an environment where voices advocating
for social justice are heard and listened to. Students play a critical role in grassroots movements, often
leading initiatives that challenge institutional policies and promote awareness of pressing social
issues. Upholding the right to protest not only empowers students but also enriches academic
discourse by allowing diverse perspectives to emerge. Universities and colleges must safeguard these
rights, in order to uphold the reputation of being places of education rather than censorship. The
University of Nottingham has a past of taking legal action against their students instead of
communicating with them; we urge the University to showcase that they respect their students’ right
to protest. In addition to this, we ask that they respect our request for a memorial plaque for the
University’s two alumni, Dr Said Al-Zebda and his wife Ikram Ghanem who were murdered by Israel
alongside their children. We recommend the plaque be on the Advanced Manufacturing Building so that
Nottingham community never forgets the companies that enabled their murder.

9.4 Investment in Rebuilding & Supporting Palestinian Students and

Academics
Investing in the reconstruction of Palestinian educational institutions and supporting Palestinian
students is essential for upholding the University’s values and duty of care to its students. Supporting
Palestinian students ensures that they have access to quality education and opportunities, which is in
line with the University’s Sustainable Development Goal of Quality Education 306. This investment
reflects a commitment to human rights and social justice, which would showcase the University’s
commitment to upholding international norms. We recommend the following:

• The implementation of the guidance provided by the University of Sanctuary Steering

Group report in April to support Palestinian students, teachers, academics and
institutions307.
• The introduction of a fully funded scholarship programme for Palestinian students,
including Sara Yahya, who have been affected and displaced by Israel’s attacks on
Palestinian Territories.
• The public advertisement of the University’s position as a HESPAL (Higher Education
Scholarships for Palestinians) partner on the University website to improve accessibility
and support for Palestinian students.
• Collaboration with Council for At Risk Academics (CARA), as was done in 2022 for Ukrainian
at Risk Scholars, to offer funded fellowships for Palestinian academics, ideally starting in
the 2024/2025 academic year308.

306
United Nations, "Sustainable Development Goals," accessed October 8, 2024, https://sdgs.un.org/goals.
307 University of Leicester, “Responding to the crisis in Palestine: How UK universities can support Palestinian students, teachers,
academics, and institutions,” https://docs.google.com/document/d/1hp3a2V0YA07trl2wnzx5kW8Lsb7p6Vfy0K08dHh5gGc/edit.
308 Community Action for Refugees and Asylum Seekers (CARA), "Gaza Crisis," accessed October 18, 2024,

https://www.cara.ngo/news/gaza-crisis-2.
76

• Contribution by the University to the Gaza Educate Medics (GEM) scheme delivering
education to 1,906 medical students from Al-Azhar University Gaza and Islamic University
of Gaza309

Investing in the education and well-being of Palestinian students not only aligns with the Sustainable
Development Goals but also demonstrates a genuine commitment to human rights. As the University
evaluates its future investments and partnerships, adopting strong Environmental, Social, and
Governance (ESG) standards is essential to ensure it does not inadvertently support unethical
practices.

9.5. Other Recommendations for the University of Nottingham

Due to limited access to the University of Nottingham’s finances we cannot make exact
recommendations, but we do propose the following options and recommend a refinement of the
University’s investment and partnerships policies to be explicitly conformant with international law
and the moral and ethical position that the University claims to take. This report will be an ongoing
record and will be updated with new information to further highlight the University’s role in ongoing
genocide and apartheid. The current limitations of this report are a lack of full disclosure from the
University of Nottingham, meaning information is partial and therefore is subject to review once more
information is obtained.
Based on the current information obtained and accessible, we have highlighted the University of
Nottingham’s complicity in Israel’s ongoing illegal occupation and genocide of Palestinians. To rectify
the situation and showcase that the University respects their students and staff, as well as
international law and ethics, we have highlighted key areas for improvement.
We recommend that:
• The University of Nottingham conduct thorough ESG investigations into future investments
and partnerships to ensure that these comply with Environmental, Social and Governance
standards.310
• One such resource for finding funds which do not invest in the arms trade is Weapon Free
Funds which highlights funds that do not have large investments in the arms trade and also
highlights their ratings regarding sustainability, namely fossil fuels and tobacco.311
• Further due diligence is undertaken by the relevant committees and university bodies to ensure
transparency regarding funds, and a thorough investigation into current assets to ensure no
links with the arms trade.

309 PalMed Europe, "GEM," accessed October 18, 2024, https://www.palmedeurope.org/en/gem-en/.

310 James Chen, "Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Criteria," Investopedia, last modified February 5, 2023,
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/environmental-social-and-governance-esg-criteria.asp.
311 Weapon Free Funds, “Funds,” https://weaponfreefunds.org/funds?dsc=false&srt=grade_military.
77

9.6 What Students and Staff can do at the University of Nottingham

Staff and students at the University of Nottingham can take proactive steps to encourage the
University to divest from unethical companies, stop partnerships with arms companies and create
more supportive structures for students and academics affected by the genocide and occupation of
Palestine. Using our voices collectively is the only way forward to push for change.
1. Participate in Demonstrations: Engage in peaceful protests and demonstrations that advocate
for divestment and solidarity with Palestine. More visible support highlights to the University
that this is the stance that their students and staff have and pressures the University to take
action.
2. Organise Awareness Campaigns: Host informational sessions, workshops, and discussions to
educate people about the situation in Palestine, highlighting the realities of the occupation,
human rights violations, and the implications of university investments.
3. Support Boycott, Divestment and Sanction (BDS) campaigns: highlight the importance of
boycotting in your lectures, team meetings and wider university community. Support ongoing
campaigns that call for divestment and sanctioning of Israeli institutions and companies aiding
the Israeli military in their ongoing occupation and genocide.
4. Petition and Lobby: Create petitions urging the University to commit to divestment and
advocate for transparency in investment decisions. Lobbying university officials and decision-
makers can help raise awareness of the demand for divestment.
5. Raise Concerns in Governance Bodies: Bring up divestment and public stances on Palestine in
University meetings to ensure these issues are part of official discussions.

Universities across the world have publicly agreed to vote on divestment after pressure from staff and
student groups. Institutions need to be held to account for the role they play in the ongoing genocide
and illegal occupation of Palestine, and it is the actions of students and staff that ensure institutions
act according to their stated values, policies, ethics and, above all, international law.
The staff and students at the UoN have the ability to stand up for what is right and urge the University
to take the practical steps to ensure they are not complicit in human rights violations and genocide.
Collective action is the key and every single student, staff and community member is able to facilitate
this much-needed change.
78

CONCLUSION

The urgent call from the Nottingham Camp for the Liberation of Palestine for
divestment, transparency, and support for Palestinian students highlights the
necessity of the university re-evaluating its commitments and taking decisive
action.

By prioritising socially responsible investments and partnerships, the University can align
its financial practices with its core values and commitments to ethical research, thereby
aligning its investments and partnerships in a manner that genuinely uphold justice and
human rights. The attacks and human rights violations being perpetuated by Israel
against Palestinians312 should be condemned by all educational institutions. The
escalations in violence against Lebanon313, Syria314 and Yemen 315 highlights the Israel’s
violent (and explicitly stated) expansionist intentions and cannot be ignored.
As students at the University of Nottingham, we refuse to contribute to the killing of
innocent people and therefore we advocate for the University to stand with its principles,
policies and ethical guidance and take action against illegal occupation and genocide of
the Palestinian people and all oppressed people.
As the ethnic cleansing, occupation and genocide continues, the need for accountability
and a proactive stance in adhering to international law becomes increasingly clear.
The time for action is now, the University has the opportunity to lead by example in
promoting peace and supporting the rights of marginalised communities globally and
listen to their students when they call for divestment from Israel.
This report is a collection of information found on the University of Nottingham’s
complicity but is not a complete record. This information will be updated and reviewed by
NCLP as more facts are uncovered and collated in order to urge the University of
Nottingham to stand by their values, policies and international law.

312 Amnesty International, "Israel/OPT: Palestinians Face Drastic Escalation in Unlawful Killings, Displacement as Israel Launches
West Bank Military Operation," August 2024, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/08/israel-opt-palestinians-face-drastic-
escalation-in-unlawful-killings-displacement-as-israel-launches-west-bank-military-operation/.
313
Al Jazeera, "Ten Killed as Israel Hits Homes, Healthcare Centre in Lebanon's Qana," October 16, 2024,
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/16/live-ten-killed-as-israel-hits-homes-healthcare-centre-in-lebanons-qana.
314 Ibid., 2.
315 Al Jazeera, "Israel Hits Yemen's Infrastructure Again: What We Know and Why It Matters," September 30, 2024,

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/30/israel-hits-yemens-infrastructure-again-what-we-know-and-why-it-matters.
79

BIBLIOGRAPHY
@nottspalestinecamp. "Threats of Legal Fees, Silencing Student Voices." Instagram, May 28, 2024.
https://www.instagram.com/reel/C7glh85CFr8/?igsh=eGV0cTRsNWh6YmZh.
AAM Archives. “Barclays and Shell.” Accessed October 17, 2023.
https://www.aamarchives.org/campaigns/barclays-and-shell.html.
Abraham, Yuval. “Amazon, Google & Microsoft Fuel Israeli Military Aggression in Israel’s War on Gaza,
Investigation Reveals.” Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, August 4, 2024. Accessed October
21, 2024. https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/amazon-google-microsoft-fuel-
israeli-military-aggression-in-israels-war-on-gaza-investigation-reveals/.
Acled. “Expanding Israeli Operations in Lebanon and the Escalation of the Middle East Crisis.” October
4, 2024, https://acleddata.com/2024/10/04/middle-east-september-2024-special-issue-middle-
east-crisis
Action on Armed Violence (AOAV). "UK-Made F-35 Components Linked to Civilian Casualties in Gaza
Strikes: New Evidence Published." January 8, 2024. https://aoav.org.uk/2024/uk-made-f-35-
components-linked-to-civilian-casualties-in-gaza-strikes-new-evidence-published/.
AFSC Investigate. “BAE Systems PLC.” https://investigate.info/company/bae-systems.
AFSC Investigate. “Rolls-Royce Holdings Plc.” https://investigate.info/company/rolls-royce-hldgs.
Al-Haq. “Carrefour's Role in Illegal Settlements.” Accessed October 21, 2023.
https://www.alhaq.org/advocacy/20985.html.
Al Jazeera. "Israel-Hamas War in Maps and Charts: Live Tracker." October 9, 2023.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/10/9/israel-hamas-war-in-maps-and-charts-live-
tracker.
Al Jazeera. “Israel’s War on Gaza Live: Unprecedented Levels of Death and Destruction.” May 3, 2024.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/3/israels-war-on-gaza-live-unprecedented-
levels-of-death-and-destruction.
Al Jazeera. “Israeli Settler Attacks Against Palestinians by the Numbers.” March 3, 2023.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/3/israeli-settler-attacks-against-palestinians-by-the-
numbers.
Al Jazeera, “Israel’s attacks on Syria explained.’’ 12 October 2024.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/12/how-can-israel-attack-syria
Al Jazeera. "Israel Hits Yemen's Infrastructure Again: What We Know and Why It Matters." September
30, 2024. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/30/israel-hits-yemens-infrastructure-again-
what-we-know-and-why-it-matters.
Al Jazeera. “Israeli Tanks Besiege Gaza’s Indonesian Hospital.” November 20, 2023.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/20/israeli-tanks-surround-gazas-indonesian-hospital-
after-killing-12-people.
80

Al Jazeera. “Palestinian Journalist, 19, Killed in Israeli Raid After Receiving Threats.” October 6, 2024.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/6/palestinian-journalist-19-killed-in-israeli-raid-after-
receiving-threats.
Al Jazeera. “Shaban al-Dalou: The Palestinian Teen Burned to Death in Israeli Bombing.” October 15,
2024. Accessed October 21, 2024. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/15/shaban-al-dalou-
the-palestinian-teen-burned-to-death-in-israeli-bombing.
Al Jazeera. "Ten Killed as Israel Hits Homes, Healthcare Centre in Lebanon's Qana." October 16, 2024.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/16/live-ten-killed-as-israel-hits-homes-
healthcare-centre-in-lebanons-qana.
Al Jazeera. “Unilever Sells Ben & Jerry’s Ice Cream to Local Licensee in Israel.” June 30, 2022.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/30/unilever-sells-benjerrys-ice-cream-to-local-licensee-
in-israel.
Al Jazeera. “Updates: Israel Kills 27, Again Hits UN Peacekeeping Force in Lebanon.”
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/16/live-ten-killed-as-israel-hits-homes-
healthcare-centre-in-lebanons-qana.
Al Jazeera. “What Does the UK's Partial Stop on Arms Exports to Israel Really Mean?” September 3,
2024. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/3/what-does-the-uks-partial-stop-on-arms-
exports-to-israel-really-mean.
Al Mayadeen English. “Uni of Nottingham Sides with Weapons Companies, Closes Down Palestinian
Society.” https://english.almayadeen.net/articles/features/uni-of-nottingham-sides-with-weapons-
companies--closes-down.
American Friends Service Committee, “Microsoft,” accessed October 01, 2023,
https://investigate.afsc.org/company/microsoft.
Amnesty International. "Arms Companies Failing to Address Human Rights Risks." September 30, 2019.
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2019/09/arms-companies-failing-to-address-
human-rights-risks/.
Amnesty International. "Israel/OPT: Palestinians Face Drastic Escalation in Unlawful Killings,
Displacement as Israel Launches West Bank Military Operation." August 2024.
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/08/israel-opt-palestinians-face-drastic-
escalation-in-unlawful-killings-displacement-as-israel-launches-west-bank-military-operation/.
Amnesty International. "Yemen: The Forgotten War." September 22, 2015.
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/09/yemen-the-forgotten-war/.
Amnesty International UK. "UK Suspension of 30 Arms Export Licences to Israel Too Limited."
Accessed October 17, 2023. https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/uk-suspension-30-arms-
export-licences-israel-too-limited.
Anadolu Agency. "Lebanon Announces Nationwide School Closure After Pager Explosions." October 16,
2023. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/lebanon-announces-nationwide-school-closure-
after-pager-explosions/3332964.
81

Anadolu Agency. “Activists Protest French Company Safran's Arms Sales to Israel.” March 11, 2024.
Accessed October 17, 2024. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/activists-protest-french-company-
safrans-arms-sales-to-israel/3161874.
Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem (ARIJ). “Impact of Occupation and Environmental Challenges
on Palestine.” https://www.arij.org/latest/impact-of-occupation-and-environmental-challenges-on-
palestine.
Arms Trade Treaty. https://thearmstradetreaty.org/.
ATI Project Portfolio. “Industry Partners.” https://my.sharpcloud.com/html/#/story/9517f066-5610-
4308-bf0b-4be1eace4bd4/view/ab440801-b4e2-46fb-b02b-2a4e7a6ecd3c.
Atlas of Wars. “Leonardo: Italy’s State-Owned Company Involved in Gaza Conflict.” Accessed October
18, 2024. https://www.atlasofwars.com/leonardo-italys-state-owned-company-involved-in-gaza-
conflict/.
BAE Systems. “BAE Systems Welcomes University of Nottingham as Latest Strategic Academic
Partner.” 2021. https://www.baesystems.com/en-uk/article/bae-systems-welcomes-university-of-
nottingham-as-latest-strategic-academic-partner.
BAE Systems. “BAE Systems Welcomes University of Nottingham as Latest Strategic Academic
Partner.” 2021. https://www.baesystems.com/en-uk/article/bae-systems-welcomes-university-of-
nottingham-as-latest-strategic-academic-partner.
Baker, Simon. "UK Universities Divest from Fossil Fuels." The Guardian, October 27, 2022.
https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/oct/27/uk-universities-divest-fossil-fuels.
Barhoush, Yazid, and Amon, Joseph. J. 2023. “Medical Apartheid in Palestine.” Global Public Health 18
(1). doi:10.1080/17441692.2023.2201612.
BBC News. “Cambridge University Announces Plans to Divest from Fossil Fuels.” September 24, 2020.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-54373774.
BDS Movement. “Act Now Against These Companies Profiting From Genocide.” Accessed October 21,
2024. https://bdsmovement.net/Act-Now-Against-These-Companies-Profiting-From-Genocide.
BDS Movement. “Unilever: Stop Undermining Ben & Jerry’s Decision to End Israel Settlement
Business.” BDS Movement, September 23, 2022. https://bdsmovement.net/news/unilever-stop-
undermining-ben-jerrys-decision-end-israel-settlement-business.
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. “Network Organizations.”
https://cris.bgu.ac.il/en/organisations/ben-gurion-university-of-the-negev-3/network-
organisations/.
Benvenisti, Meron. Sacred Landscape. The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948. Berkeley, CA:
California U.P., 2000.
Ben-Zur, Raanan. “IDF to Recognize 18-Year Occupation of South Lebanon as Official Campaign.” The
Times of Israel, October 18, 2023. https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-to-recognize-18-year-
occupation-of-south-lebanon-as-official-campaign/.
82

Blatman, Naama, and Areej Sabbagh‐Khoury. “The Presence of the Absence: Indigenous Palestinian
Urbanism in Israel.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 47, no. 1 (2022): 119-128.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.13130.
Boeing. “Investors Overview.” https://investors.boeing.com/investors/overview/default.aspx.
Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions (BDS) Movement. "Student Solidarity." Accessed October 17, 2023.
https://bdsmovement.net/student-
solidarity?__cf_chl_tk=MA3TcUc40N_yHgqLtCClFFVvin.0BYOZ6QwCYb2svJw-1725052813-0.0.1.1-
5033.
Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions Movement. “Boycott Technion Conference.”
https://bdsmovement.net/boycott-technion-conference.
Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions Movement. “Home.” Accessed October 17, 2024.
https://bdsmovement.net/.
British Council. “Borax Ageing.” 2023.
https://www.britishcouncil.org.il/sites/default/files/birax_brochure_2023_version_2.pdf.
Brown University. "Brown University Administration and Students Reach Agreement Following Student
Encampment." April 30, 2024. https://www.brown.edu/news/2024-04-30/encampment-agreement.

Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. “Generative AI: Adobe Stock Images Depicting the Israel
and Palestine Conflict Elicit Misinformation Concerns.” Accessed October 21, 2023.
https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/Generative-AI-Adobe-stock-images-
depicting-the-Israel-and-Palestine-conflict-elicit-misinformation-concerns/.
Campaign Against Arms Trade and Demilitarise Education. Weaponising Universities. February 2024.
https://caat.org.uk/app/uploads/2024/02/CAAT-Weaponising-Universities-WEB.pdf.
Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT). “Clean Investment.” Accessed October 12, 2024.
https://caatunis.net/campaigns/clean-investment/.
Carbon Collective. “Ethical Investing.” https://www.carboncollective.co/sustainable-
investing/ethical-investing.
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. “Vanishing Ink: Palestinian Culture Under Threat in
Gaza.” February 2024. https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2024/02/vanishing-ink-palestinian-
culture-under-threat-in-gaza?lang=en.
Catalucci, Sergio, Andrew Thompson, James Eastwood, Zhongyi Michael Zhang, Daniel T. Branson,
Richard Leach, and Stefano Piano. “Smart Optical Coordinate and Surface Metrology.” Measurement
Science & Technology 34, no. 1 (2022): 012001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ac9544.
Chen, James. “Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Criteria.” Investopedia, last modified
February 5, 2023. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/environmental-social-and-governance-
esg-criteria.asp.
Community Action for Refugees and Asylum Seekers (CARA). “Gaza Crisis.” Accessed October 18, 2024.
https://www.cara.ngo/news/gaza-crisis-2.
83

Community Action for Refugees and Asylum Seekers (CARA) "Gaza Crisis." Accessed July 14, 2024.
https://www.cara.ngo/news/gaza-crisis-2.
Conflict and Environmental Observatory (CEOBS). “UN Report Details Environmental Degradation in
West Bank and Gaza.” https://ceobs.org/un-report-details-environmental-degradation-in-west-
bank-and-gaza.
Cornell University Department of History. "Russell Rickford." https://history.cornell.edu/russell-
rickford.
CounterPunch. “No to Preventive Detention: From Palestine to Guantanamo to U.S. Jails.” February 23,
2022. https://www.counterpunch.org/2022/02/23/no-to-preventive-detention-from-palestine-to-
guantanamo-to-u-s-jails/.
DBIO. 2023. European Financial Institutions’ Continued Complicity in the Illegal Israeli Settlement
Enterprise. https://dontbuyintooccupation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/2023_DBIO-III-
Report_11-December-2023.pdf.
Deger, Alice. “How Microsoft Is Invested in Israeli Settler Colonialism.” Mondoweiss, March 15, 2021.
Accessed October 21, 2024. https://mondoweiss.net/2021/03/how-microsoft-is-invested-in-israeli-
settler-colonialism/.
DEME Group. “Activity Report 2018.” Accessed October 21, 2023. https://www.deme-
group.com/sites/default/files/2020-04/Activity_report_DEME_2018.pdf.
Deoxy.org. "World Conference on the World Crisis." Accessed October 17, 2023.
https://deoxy.org/wc/wc-proto.htm.
Don't Buy Into Occupation. “2023 Report on the Financing of Israeli Military Operations and
Settlements.” December 11, 2023. https://dontbuyintooccupation.org/wp-
content/uploads/2023/12/2023_DBIO-III-Report_11-December-2023.pdf.
Dugard, John, and John Reynolds. “Apartheid, International Law, and the Occupied Palestinian
Territory.” European Journal of International Law 24, no. 3 (2013): 867-913.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/cht045.
Dyer, Owen. “Israeli Forces Attack Medical Facilities in Gaza and Destroy Brand New Hospital.” BMJ.
349, no. 4865: https://www.bmj.com/content/375/bmj.n3044.
ECCP. “EU Funding to Israeli Military Companies and Institutions through Horizon2020.” 2015.
https://www.eccpalestine.org/eu-funding-to-israeli-military-companies-and-institutions-through-
horizon2020/.
Egypt Today Staff. “Israeli Occupation Destroys Gaza’s Biodiversity.” Egypt Today, October 19, 2023.
Accessed October 21, 2024. https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/134169/Israeli-occupation-
destroys-Gaza-s-biodiversity.
Eindhoven News. “Brainport Parties Maintain Ties to Israel Despite Relentless Violence.” March 2024.
https://eindhovennews.com/news/2024/03/brainport-parties-maintain-ties-to-israel-despite-
relentless-violence/.
Erakat, Noura. Instagram profile. https://www.instagram.com/nouraerakat/?hl=en.
Ethical Consumer. “Nestlé S.A.” https://www.ethicalconsumer.org/company-profile/nestle-sa.
84

European Commission. "Ethnic Cleansing." Asylum and Migration Glossary. Accessed October 16, 2024.
https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/networks/european-migration-network-emn/emn-asylum-and-
migration-glossary/glossary/ethnic-cleansing_en.
European Commission. “Exporting Dual-Use Items.” https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/help-
exporters-and-importers/exporting-dual-use-
items_en#:~:text=Dual%2Duse%20items%20are%20goods,Dual%20use.
European Coordination of Committees and Associations for Palestine (ECCP). "EU Funding to Israeli
Military Companies and Institutions Through Horizon 2020." 2015. https://www.eccpalestine.org/eu-
funding-to-israeli-military-companies-and-institutions-through-horizon2020/.
Evidence Lab. “Israel/OPT: Identifying the Israeli Army’s Use of White Phosphorus in Gaza.” October 13,
2023. https://citizenevidence.org/2023/10/13/israel-opt-identifying-the-israeli-armys-use-of-
white-phosphorus-in-gaza/.
Flaviir. Archived July 11, 2011.
https://web.archive.org/web/20110711005454/http://www.flaviir.com/home.htm.
Fisher, Marc. "Students Protest Divestment From South Africa." Los Angeles Times, July 19, 1986.
https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-19-mn-26296-story.html.
Fisher, Marc. "Students Protest University Fossil Fuel Divestment Amid Ongoing Conflict in Gaza." The
Guardian, April 24, 2024. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/apr/24/university-fossil-fuel-
divestment-student-protests-israel-gaza.
Fitzsimmons, Emma. “Harvard Endowment to Go Greenhouse Gas Neutral by 2050.” Harvard Gazette,
April 21, 2020. https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/04/harvard-endowment-to-go-
greenhouse-gas-neutral-by-2050/.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The State of Food and Agriculture 2022:
Sustainability and Resilience in the Face of Climate Change. Rome: FAO, 2022.
https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/bf424047-b87c-4469-bb08-
72b2d8673307/content.
Foster, Alice. "A Demeaning Environment: Stories of Racism in UK Universities." The Guardian, July 5,
2019. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/jul/05/a-demeaning-environment-stories-of-
racism-in-uk-universities.
Genocide Watch. “The Ten Stages of Genocide.” Accessed October 21, 2024.
https://www.genocidewatch.com/tenstages.
Ghani, Meena. “Remembering the Nakba: A 70 Year Struggle for Justice.” Global Justice Now. May 15,
2024. https://www.globaljustice.org.uk/blog/2024/05/remembering-the-nakba-a-70-year-struggle-
for-justice.
Gilbert, Mads, and Erik Fosse. “Inside Gaza's Al-Shifa hospital.” The Lancet, 373, no. 9659 (2009):
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(09)60057-X/fulltext.
Graham-Harrison, Emma. “Google and Amazon Workers Condemn Project Nimbus, a $1.2bn Israeli
Military Contract.” The Guardian, October 12, 2021. Accessed October 21, 2024.
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/oct/12/google-amazon-workers-condemn-
project-nimbus-israeli-military-contract.
85

Gov.uk. “Export Controls: Dual-Use Items, Software and Technology, Goods for Torture and
Radioactive Sources.” Accessed October 21, 2024. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/export-controls-
dual-use-items-software-and-technology-goods-for-torture-and-radioactive-sources.
Harris, Paul. “Cambridge Must Divest from Fossil Fuels – It’s the Least It Can Do in a Climate
Emergency.” The Guardian, October 2, 2020.
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/oct/02/cambridge-fossil-fuels-divestment-
fossil-fuels-climate-emergency.
Hasan, Aamir., and Mohamed Buheji. “A World Losing Its Legitimacy: Gaza from Collective Punish till
Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide.” International Journal of Management 15, no. 1 (2024).
Herzl, Theodor. Old–New Land [Altneuland]. Translated by Lotta Levensohn. New York: M. Wiener, 1941.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Old-New-Land-Herzls-vision-for-the-future-of-
Herzl/74c94b07b57abf3a64f7c9e5e5936f37e2a6b60e.
Hexagon. “Hexagon Year-End Report 1 January-31 December 2023.” 2024.
https://hexagon.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/2024/hexagon-year-end-report-1-
january---31-december-2023.
Hexagon. “Solutions for the Defence Industry.” https://hexagon.com/industries/defence.
Higher Education Policy Institute (HEPI). “Public Attitudes to Higher Education: What Does the
Evidence Tell Us?” March 30, 2023. https://www.hepi.ac.uk/2023/03/30/public-attitudes-to-higher-
education-what-does-the-evidence-tell-us/.
Holocaust Memorial Day Trust. "The Ten Stages of Genocide." Accessed October 17, 2024.
https://www.hmd.org.uk/learn-about-the-holocaust-and-genocides/what-is-genocide/the-ten-
stages-of-genocide/.
Hughes, Laura. “Cambridge University Announces Plans to Divest from Fossil Fuels.” BBC News,
September 24, 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-54373774.
Human Rights Watch. “Gaza: Israeli Military’s Digital Tools Risk Civilian Harm.” September 10, 2024.
https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/09/10/gaza-israeli-militarys-digital-tools-risk-civilian-harm.
Human Rights Watch. “Israel: White Phosphorus Used in Gaza, Lebanon.” October 12, 2023.
https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/12/israel-white-phosphorus-used-gaza-lebanon.
Human Rights Watch. "Omar Shakir." https://www.hrw.org/about/people/omar-shakir.
Hybrid Magazine. “Students Call for Israel Divestment.” Last modified October 2023.
https://www.hybridmag.co.uk/p/students-call-for-israel-divestment.
Institute for Aerospace Technology. Clean Sky.
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/aerospace/projects/cleansky/index.aspx
Institute for Aerospace Technology. 2018. “Clean Sky 10th Anniversary.”
Institute for Aerospace Technology. “ASPIRE Project.”
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/aerospace/projects/cleansky/aspire-project.aspx.
Institute for Aerospace Technology. “Institute for Aerospace Technology Industry Partners.” Accessed
October 21, 2024. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/aerospace/partners/index.aspx.
86

Institute for Aerospace Technology. “MARQUESS Project.”

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/aerospace/projects/cleansky/marquess-project.aspx.
Institute for Aerospace Technology. “ORCHESTRA Project.”
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/aerospace/projects/orchestra-project/index.aspx.
Institute for Middle East Understanding (IMEU). “Environmental Apartheid in Palestine.”
https://imeu.org/article/environmental-apartheid-in-palestine.
International Bar Association, “Crimes Against the Environment and International Criminal Law,” last
modified July 2023, https://www.ibanet.org/article/6D983066-BCDB-481A-8C79-BD47362BDB49.
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). "Article 55: Protection of the Natural Environment."
In Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of
Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II). https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-
treaties/api-1977/article-55.
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). "The Environmental Impacts of Explosive Ordnance."
December 16, 2021. https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2021/12/16/environmental-impacts-
explosive-ordnance/.
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). “Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12
August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol
II).” Accessed October 17, 2023. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/api-1977.
International Court of Justice. "Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo
(Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda)." https://www.icj-cij.org/case/192.
International Court of Justice. "Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures in the Case
Concerning the Allegations of Genocide Under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of
the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation)." July 19, 2024. https://www.icj-
cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/186/186-20240719-adv-01-00-en.pdf.
International Court of Justice. “Legal Consequences Arising from the Policies and Practices of Israel
in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Including East Jerusalem.” July 19, 2024. https://www.icj-
cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/186/186-20240719-pre-01-00-en.pdf.
International Court of Justice. “Legal Consequences Arising from the Policies and Practices of Israel
in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Including East Jerusalem.” July 19, 2024. https://www.icj-
cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/186/186-20240719-pre-01-00-en.pdf.
International Court of Justice. “Summary of the Order of 26 January 2024.” January 26, 2024.
Accessed October 21, 2024. https://www.icj-cij.org/node/203454.
International Criminal Court. “Libya: Muammar Gaddafi.” Accessed October 21, 2024. https://www.icc-
cpi.int/libya/gaddafi.
International Criminal Court. “Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.” May 2024.
https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2024-05/Rome-Statute-eng.pdf.
International Criminal Court. “Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A.A. Khan KC on Applications for
Arrest Warrants in the Situation in the State of Palestine.” October 2023. https://www.icc-
87

cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-applications-arrest-warrants-situation-
state.
International Humanitarian Law Databases. Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian
Persons in Time of War. Geneva. 12 August 1949. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gciv-
1949.
International Humanitarian Law Databases. “Rule 28. Medical Units,” https://ihl-
databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1/rule28.
Islam Channel. "Assets in Apartheid: UK University Encampments Grow as Students Urge Israel
Divestment." Accessed October 17, 2023. https://islamchannel.tv/assets-in-apartheid-uk-university-
encampments-grow-as-students-urge-israel-divestment/.
Jobs.ac.uk. “PhD Studentship: Rolls-Royce Sponsored PhD Scholarship - Laser Beam Processing of
Aerospace Materials.” 2024. https://www.jobs.ac.uk/job/DFX267/phd-studentship-rolls-royce-
sponsored-phd-scholarship-laser-beam-processing-of-aerospace-materials/.
Kabir, Omer. “Israel's Secret Biometric Database Revealed.” Calcalist Tech, January 11, 2024. Accessed
October 21, 2024. https://www.calcalistech.com/ctech/articles/0,7340,L-3912552,00.html.
Khan, Wasima. “Booking.com Has Been Doing Business in Illegal Israeli Settlements for Years.” FTM,
2023. Accessed October 21, 2024. https://ftm.eu/articles/bookingcom-active-in-illegal-israeli-
settlement-
areas?share=OUC8pQhIS6761HjkZ5spaMm4wBeGNOcD1%2B1oOh4z3angc%2BCErhasfNU8%2BJTT0i
U%3D.
Kornfeld, Matt. “Harvard Students Push for Divestment from Fossil Fuels.” The New York Times,
September 10, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/10/us/harvard-divestment-fossil-fuels.html.
Krämer, Gudrun. A history of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of
Israel. Princeton University Press, 2008.
Krauss, Clifford. “Intel to Get $32 Billion Government Grant for New $25 Billion Israel Chip Plant.”
Reuters, December 26, 2023. Accessed October 21, 2024. https://www.reuters.com/technology/intel-
get-32-billion-government-grant-new-25-billion-israel-chip-plant-2023-12-26/.
Let’s Talk Palestine. “One Year of Genocide: Factsheet (Oct 7, 2023 - Oct 5, 2024)” Last modified 05
October 2024.
https://docs.google.com/document/d/12tQgWUFgeGJ_KlcccrwfQ_Yh546teMAq1IrDWZF_cPM/edit?t
ab=t.0#heading=h.2fkkq4h9uw78
Leonardo. “Leonardo Established Two Partnerships in Israel to Foster the Development of Start-Ups.”
February 3, 2023. https://www.leonardo.com/en/news-and-stories-detail/-/detail/leonardo-
sole24ore-startup-partnership-israel.
Lin, Ho-Chih, and Deborah Burton. Indefensible: The True Cost of the Global Military to Our Climate and
Human Security. London: Tipping Point North South, 2020. https://transformdefence.org/wp-
content/uploads/2020/12/indefensible-the-true-cost-of-the-global-military-to-our-climate-and-
human-security.pdf.
London School of Economics and Political Science. 2017. “The Woolf Inquiry Report: An Inquiry into
LSE's Links with Libya and Lessons to Be Learned.” https://www.lse.ac.uk/News/News-
88

Assets/PDFs/The-Woolf-Inquiry-Report-An-inquiry-into-LSEs-links-with-Libya-and-lessons-to-be-
learned-London-School-of-Economics-and-Political-Sciences.pdf.
LSESU Palestine Society. “Assets in Apartheid: LSE’s Complicity in Genocide of the Palestinian People,
Arms Trade, and Climate Breakdown.” May 2024.
https://lsepalestine.github.io/documents/LSESUPALESTINE-Assets-in-Apartheid-2024-Web.pdf.
McCarthy, Brian. “Google and Amazon Are Tied to Israeli Arms Firm That Supplies Weapons Used in
Gaza.” The Intercept, May 1, 2024. Accessed October 21, 2024.
https://theintercept.com/2024/05/01/google-amazon-nimbus-israel-weapons-arms-gaza/.
McCull, Keith, and Robert J. McCoy. "The Extent and Patterns of Usage of Agent Orange and Other
Herbicides in Vietnam." Environmental Health Perspectives 113, no. 6 (2005): 596–602.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10799590_The_extent_and_patterns_of_usage_of_Agen
t_Orange_and_other_herbicides_in_Vietnam.
Middle East Eye. "Cambridge’s Wealthiest College to Divest from Arms Companies.", October 17, 2023.
https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/cambridges-wealthiest-college-divest-arms-companies
Middle East Monitor. “Energy Deals with Israel Violate EU Policies, Says BDS National Committee.”
September 9, 2022. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220909-energy-deals-with-israel-
violate-eu-policies-says-bds-national-committee/.
Middle East Eye. “Forensic Architecture Probe Says Israeli Tank Fire Likely Killed Palestinian Child Hind
Rajab.” Accessed October 21, 2024. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/forensic-architecture-
probe-says-israeli-tank-fire-likely-killed-palestinian-child-hind-rajab.
Middle East Eye. “Israeli Forces Beat to Death Renowned Activist in Hebron.” October 23, 2023.
https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israeli-forces-beat-death-renowned-activist-hebron.
Midlands Centre for Data-Driven Metrology. “Founding Partners of the Midlands Centre for Data-Driven
Metrology.” https://www.mcddm.ac.uk/partners/founding-partners.aspx.
Midlands Centre for Data-Driven Metrology. “Midlands Centre for Data-Driven Metrology.” 2022.
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/beacons-of-excellence/smart-
products/projects/mcddm/index.aspx.
Mishra, Vibhu. "UN General Assembly Demands Israel End ‘Unlawful Presence’ in Occupied Palestinian
Territory." UN News, September 18, 2024. https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/09/1154496.
Mondoweiss. 2021. “How Microsoft Is Invested in Israeli Settler Colonialism.” March 2021.
https://mondoweiss.net/2021/03/how-microsoft-is-invested-in-israeli-settler-colonialism/.
Najjar, Rima. "COVID-19 Vaccinations Are Proof of Israel's Medical Apartheid." Al Jazeera, March 23,
2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/3/23/covid-19-vaccinations-are-proof-of-israels-
medical-apartheid.
NBC News. Tsirkin, Julie. 2020. “Why Did Microsoft Fund Israeli Firm That Surveillance West Bank
Palestinians?” January 23, 2020. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/why-did-microsoft-fund-
israeli-firm-surveils-west-bank-palestinians-n1072116.
No Tech for Apartheid. Accessed October 21, 2023. https://www.notechforapartheid.com/.
89

Norris, Jacob. “Transforming the Holy Land: The Ideology of Development and the British Mandate in
Palestine.” Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, 8,
no. 2 (2017): 269-286.
Palestine Campaign. Barclays: Arming Israel’s Apartheid and Genocide. 2024.
https://palestinecampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/Barclays-report-May-2024-v3-FINAL.pdf.
Palestine Remix. “Timeline of Palestine’s History.”
https://remix.aljazeera.com/aje/PalestineRemix/timeline_main.html.
PalMed Europe. "GEM." Accessed October 18, 2024. https://www.palmedeurope.org/en/gem-en/.
Pappé, Ilan. “Israel’s Incremental Genocide in the Gaza Ghetto.” The Electronic Intifada.
July 13, 2014. https://electronicintifada.net/content/israels-incremental-genocide-gaza-
ghetto/13562.
People's Dispatch. “Vaccine Apartheid in Palestine: The Silent War by Israel.” May 30, 2021.
https://peoplesdispatch.org/2021/05/30/vaccine-apartheid-in-palestine-the-silent-war-by-israel/.
Power Electronics and Machines Centre. “ACHIEVE Project.”
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/pemc/pemc-projects/achieve-project.aspx.
PwC. Assessment of the Expected Economic Impact of the Tempest Programme (2021-2050). 2021. 44.
https://www.baesystems.com/en-media/uploadFile/20210524211439/1434666035128.pdf.
Raytheon UK. “Education Redirected.” Accessed October 21, 2024. https://www.raytheon.co.uk/who-
we-are/responsibility-redirected/education-redirected.
ReliefWeb. "Urgent Appeal to Protect Palestinian Children's Future." Accessed October 17, 2024.
https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/urgent-appeal-protect-palestinian-
childrens-future.
Reuters. “Israeli Tanks Outside Gaza Hospital, Biden Hopes for 'Less Intrusive' Action.” 2023.
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/largest-gaza-hospital-not-functioning-amid-israeli-
assault-2023-11-12/.
Rights Group. "Report of the Working Group on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational
Corporations and Other Business Enterprises." 2017. https://www.right-docs.org/doc/a-hrc-35-32/.
Rolls-Royce plc. “Rolls-Royce LiftSystem.” https://www.rolls-royce.com/products-and-
services/defence/aerospace/combat-jets/rolls-royce-liftsystem.aspx.
Safran Group. “Rafael and Safran Team Up on FIRE WEAVER and MOSKITO TI Targeting Solution.”
September 9, 2021. Accessed October 17, 2024. https://www.safran-group.com/pressroom/rafael-
and-safran-team-fire-weaver-and-moskito-ti-targeting-solution-2021-09-09.
Save the Children. “2023 Marks Deadliest Year on Record for Children in Occupied West Bank.” Save the
Children, October 18, 2023. https://www.savethechildren.net/news/2023-marks-deadliest-year-
record-children-occupied-west-bank.
Scheer, Steven. “Salesforce Expands Local Cloud Platform in Israel.” Reuters, September 10, 2024.
https://www.reuters.com/technology/salesforce-expands-local-cloud-platform-israel-2024-09-10/.
90

Schroders. 2014. Cazenove Capital Fund Information.

https://web.archive.org/web/20140204075331/http://www.schroders.com/global/cazenove-capital.
Schroders. "Cazenove Capital Appointed to Manage Endowment Assets for University of Nottingham."
2021. https://www.wealth.schroders.com/en/global/wealth-management/media-centre/cazenove-
capital-appointed-to-manage-endowment-assets-for-university-of-nottingham/.
SIPRI, The SIPRI Top 100 Arms-Producing and Military Services Companies in the World, 2022 (2023),
https://www.sipri.org/visualizations/2023/sipri-top-100-arms-producing-and-military-services-
companies-world-2022.
Shahar, Ayelet. “Israeli Semiconductors and the US-China Tech War.” The Diplomat, November 2020.
https://thediplomat.com/2020/11/israeli-semiconductors-and-the-us-china-tech-war/.
Shaw, David. "As Oil Giants Defy Pressure to Divest from Russia, the Risks of Inaction Grow." Financial
Times, March 30, 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/6d56db46-6241-4b1c-846f-9985933cbdd0.
Solon, Olivia. “Why Did Microsoft Fund an Israeli Firm That Surveils West Bank Palestinians?” NBC News,
October 30, 2019. Accessed October 21, 2024. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/why-did-
microsoft-fund-israeli-firm-surveils-west-bank-palestinians-n1072116.
South Africa Apartheid Divestment Movement (1970s-1980s). "Global Nonviolent Action Database,
Swarthmore College. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/category/wave-campaigns/south-africa-
apartheid-divestment-movement-1970s-1980s.
Statista."Revenue of Northrop Grumman from 2000 to 2022."
https://www.statista.com/statistics/268953/revenue-of-northrop-grumman/.
Statista. "Revenue of the Defense Technology Supplier BAE Systems from 2000 to 2022."
https://www.statista.com/statistics/268878/revenue-of-the-defense-technology-supplier-bae-
systems/.
Statista. “Breakdown of Card Schemes in Israel.” Last modified July 2023.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1270330/israel-breakdown-of-card-schemes/.
Statista. “Net Sales of United Technologies from 2005 to 2022."
https://www.statista.com/statistics/261562/net-sales-of-united-technologies/.
Statistia. “Revenue of the Defense Supplier Lockheed Martin from 2000 to 2023."
https://www.statista.com/statistics/268908/revenue-of-the-defense-supplier-lockheed-martin/.
Statista. "Worldwide Revenue of Boeing from 2005 to 2022."
https://www.statista.com/statistics/264374/boeings-worldwide-revenue/.
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. “SIPRI Top 100 Arms Producing and Military
Services Companies, 2022.” 2023. Accessed October 21, 2024.
https://www.sipri.org/publications/2023/sipri-fact-sheets/sipri-top-100-arms-producing-and-
military-services-companies-2022.
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). SIPRI Yearbook 2024: Armaments,
Disarmament and International Security. Stockholm: SIPRI, 2024.
https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2024/05.
91

Sullivan, Margaret. "Military Carbon Emissions: A Major Factor in Climate Change." Inside Climate News,
January 18, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/18012022/military-carbon-emissions/.
Swarthmore College. “British Students Force End to Barclays Bank's Investments in South African
Apartheid, 1969-1987.” Accessed October 17, 2023.
https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-students-force-end-barclays-bank-s-
investments-south-african-apartheid-1969-1987.
Swarthmore College. “South Africa Apartheid Divestment Movement, 1970s-1980s.” Accessed October
17, 2023. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/category/wave-campaigns/south-africa-apartheid-
divestment-movement-1970s-1980s.
Sweeney, John. “Nottingham University Filmed Students in Secret.” The Guardian, June 11, 2011.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/jun/11/nottingham-university-secret-films-students.
Technion. “AGREEMENTS - Technion International.” https://int.technion.ac.il/agreements/.
Technion. “Technion to Celebrate 100th Anniversary of Israel's First Graduation.” March 2014.
https://www.technion.ac.il/en/2014/03/.
Tel Aviv University, Coller School of Management. “Seminar on March 21, 2017.”
https://coller.tau.ac.il/events/seminar-21-3-17?gid=28.
Telegraph Reporters. “Nottingham University Wins Court Order to Remove Palestine Protestors from
Campus.” July 5, 2024. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/07/05/nottingham-university-
court-order-palestine-protestors/.
Times of Israel. “Pharmaceutical Giant Eli Lilly Donates Mobile Intensive Care Units to Magen David
Adom.” October 2023. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/pharmaceutical-giant-eli-lilly-
donates-mobile-intensive-care-units-to-magen-david-adom/.
The Engineer. “FLAVIIR Project Trials New Forms of Wing Command.” Accessed May 20, 2024.
https://www.theengineer.co.uk/content/in-depth/flaviir-project-trials-new-forms-of-wing-
command/.
The Globe and Mail. “Big Six Banks All Hold Contentious Israeli Defence Stock, but One.” Accessed
October 21, 2023. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-big-six-banks-all-hold-
contentious-israeli-defence-stock-but-one/.
The Guardian. 2021. “We Are Google and Amazon Workers. We Condemn Project Nimbus.”
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/oct/12/google-amazon-workers-condemn-
project-nimbus-israeli-military-contract.
The Guardian, 2024. “UN denies Gaza death toll of women and children has been revised down”.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/13/gaza-ministry-revises-figures-for-
women-and-children-killed
The Guardian, May 8, 2024. "Trinity College Dublin Agrees to Divest from Israeli Firms After Student
Protest,". https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/08/trinity-college-dublin-agrees-
to-divest-from-israeli-firms-after-student-protest.
The New Arab. “Unilever Wins Case Over Ben & Jerry’s Israel Boycott.” July 6, 2022.
https://www.newarab.com/news/unilever-wins-case-over-ben-jerrys-israel-boycott.
92

Times Higher Education. “University of Nottingham.” https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-

university-rankings/university-nottingham.
Tirpak, John A. "The Next Threat: Stealth F-35 and Global Warming." The National Interest, October 17,
2022. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/next-threat-stealth-f-35-global-warming-92931.
U.S. Department of Defense. “Defense Environmental Programs Annual Report to Congress for Fiscal
Year 2020.” Accessed October 17, 2023. https://www.denix.osd.mil/arc/denix-
files/sites/6/2022/06/TAB-B-FY-2020-DEP-ARC-Report-508C.pdf.
UK Government. "UK Suspends Around 30 Arms Export Licences to Israel for Use in Gaza Over
International Humanitarian Law Concerns." Accessed October 17, 2023.
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-suspends-around-30-arms-export-licences-to-israel-
for-use-in-gaza-over-international-humanitarian-law-concerns.
UK Lawyers for Israel. “Credit Card Donations to Terrorist-Linked NGOs Terminated.” Last modified
March 23, 2023. https://www.uklfi.com/credit-card-donations-to-terrorist-linked-ngos-terminated.
Union Theological Seminary. "Union Theological Seminary Board of Trustees Endorses Divestment and
Other Strategies for Companies Profiting from War in Palestine/Israel." May 9, 2024.
https://utsnyc.edu/blog/2024/05/09/union-theological-seminary-board-of-trustees-endorses-
divestment-and-other-strategies-for-companies-profiting-from-war-in-palestine-israel/.
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. “Report of the Independent
International Fact-Finding Mission to Investigate the Implications of the Israeli Settlements on the
Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of the Palestinian People Throughout the Occupied
Palestinian Territory, Including East Jerusalem.” February 7, 2013. 23.
https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Sessi
on22/A-HRC-22-63_en.pdf.
United Nations, Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect. "Definitions: Ethnic
Cleansing." Accessed October 17, 2024. https://www.un.org/en/genocide-prevention/definition.
United Nations. “Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.”
https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-
crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20
Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf.
United Nations. “Environmental Impact of Conflict in Gaza.” June 2024.
https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-
content/uploads/2024/06/environmental_impact_conflict_Gaza.pdf.
United Nations. "Sustainable Development Goals." Accessed October 8, 2024.
https://sdgs.un.org/goals.
United Nations. “The 17 Goals.” https://sdgs.un.org/goals.
United Nations. “UN Experts Warn International Order on a Knife’s Edge, Urge States to Comply with
ICJ Advisory Opinion.” https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2024/09/un-experts-warn-
international-order-knifes-edge-urge-states-comply-icj-advisory.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). “Environmental Assessment of the Occupied
Palestinian Territory.” 2020. https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/32268.
93

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). “Protecting the Environment during Armed Conflict:
An Inventory and Analysis of International Law.” 2022.
https://www.unep.org/resources/report/protecting-environment-during-armed-conflict-inventory-
and-analysis-international.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). “State of the Environment in Palestine.” Accessed
October 17, 2023. https://www.unep.org/state-palestine.
United Nations General Assembly. “Resolution 194.” 1948. https://documents.un.org/symbol-
explorer?s=A/RES/194(III)&i=A/RES/194(III)_8075352.
United Nations General Assembly. “Resolution 3236.” 1974. https://documents.un.org/symbol-
explorer?s=A/RES/3236(XXIX)&i=A/RES/3236(XXIX)_0046924.
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2020. Database of All Business Enterprises
Involved in Certain Activities Relating to Israeli Settlements in East Jerusalem and the West Bank
(A/HRC/43/71).
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session43/Documents/A_HRC_43_71.d
ocx.
United Nations Human Rights Council. 2024. “Report of the Independent International Commission of
Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Including East Jerusalem, and Israel (A/HRC/56/26).”
https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-
regular/session56/a-hrc-56-26-auv.docx.
United Nations Human Rights Council. “Anatomy of a Genocide: Report of the Special Rapporteur on
the Situation of Human Rights in the Palestinian Territory Occupied Since 1967 to Human Rights
Council.” Advance Unedited Version A/HRC/55, 2023.
https://www.un.org/unispal/document/anatomy-of-a-genocide-report-of-the-special-rapporteur-
on-the-situation-of-human-rights-in-the-palestinian-territory-occupied-since-1967-to-human-
rights-council-advance-unedited-version-a-hrc-55/.
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. "Francesca Albanese."
https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-palestine/francesca-albanese.
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. “Gaza: ICJ Ruling Offers Hope for
Protection of Civilians Enduring ‘Apocalyptic’ Conditions.” January 2024.
https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/01/gaza-icj-ruling-offers-hope-protection-
civilians-enduring-apocalyptic.
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. Guiding Principles on Business and
Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework. 2011.
https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/publications/Guidingprinciplesbusinesshr_en
.pdf.
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. “Israeli Authorities and Palestinian
Armed Groups Are Responsible for War Crimes.” June 2024. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-
releases/2024/06/israeli-authorities-palestinian-armed-groups-are-responsible-war-crimes.
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. “States and Companies Must End Arms
Transfers to Israel Immediately or Risk Complicity in War Crimes.” June 2024.
94

https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/06/states-and-companies-must-end-arms-
transfers-israel-immediately-or-risk.
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. “UN Experts Alarmed by Israel-
Lebanon Conflict, Strongly Condemn Escalation and Urge Immediate Protection for Civilians,”
September 30, 2024. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/09/un-experts-alarmed-
israel-lebanon-conflict-strongly-condemn-escalation-and.
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. "UN Experts Deeply Concerned Over
‘Scholasticide’ in Gaza." April 2024. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/04/un-experts-
deeply-concerned-over-scholasticide-gaza.
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. "UN Expert Warns of New Instance of
Mass Ethnic Cleansing of Palestinians, Calls for Immediate Ceasefire." OHCHR Press Release, October
12, 2023. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/un-expert-warns-new-instance-mass-
ethnic-cleansing-palestinians-calls.
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. “UN Special Committee on Israeli
Practices in the Occupied Territories Concludes Field Mission.” June 2024.
https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/06/un-special-committee-israeli-practices-
occupied-territories-concludes-field.
United Nations Security Council. Resolution 242. 1967. https://documents.un.org/symbol-
explorer?s=S/RES/242(1967)&i=S/RES/242(1967)_5644897.
United Nations Security Council. Resolution 338. 1973. https://documents.un.org/symbol-
explorer?s=S/RES/338(1973)&i=S/RES/338(1973)_4438105.
Universities UK. “The Concordat to Support Research Integrity.” August 2021.
https://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/sites/default/files/field/downloads/2021-08/Updated%20FINAL-
the-concordat-to-support-research-integrity.pdf.
Universities UK. “UK-Ukraine R&I Twinning Grants Scheme.” 2022.
https://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/topics/international/international-research-collaboration/uk-
ukraine-ri-twinning-grants-scheme.
University and College Union Cambridge. “Campaigning for Boycott and Divestment in Solidarity with
Palestine: An Update.” Accessed October 10, 2024. https://www.ucu.cam.ac.uk/campaigning-for-
boycott-and-divestment-in-solidarity-with-palestine-an-update/.
University of Edinburgh. “Responsible Investment: Fossil Fuels Q&A.” Accessed October 17, 2024.
https://www.ed.ac.uk/sustainability/operations/responsible-investment/fossil-fuels/q-and-a.
University of Haifa. “Network Organizations.” https://cris.haifa.ac.il/en/organisations/university-of-
haifa-5/network-organisations/.
University of Leicester. “Responding to the Crisis in Palestine: How UK Universities Can Support
Palestinian Students, Teachers, Academics, and Institutions.”
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1hp3a2V0YA07trl2wnzx5kW8Lsb7p6Vfy0K08dHh5gGc/edit.
University of Nottingham. “2023 Annual Statement on Research Integrity.” Ethics and Integrity,
November 17, 2023. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/documents/ethics-and-integrity/2023-
uon-annual-statement-on-research-integrity-17-nov-2023.pdf.
95

University of Nottingham, “A Brief History of the University.”

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/about/history/abriefhistoryoftheuniversity.aspx.
University of Nottingham. “ACHIEVE Project.”
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/pemc/pemc-projects/achieve-project.aspx.
University of Nottingham. "Anti-Apartheid Activists of Nottingham." Last modified March 22, 2023.
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/news/anti-apartheid-activists-of-nottingham.
University of Nottingham. “Aspire Project.”
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/aerospace/projects/cleansky/aspire-project.aspx.
University of Nottingham. ATI Project Portfolio. Industry Partners.
https://my.sharpcloud.com/html/#/story/9517f066-5610-4308-bf0b-4be1eace4bd4/view/ab440801-
b4e2-46fb-b02b-2a4e7a6ecd3c.
University of Nottingham, "Campuses,"
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/about/campuses/campuses.aspx.
University of Nottingham. Cazenove Capital Report. 2023.
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/sustainability/documents/cazenove-capital-report-2023.pdf.
University of Nottingham. “Clean Sky 10th Anniversary.” 2018.
University of Nottingham. “Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics.” Ethics and Integrity,
March 27, 2023. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/documents/ethics-and-integrity/code-of-
research-conduct-and-research-ethics-v9.0-27-march-2023.pdf.
University of Nottingham. “Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics.” Version 9.0. March 27,
2023. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/documents/ethics-and-integrity/code-of-research-
conduct-and-research-ethics-v9.0-27-march-2023.pdf.
University of Nottingham. “Composites Research Group.”
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/composites-research-group/research/recycling-
of-composites/boeing-nottingham-strategic-collaboration.aspx.
University of Nottingham. "Country-specific Information."
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/studywithus/international-applicants/country-info/index.aspx.
University of Nottingham. “DNP Resources from Around the World.”
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/dnpnmr/dnp-resources-from-around-the-world.aspx.
University of Nottingham. “Engineering Impact.”
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/engineering/documents/research/research-impact/robots.pdf.
University of Nottingham. “Engineering, Science and Technology Careers Fair.”
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/careers/students/events/careerfairs/engscitech-fair.aspx.
University of Nottingham. “Engineering and Science Careers Fair.”
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/careers/students/events/careerfairs/engscitech-fair.aspx.
University of Nottingham. "Ethical Finance and Investments." 2024.
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/sustainability/finance.aspx.
96

University of Nottingham. “Ethical Framework.” Accessed October 21, 2024.

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/governance/otherregulations/ethical-framework.aspx.
University of Nottingham. "Europe Undergraduate Excellence Award."
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/studywithus/international-applicants/scholarships/europe-ug.aspx.
University of Nottingham. “Freedom of Information Request.” Reference: 1090653. 2022.
University of Nottingham. “INSTEP Project.”
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/aerospace/projects/cleansky/instep-project.aspx.
University of Nottingham, “Key Facts and Accolades.”
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/about/facts/Key-facts-and-accolades.aspx.
University of Nottingham. “Knowledge Exchange: Strategic Delivery Plan.” November 2020.
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/Strategy/documents/KE-Strategic-Delivery-Plan-for-Publication-
Final.pdf.
University of Nottingham. "Middle East and Turkey Undergraduate Excellence Award."
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/studywithus/international-applicants/scholarships/middle-east-
ug.aspx.
University of Nottingham. “Midlands Centre for Data-Driven Metrology.” 2022.
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/beacons-of-excellence/smart-
products/projects/mcddm/index.aspx.
University of Nottingham. “Network Organizations.”
https://research.nottingham.edu.cn/en/organisations/school-of-international-
communications/network-organisations/.
University of Nottingham. “News - Multi-Million-Pound Partnership Celebrates Taking Aerospace
Industry to New Heights.” 2023. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/news/multi-million-pound-
partnership-celebrates-taking-aerospace-industry-to-new-heights.
University of Nottingham. “Ofer Azar.” https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/cedex/events/2017/ofer-azar-
04-10-17.aspx.
University of Nottingham. “ORCHESTRA Project.” Accessed October 18, 2024.
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/aerospace/projects/orchestra-project/index.aspx.
University of Nottingham. "Pacemakers of the Future." 2015.
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/vision/vision-pacemakers-future.
University of Nottingham. “Policy on Investment, Acquisitions and Disposals.” 2021.
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/governance/documents/policy-on-investment-acquisitions-and-
disposals.pdf.
University of Nottingham. “Radical Approach to Aircraft Assembly.”
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/engineering/research/impact/research-impact-success-
stories/evolvable-assembly-systems.aspx.
University of Nottingham. Research and Knowledge Exchange Guidance: Collaborations with Ukraine
and Russia (login required).
https://uniofnottm.sharepoint.com/sites/ResearchandInnovation/Shared%20Documents/Forms/All
97

Items.aspx?id=%2Fsites%2FResearchandInnovation%2FShared%20Documents%2FTrusted%20Re
search%2FResearch%20and%20Knowledge%20Exchange%20Guidance%5Fcollaborations%20with
%20Ukraine%20and%20Russia%5F%5F29%20March%202022%2Epdf&parent=%2Fsites%2FResea
rchandInnovation%2FShared%20Documents%2FTrusted%20Research
University of Nottingham. “Research Ethics.” Accessed October 18, 2024.
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/governance/universitycommittees/research-ethics.aspx.
University of Nottingham. "Research Innovation." Accessed October 18, 2024.
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/fabs/research-innovation/rke-development.aspx.
University of Nottingham. “Rolls-Royce University Technology Centres.” 2024.
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/utc/.
University of Nottingham. "Saïd Foundation Masters Scholarship."
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/pgstudy/funding/said-foundation-masters-scholarship.
University of Nottingham. "Scholarship Programme Launched to Support At-Risk Ukrainian Students."
2022. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/currentstudents/news/scholarship-programme-launched-to-
support-at-risk-ukrainian-students.
University of Nottingham. “Statement of Support for Ukraine.” Last modified March 1, 2022.
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/currentstudents/news/ukraine-statement-of-support.
University of Nottingham. “Student Statistics 2019/20.” University of Nottingham. Accessed October
20, 2023. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/ppsc/student-statistics/student-statistics-2019-20.aspx.
University of Nottingham. “Strategic Delivery Plan for Global Engagement.” 2021.
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/Strategy/documents/Global-Engagement-Strategic-Delivery-Plan-
vOnline.pdf.
University of Nottingham. “Support for Ukraine – University to End All Formal Links with Russia.” 2022.
https://exchange.nottingham.ac.uk/blog/support-for-ukraine-university-to-end-all-formal-links-
with-russia/.
University of Nottingham. Strategy. 2019.
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/strategy/documents/university-strategy.pdf.
University of Nottingham. “Strategic Review and Financial Statements.” 2023.
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/FABS/Finance/documents/Financialstatements/Strategic-review-
and-financial-statements-2023-University-of-Nottingham.pdf.
University of Nottingham. "The Crime of Apartheid in South Africa and Beyond." Accessed October 17,
2024. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/conference/fac-socsci/crime-of-apartheid-in-south-africa-
and-beyond/home.aspx.
University of Nottingham. “University of Nottingham Ranked Among World’s Top Higher Education
Institutions Tackling Global Challenges.” 2024. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/news/the-impact-
rankins.
University of Nottingham. “Values.” Accessed October 21, 2024.
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/strategy/values.aspx.
98

University of Nottingham. “Zultan.” https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/cedex/events/archive-

2013/zultan.aspx.
University of Nottingham, Department of Sociology. “Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics.”
Accessed October 18, 2024. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/sociology/documents/ethics-
documents/code-of-research-conduct-and-research-ethics.pdf.
University of Nottingham Ningbo China. “UNNC Aerospace Engineering Students Visited Boeing
Shanghai Campus.” 2023. https://www.nottingham.edu.cn/en/science-
engineering/news/article.aspx?id=2347677d-2585-4c81-a965-1a65a7845c5a&language=en-GB.
University of Nottingham Students’ Union. The Gaza-Israel Conflict and On-Campus Tensions: A
University of Nottingham Response. 2024. 21. https://assets-cdn.sums.su/NT/Web-Design/The_Gaza-
Israel_Conflict_and_on-Campus_Tensions_-__A_University_of_Nottingham_Response.pdf.
University of York, "University of York Announces Divestment from Companies Involved in Weapons
Production,", April 30, 2024, https://www.york.ac.uk/students/news/2024/responsible-investment/.
U.S. Department of Defense. Defense Environmental Programs Annual Report to Congress: Fiscal Year
2020. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense, 2022. https://www.denix.osd.mil/arc/denix-
files/sites/6/2022/06/TAB-B-FY-2020-DEP-ARC-Report-508C.pdf.
VIVA Salud. “Vaccine Distribution in Palestine.” November 2021. https://www.vivasalud.be/wp-
content/uploads/2021/11/vaccine-distribution-in-palestine.pdf.
War on Want. Deadly Investments: The Impact of Israel’s Occupation on Palestinian Human Rights.
Accessed October 21, 2024.
https://waronwant.org/sites/default/files/Final%20Web%20version%20Deadly%20Investments.pd
f.
Weapon Free Funds. “Funds.” https://weaponfreefunds.org/funds?dsc=false&srt=grade_military.
Weizmann Institute of Science. "Vega Group." http://www.weizmann.ac.il/chemphys/Vega_group/.
Weizmann Institute of Science. "Leskes Group." http://www.weizmann.ac.il/materials/Leskes/home.
What Do They Know. “UON Investments Breakdown.” Accessed October 21, 2024.
https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/uon_investments_breakdown.
Who Profits. “Caterpillar.” https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/3772?caterpillar.
Who Profits, “Delta Galil Industries,” accessed October 21, 2023,
https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/3655?delta-galil-industries.
Who Profits. “First Solar.” https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/3694?first-solar.
Who Profits. “HP Company Feature: Profiting from the Occupation.” Accessed October 21, 2023.
https://www.whoprofits.org//writable/uploads/old/uploads/2022/02/HP-company-feature-
final.pdf.
Who Profits. “IBM Company Feature.” February 2022. Accessed October 21, 2024.
https://www.whoprofits.org//writable/uploads/old/uploads/2022/02/IBM-company-feature-final-
1.pdf.
99

Who Profits. “SMA Solar Technology AG.” Accessed October 21, 2023.
https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/3711?sma-solar-technology.
Who Profits. “The Companies Supplying Weapons to Israel's Attack on Gaza.” Last modified June 2024.
https://www.whoprofits.org/publications/report/170?the-companies-supplying-weapons-to-israel-
s-attack-on-gaza#_ftn9.
Who Profits. “The Role of Corporations in the Israeli Occupation: Visa Inc.” Accessed October 21, 2023.
https://www.whoprofits.org/publications/report/158.
Wikipedia. "Daniel Levy (political analyst)." Last modified October 8, 2024.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Levy_(political_analyst).
Wikipedia. “Disinvestment from South Africa.” Last modified August 20, 2023.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa.
Wikipedia Contributors. "Apartheid." Last modified October 16, 2024.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid.
Wikipedia Contributors. “Settler Colonialism.” Last modified October 11, 2024.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settler_colonialism.
Wispelwey, Bram, et al. “Civilian Mortality and Damage to Medical Facilities in Gaza.” BMJ Global Health
9, no. 5 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014756.
Wolfe, Patrick. “Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native.” Journal of Genocide Research 8,
no. 4 (2006): 387-409. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623520601056240.
Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, “A Legal Duty and a Moral Imperative: the UK
Must Halt its Arms Transfers to Israel”, https://www.wilpf.org/a-legal-duty-and-a-moral-imperative-
the-uk-must-halt-its-arms-transfers-to-israel/.
Wong, Alene. "An Uphill Battle: Harvard Students Urge School to Pull Investments That Support
Prisons." NBC News, December 4, 2019. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/uphill-battle-
harvard-students-urge-school-pull-investments-support-prisons-n1038686.
100

APPENDIX A: METHODOLOGY
Our approach involved a combination of formal information requests and thorough research of publicly
accessible resources.

Information Gathering Techniques

1. Freedom of Information Requests (FOIs)

We utilised Freedom of Information requests to obtain detailed financial data and operational insights from the
university. These requests allowed us to access specific records that are not typically available through public
channels, ensuring transparency in areas of concern.
2. Publicly Available Information
We extensively reviewed the university’s official website and other publicly accessible documents. This included
financial reports, strategic plans, and announcements regarding partnerships and investments and information
readily available to students at the University of Nottingham. These resources provided foundational data
regarding the university’s partnerships, investments and policies.

Method of Investigation

1. Investment Analysis
Our investigation of the university’s investments involved the following steps:
• Initial Review: We compiled a comprehensive list of the university’s investment portfolio, focusing on
various asset classes and sectors.
• Categorisation: Each investment was evaluated against established criteria to identify those that fell
into categories based on the shortened version of LSE‘s criteria for egregious behaviour. Namely, Crimes
against the Palestinian people, including through supporting illegal Israeli settlements; and/or
supporting the Israeli military; and/or sustaining apartheid, Proliferation and/or manufacture of arms
and Financing crimes against the Palestinian people and/or financing the arms trade.

2. Partnership Evaluation
The assessment of partnerships followed the approach of:
• Identification of Problematic Companies: We started by identifying companies that have a documented
history of unethical practices or negative societal impact.
• Researching University Relations: For each of these identified companies, we conducted in-depth
research to ascertain the nature and extent of the university’s relationships with them. This included
examining contracts, joint ventures, sponsorships, and any collaborative projects.

• Criteria for ethical partnerships: alignment with values and policies, legal compliance transparency,
impact of policy. We recognise that there are loopholes in current policies and recommend that these
get revised after investigation and through a student-informed approach.
101

APPENDIX B: INVESTMENTS
Security name Portfolio Weight Nominal Investment Complicity
in GBP (Key below)

MICROSOFT CORPORATION 5.74% 2,946,529.97 [A]

ALPHABET INC 4.24% 2,200,747.85 [A]

UNILEVER PLC 3.61% £1,643,117.59 [B]

SALESFORCE INC 2.46% 1,276,601.09 [A]

ASTRAZENECA PLC 2.33% 1,209,691.89 [E]

ASML HOLDINGS NV 2.17% 1,125,116.33 [A]

MASTERCARD, INC. 2.13% 1,102,389.36 [C]

VISA INCORPORATION 2.07% 1,072,546.01 [C]

BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA SA 2.03% 1,051,562.99 [C]

BOOKING HOLDINGS INC 1.90% 1,006,806.73 [B]

ADOBE INC 1.21% 626,629.33 [A]

STANDARD CHARTERED PLC 0.46% 237,684.97 [C]

NATWEST GROUP PLC 0.42% 218,029.30 [C]

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION (IBM) 0.36% 188,308.39 [A]

AVIVA PLC 0.35% 179,540.87 [C]

PFIZER INC 0.32% 166,133.22 [B]

HP INC 0.31% 158,429.20 [A]

CARREFOUR S.A. 0.30% 157,935.44 [B]

BNP PARIBAS SA 0.25% 127,448.56 [C]

INTEL CORP 0.24% 124,884.78 [A]

AXA SA 0.22% 112,686.23 [C]

ELI LILLY AND COMPANY 0.20% 105,66 1.70

316
[C]

FIRST SOLAR, INC. 0.10% 52,754.89 [D]

LG CHEM LIMITED 0.06% 30,681.23 [D]

SMA SOLAR TECHNOLOGY AG 0.03% 15,170.75 [D]

DEME GROUP NV 0.03% 14,812.23 [D]

TORONTO-DOMINION BANK 0.00% 1,299.15 [C]

ADIDAS AG 0.00% 740.8 [B]

Total 33.54% 16,974,399.98

Table 4 Appendix B Investments

316Times of Israel, “Pharmaceutical Giant Eli Lilly Donates Mobile Intensive Care Units to Magen David Adom,” October 2023,
https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/pharmaceutical-giant-eli-lilly-donates-mobile-intensive-care-units-to-magen-david-
adom/.
102

Complicity Key
[A] Supplying Israel with technology used by the IOF against Palestinians;

[B] Operating in illegal settlements in the occupied West Bank;

[C] Financing either the Israeli military, illegal settlements or arms manufacturers complicit in the Genocide against Palestinians;

[D] Resource operations in the Occupied Palestinian Territory;

[E] Vaccine apartheid

103

APPENDIX B.1: BREAKDOWN OF

COMPLICITY IN UNIVERSITY
INVESTMENTS
1. Supplying Israel with technology used by the IOF against Palestinians

Microsoft Corporation

According to No Tech for Apartheid, the company provides software and Azure cloud services that
support Israeli military operations and surveillance systems 317. The American Friends Service
Committee (AFSC) notes that Microsoft’s products are integrated into tools used for monitoring
Palestinian movements and maintaining military control 318. This relationship raises ethical concerns
about corporate complicity in human rights violations.

Alphabet

Alphabet, through its Google Cloud services, is supplying technology used by the Israeli Occupation
Forces (IOF) against Palestinians. Reports from The Intercept and The Guardian reveal that Google is
part of Project Nimbus319,320, a cloud computing initiative that supports Israeli military operations and
intelligence. This collaboration raises significant ethical concerns, as it provides tools for surveillance
and military activities in Gaza, prompting condemnation from workers and human rights advocates

SalesForce Inc

Salesforce has been expanding its operations in Israel, recently launching a local cloud platform that
reportedly supports the Israeli military and government. This expansion raises concerns among human
rights advocates, who argue that Salesforce's technology could be used to reinforce systems of
apartheid and oppression against Palestinians321

ASML HOLDINGS NV

ASML Holdings NV has been linked to supplying advanced semiconductor technology that supports
Israeli military operations. Reports indicate that the company’s products are crucial for Israel’s tech

317 Ibid., 157

318
American Friends Service Committee, “Microsoft,” accessed October 01, 2023, https://investigate.afsc.org/company/microsoft.
319 Ibid., 146
320 Ibid., 147
321 Steven Scheer, “Salesforce Expands Local Cloud Platform in Israel,” Reuters, September 10, 2024,

https://www.reuters.com/technology/salesforce-expands-local-cloud-platform-israel-2024-09-10/.
104

sector, which plays a significant role in the development of military applications and surveillance
technologies used by the IOF against Palestinians322,323.

Adobe Inc

Visa Inc. has been implicated in facilitating financial transactions that support the IOF through its
technology and services324. As a key partner of IBM, Visa is involved in the financial infrastructure that
enables military and surveillance activities in the occupied Palestinian territories 325.

IBM

The company has strong links to the Israeli apartheid regime through its provision of technology used
in the management of Israel’s population registry and biometric systems 326. PIBA, that IBM has provided
services to, have also created an illegal biometric database of facial images 327.

HP Inc

HP Inc. has been linked to supplying technology used by the Israeli Occupation Forces (IOF) against
Palestinians. Its legal predecessor, Hewlett-Packard Company, had a longstanding contract with the
Israeli Ministry of Interior Affairs to operate a central database that includes Israel’s population
registry, which records ethnic identity and religion. This database is used to discriminate between
Israeli and Palestinian residents. Additionally, HP Inc. has operated research and development
facilities in illegal settlements, such as Beitar Illit, and has provided personal computers to the Israeli
military under a contract initially awarded in 2009. These activities raise serious ethical concerns
regarding HP Inc.’s role in supporting systems of oppression in the occupied territories 328.
• Central Database Operations: HP's predecessor managed Israel’s population registry, which is
used to enforce discriminatory policies against Palestinians.
• Research Facilities in Settlements: HP operated a research and development centre in the
illegal settlement of Beitar Illit, contributing to the settlements and illegal occupation.
• Military Contracts: HP was the exclusive supplier of personal computers to the Israeli military,
supporting its operations in the region which highlights its direct impact on the military
operations against the Palestinian people.

322 Eindhoven News, “Brainport Parties Maintain Ties to Israel Despite Relentless Violence,” March 2024,
https://eindhovennews.com/news/2024/03/brainport-parties-maintain-ties-to-israel-despite-relentless-violence/.
323 Ayelet Shahar, “Israeli Semiconductors and the US-China Tech War,” The Diplomat, November 2020,

https://thediplomat.com/2020/11/israeli-semiconductors-and-the-us-china-tech-war/.
324 Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, “Generative AI: Adobe Stock Images Depicting the Israel and Palestine Conflict

Elicit Misinformation Concerns,” accessed October 21, 2023, https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/Generative-AI-

Adobe-stock-images-depicting-the-Israel-and-Palestine-conflict-elicit-misinformation-concerns/.
325 Who Profits, “The Role of Corporations in the Israeli Occupation: Visa Inc.,” accessed October 21, 2023,

https://www.whoprofits.org/publications/report/158.
326 Ibid,. 151
327 Ibid., 152
328 Who Profits, “HP Company Feature: Profiting from the Occupation,” accessed October 21, 2023,

https://www.whoprofits.org//writable/uploads/old/uploads/2022/02/HP-company-feature-final.pdf.
105

Intel Corp

Intel's $25 billion investment in a new factory has been linked to Israel's economy, contributing to its
technology infrastructure. Its plant at “Qiryat Gat” is built on Palestinian land within the boundaries of
the Palestinian village of Iraq al Manshiya, which was ethnically cleansed and razed to the ground and
then replaced by the Israeli settlement of Qiryat Gat 329. Intel's involvement has sparked debates on
ethical responsibility and political implications related to its operations in the region.

329 Ibid., 150

106

2. Operating in illegal settlements in the occupied West Bank

Unilever PLC

Unilever is operating in illegal settlements in the occupied West Bank through its Ben & Jerry's
brand330. Despite Ben & Jerry's decision to stop selling ice cream in Israeli settlements, Unilever sold
the brand's rights to a local licensee in Israel, allowing continued sales in these areas. Reports from Al
Jazeera331 and The New Arab332 indicate that this move undermines efforts to boycott products from
illegal settlements, raising ethical concerns about Unilever's complicity in violating international law
regarding occupation and settlement activities.

Booking Holdings Inc

In 2020, the UN’s Human Rights Council named Booking.com as a company complicit in human rights
infringements, due to its support for illegal Israeli settlements in Palestine 333 . In December 2023, a
report found that Booking.com continues to offer accommodation in at least 21 Israeli settlements 334.

Pfizer Inc. (also applicable to vaccine apartheid)

Pfizer Inc. has been linked to operations in illegal settlements in the occupied West Bank, raising
concerns about its role in the ongoing occupation. Reports indicate that Pfizer's presence in these
settlements contributes to a healthcare system that is inequitable and discriminatory, particularly in
terms of vaccine distribution and access to medical resources for Palestinians 335.

Carrefour S.A.

Carrefour S.A. has been linked to operations in illegal settlements in the occupied West Bank, raising
concerns about its role in the ongoing occupation. Reports indicate that Carrefour has established
stores in these settlements, which are considered illegal under international law336. This presence not
only supports the settlement economy but also contributes to the entrenchment of a system that
discriminates against Palestinians.

Adidas AG

Adidas AG is implicated in operating within illegal settlements in the occupied West Bank through its
partnership with Delta Galil Industries337. Delta Galil, which is 80% owned by Adidas’s subsidiary Delta
Israel Brands, has established branches in settlement neighbourhoods such as Pisgat Zeev and Ramot

330 BDS Movement, “Unilever: Stop Undermining Ben & Jerry’s Decision to End Israel Settlement Business,” BDS Movement,
September 23, 2022, https://bdsmovement.net/news/unilever-stop-undermining-ben-jerrys-decision-end-israel-settlement-business.
331 Al Jazeera, “Unilever Sells Ben & Jerry’s Ice Cream to Local Licensee in Israel,” June 30, 2022,

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/30/unilever-sells-benjerrys-ice-cream-to-local-licensee-in-israel.
332 The New Arab, “Unilever Wins Case Over Ben & Jerry’s Israel Boycott,” July 6, 2022, https://www.newarab.com/news/unilever-

wins-case-over-ben-jerrys-israel-boycott.
333 Ibid., 147
334
Ibid., 148
335 Ibid., 314
336 Al-Haq, “Carrefour's Role in Illegal Settlements,” accessed October 21, 2023, https://www.alhaq.org/advocacy/20985.html.
337 Adidas, “Adidas Underwear Partnership,” accessed October 21, 2023, https://adidasunderwear.com/pages/adidas-underwear-

partnership/.
107

in occupied East Jerusalem, as well as in Maale Adumim in the West Bank. These settlements are
considered illegal under international law, as they are built on land occupied by Israel during the 1967
war.
Additionally, in May 2011, Who Profits338 documented that Delta Galil rented and operated a 1,680 m²
warehouse in the Barkan industrial zone, located within another settlement in the West Bank. By
supporting and maintaining operations in these areas, Adidas is complicit in the settlement expansion
that contributes to the systemic oppression of Palestinians. This partnership not only raises ethical
concerns regarding corporate responsibility but also highlights the impact of business practices on
the ongoing illegal occupation and genocide of Palestine.

3. Financing either the Israeli military, illegal settlements or arms manufacturers complicit in the
genocide against Palestinians

Aviva PLC

Aviva PLC has been implicated in financing activities that support the Israeli military, illegal
settlements, and arms manufacturers involved in the oppression of Palestinians. They had $833m of
investments in companies that operate in West Bank339, that facilitate transactions benefiting entities
linked to military operations and settlement expansion.

MasterCard

Mastercard Inc. has been scrutinised for its financial ties to organisations and entities linked to the
Israeli military and illegal settlements in Palestine. Reports indicate that Mastercard has facilitated
transactions that support these operations, raising concerns about its complicity in actions viewed as
contributing to the systemic oppression of Palestinians340. The company's payment processing
services are key to the financial infrastructure that supports activities of arms manufacturers and
others involved in military operations against Palestinian communities 341.

Visa Inc

Visa Inc. has been implicated in financing operations that support the Israeli military and illegal
settlements in Palestine. Reports indicate that Visa's payment processing services facilitate
transactions for entities linked to the Israeli defence sector and settlements deemed illegal under
international law. This financial infrastructure is seen as enabling activities that contribute to systemic
oppression and violence against Palestinians, raising ethical concerns about Visa's role in the ongoing
conflict.342

338 Who Profits, “Delta Galil Industries,” accessed October 21, 2023, https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/3655?delta-
galil-industries.
339 Ibid., 321
340
UK Lawyers for Israel, “Credit Card Donations to Terrorist-Linked NGOs Terminated,” last modified March 23, 2023,
https://www.uklfi.com/credit-card-donations-to-terrorist-linked-ngos-terminated.
341 Statista, “Breakdown of Card Schemes in Israel,” last modified July 2023, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1270330/israel-

breakdown-of-card-schemes/.
342 Ibid., 319
108

BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA SA

The bank has provided $5.861bn in loans and underwriting to companies involved in illegal
settlements343. This implicates it in the ongoing campaign of ethnic cleansing and settler violence
happening in the West Bank.

Standard Chartered PLC

Standard Chartered PLC has provided financial services to companies operating in the occupied
Palestinian territories. They provided £3.133bn in loans and underwriting services to companies
operating illegally in west bank344

Natwest

Natwest has provided $3.449bn worth of loans and underwriting services to companies in the West
Bank345 which is currently experiencing an increase in settler violence, forced evictions and raids
conducted by the Israeli military. This highlights the bank’s willingness to uphold illegal settlements.

BNP Paribas SA

BNP Paribas SA has been identified as a major financial institution providing substantial loans and
underwriting services to companies operating illegally in the West Bank. With approximately USD 22.19
billion invested, BNP Paribas stands out as the largest creditor to firms involved in activities that
support the Israeli military, illegal settlements, and arms manufacturers 346.

AXA SA

AXA SA has been implicated in financing activities that support the Israeli military, illegal settlements,
and arms manufacturers involved in the oppression of Palestinians. The company holds approximately
£1.449 billion in bonds and shares across 51 businesses that operate in illegal settlements in the
occupied Palestinian territories (OPT) 347. This substantial financial investment raises ethical concerns
about AXA's complicity in contributing to human rights violations and the entrenchment of an unjust
system affecting Palestinian communities.

Eli Lilly and Company

Eli Lilly and Company has been implicated in financing activities that support Israel through donations
and partnerships with organisations like Magen David Adom, Israel's national emergency medical
service. The company's contribution of mobile ICU’s highlights its role in improving Israel’s healthcare

343 Don't Buy Into Occupation, “2023 Report on the Financing of Israeli Military Operations and Settlements,” December 11, 2023,
https://dontbuyintooccupation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/2023_DBIO-III-Report_11-December-2023.pdf.
344 Ibid., 318
345 Ibid., 318
346 Ibid., 318
347 Ibid., 318
109

system, whilst Palestinian communities are left with little to no access to medical aid due to Israeli
blockades and destruction of medical infrastructure.

TORONTO-DOMINION BANK

Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD Bank) has been implicated in financing activities that support the Israeli
military, illegal settlements, and arms manufacturers involved in the oppression of Palestinians.
According to reports, TD Bank is one of several major banks in Canada that holds investments in
companies associated with the Israeli defence sector 348. These financial ties facilitate the operations
of entities that are complicit in actions against Palestinian communities.
The bank's involvement raises significant ethical concerns regarding corporate responsibility,
especially in light of the ongoing conflict and the systemic injustices faced by Palestinians. By
continuing to finance organisations linked to the military and settlement activities, TD Bank indirectly
supports a structure that perpetuates violence and discrimination against Palestinian people.

4. Resource operations in the Occupied Palestinian Territory

First Solar

A report in 2016 and 2017 found that approximately 104,000 solar panels, covering 135,000 square
metres of Palestinian land, were installed in the Kalia settlement in the occupied Jordan Valley. This
installation, a joint venture between Clal Sun Ltd and Kibbutz Kalia349, highlights the unethical nature
of profiting from renewable energy infrastructure on land taken from Palestinians under military
occupation. Using occupied land for economic gain not only violates international law but also
exacerbates the exploitation of Palestinian resources and rights.

LG Chem

LG Chem’s water treatment division, LG Water Solutions, is playing a significant role in the Israeli
desalination industry through its exclusive supply of reverse osmosis membranes for the Ashdod
Rehabilitation Project. While the project demonstrates advanced technology and contributes to
Israel's water security, it simultaneously underscores systemic inequities and contributes to the
broader framework of apartheid by prioritising Israeli needs over Palestinian access to essential water
resources.

SMA Solar Technology AG

SMA Solar Technology AG is implicated in resource operations in the Occupied Palestinian Territory
through its equipment used in the SMA Solar Technology AG is implicated in resource operations in the
Occupied Palestinian Territory through its equipment used in the Kalia settlement solar energy field,
located in the occupied Jordan Valley. The company’s STP-60 solar panel system has been

348 The Globe and Mail, “Big Six Banks All Hold Contentious Israeli Defence Stock, but One,” accessed October 21, 2023,
https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-big-six-banks-all-hold-contentious-israeli-defence-stock-but-one/.
349 Ibid., 149
110

documented by Who Profits as part of this project, which is a collaboration between Clal Sun Ltd and
Kibbutz Kalia, an Israeli settlement 350.
The Kalia Solar Field stands as one of the largest commercial solar installations constructed on
occupied Palestinian land, covering approximately 135,000 square metres. By participating in projects
that utilise occupied land, SMA Solar Technology AG contributes to the broader dynamics of resource
exploitation and inequity in the region, reinforcing the systemic disparities faced by Palestinians.

DEME Group NV

DEME Group NV is involved in resource operations in the Occupied Palestinian Territory through its
participation in the Leviathan natural gas project off the coast of Israel. The company completed
critical infrastructure work, including landfall construction, pre-trenching, and rock placement for a
pipeline system that spans 500 kilometres 351. This project not only enhances Israel's natural gas
capabilities but also raises significant ethical concerns due to its implications for the ongoing
occupation and the impact on Palestinian rights. The involvement of DEME Group in such energy deals
has been criticised by organisations advocating for Palestinian rights, highlighting that these projects
violate European Union policies regarding cooperation with entities in occupied territories. By
contributing to resource extraction and energy projects that benefit Israeli interests 352, DEME Group
plays a role in perpetuating a system that marginalises Palestinian communities and exacerbates
existing inequalities.

5. Vaccine Apartheid

AstraZeneca PLC

AstraZeneca PLC has been implicated in vaccine apartheid in Palestine, as access to COVID-19
vaccines has been severely limited for Palestinians compared to Israelis 353. Reports indicate that while
Israel has achieved high vaccination rates, Palestinians in the occupied territories face significant
barriers, including restricted access to vaccines and inadequate healthcare infrastructure 354.
AstraZeneca's distribution practices and partnerships with Israeli authorities have raised concerns.

350 Who Profits, “SMA Solar Technology AG,” accessed October 21, 2023,
https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/3711?sma-solar-technology.
351 Middle East Monitor, “Energy Deals with Israel Violate EU Policies, Says BDS National Committee,” September 9, 2022,

https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220909-energy-deals-with-israel-violate-eu-policies-says-bds-national-committee/.
352 DEME Group, “Activity Report 2018,” accessed October 21, 2023, https://www.deme-group.com/sites/default/files/2020-

04/Activity_report_DEME_2018.pdf.
353 VIVA Salud, “Vaccine Distribution in Palestine,” November 2021, https://www.vivasalud.be/wp-

content/uploads/2021/11/vaccine-distribution-in-palestine.pdf.
354 People's Dispatch, “Vaccine Apartheid in Palestine: The Silent War by Israel,” May 30, 2021,

https://peoplesdispatch.org/2021/05/30/vaccine-apartheid-in-palestine-the-silent-war-by-israel/.
111

APPENDIX C: PROJECTS & PARTNERS

GROUP PROJECT PROJECT
& PROBLEMATIC PARTNERSHIP AND (objectives)
FUNDING

Projects are sponsored by a range of funders and industrialists such as: Siemens, Alstom, BAE, Cummins,
TTE, EPSRC, Horizon 2020, Clean Sky EU, INNOVATE, ATI, and the Department of Business Energy and
Industrial Strategy.355

ACHIEVE Project The design and manufacturing of electrical machines for

aircraft Advanced Generation Systems (AGS), integrated
Partner: Safran (France) Power Electronics (PE), advanced control systems and
intelligent thermal management, in order to develop an
innovative advanced mechatronic device for electrical power
management system of Turboprop.356

INSTEP Project Design, develop, manufacture, test and provide qualification

for flight of an innovative Power Distribution Units (PDUs) for
Partner: Safran safe control and protection of both High-Voltage Direct
Current (HVDC) and Low-Voltage Direct Power (LVDC)
electrical generation systems. 357

Next Generation High Lift System Support efficient integration into the wing through reduced
parts, thus reducing aircraft build time; Reduced loads
Partner: Collins Aerospace (formerly UTC transferred to interfacing aircraft structure, thus enabling
Aerospace Systems) reduced structural component weight / size and
“The lessons learnt will be transferred to corresponding reduced fuel burn; Low Weight Actuation
other areas of the UTC Aerospace Systems System using innovative gearing architecture; SMART
global market business.” system with increased health monitoring capability to allow
airline operators to predict maintenance needs; Minimise
Funded value: £2,803,954.358 system weight through the use of new manufacturing
techniques and materials. 359

4MW Demonstrator Project PEMC developed a 4MW aerospace generator drive system
demonstrator with a high speed multi-three phase generator
Partners: Siemens (2017-2019), Rolls Royce and a modular 3kV active rectifier.360
(2019-2020).
PEMC
Advanced Inlet Systems Architecture Advances the development of advanced active inlet systems,
(AISA) primarily focussed on the delivery of a smart, ice protected
environmental control system scoop intake and actuated
Partners: GKN Aerospace front flap FOD protection system.362

355 Power Electronics and Machines Centre. PEMC Projects. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/pemc/pemc-

projects/pemc-projects.aspx.
356 Power Electronics and Machines Centre. ACHIEVE Project. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/pemc/pemc-

projects/achieve-project.aspx.
357 University of Nottingham, “INSTEP Project.” https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/aerospace/projects/cleansky/instep-project.aspx.
358 UK Research and Innovation (2024). Next Generation High Lift System. https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=113179.
359 Power Electronics and Machines Centre. Next Generation High Lift System Project.

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/pemc/pemc-projects/next-generation-high-lift-system-project.aspx.
360 Power Electronics and Machines Centre. 4MW Demonstrator Project.

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/pemc/pemc-projects/4mw-demonstrator-project.aspx.
362 Power Electronics and Machines Centre. Advanced Inlet Systems Architecture (AISA).

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/pemc/pemc-projects/aisa-project.aspx.
112

Funded value: £2,420,865.361

Efficient Lightweight Integrated Traction Developing a highly integrated high-power BEV powertrain
Solution (ELITS) for medium-duty vehicles, which doesn't use rare-earth
permanent magnets. The project aims to deliver a step
Partner: Cummins Ltd change in the power density by targeting a high-speed
“Cummins Limited (Research and solution, developed alongside integrated power electronics
Technology) with University of Nottingham's for intelligent control. 364
Power Electronics, Machines and Control
Group are developing a highly integrated
high-power BEV powertrain for medium-
duty vehicles, which doesn't use rare-earth
permanent magnets. By realising a
disruptive electric machine and
transmission topology, Cummins aim to
deliver a step change in the power density by
targeting a high-speed solution, developed
alongside integrated power electronics for
intelligent control.”
Funded value: £1,860,090. 363

Ocean REFuel Investigating harnessing marine renewable energy and

offshore wind for conversion to both zero carbon fuels such
Partners: BP365 as hydrogen. 366
Energy Institute
MariNH3 ims to develop new and disruptive engine technology that will
one day cut pollution emitted by today’s diesel-powered
Partners: BMT, BP, Cummins, Ricardo, Rolls marine vessels. 369
Royce.367
Funded value: £5.5m368

ORCHESTRA Project Investigate all the relevant technical aspects including

electrical architectures, machines, power management and
Institute for control, harness solutions, thermal management, electric
Aerospace Partners: Leonardo, Safran.370 energy storage, experimental and virtual testing, as well as
Technology systems integration, to develop and deliver a holistic
framework of innovative modular scalable “building blocks”

361 UK Research and Innovation (2024). Advanced Inlet Systems Architecture (AISA). https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=113250.
363
UK Research and Innovation (2024). ELITS - Efficient Lightweight Integrated Traction Solution.
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=104329.
364 Power Electronics and Machines Centre. Efficient Lightweight Integrated Traction Solution (ELITS).

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/pemc/pemc-projects/elits-project.aspx
365 Ocean REFuel. About Ocean REFuel. https://www.oceanrefuel.ac.uk/about.
366 Energy Institute. Ocean REFuel unlocking untapped potential of ocean renewable energy.

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/research-areas/energy-institute/projects/oceanrefuel/ocean-renewable-energy-fuel-ocean-
refuel.aspx.
367 MariNH3. Industry Partners. https://marinh3.ac.uk/about/industry-partners/.
368
Energy Institute. Decarbonising long-haul shipping. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/research-areas/energy-
institute/projects/marinh3/index.aspx.
369 Energy Institute. Decarbonising long-haul shipping. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/research-areas/energy-

institute/projects/marinh3/index.aspx.
370 Ibid.
113

that incorporate emerging technologies and breakthrough

design ideas. 371

AERIS Project Developing, optimising and validating the detailed

computational models of fuel and airflow in aeroengine
bearing chambers and internal gearboxes.) 372
Partner: Rolls-Royce.

ASPIRE Project Design, develop and manufacture an innovative DC/DC

resonant cellular converter with automatic inversion
functionality. This will be a key component in the creation and
Partner: Leonardo Aircraft.373 demonstration of an advanced Electrical Power Distribution
System (EPDS) with Enhanced Electrical Energy Management
(E2-EM) capability.374

MARQUESS Project MARQUESS has been specifically designed to address the

challenges outlined in the Topic Description reference JTI-
CS2-2016-CFP04-LPA-02-15 to fit into the activities of
Partner: Airbus.375 WP2.4.3 in the LPA IADP in Clean Sky 2. MARQUESS will serve
as a valuable precursor to the above as it will enable
comprehensive modelling and simulation studies to optimise
decision making regarding the structural design of aircraft
platforms.376

Mechanical and Aerospace Technology Institute The ATI Programme has generated an extensive portfolio of
Aerospace Programme cutting-edge projects which encompass the breadth of the
Systems Research UK. Project partners include SMEs, large companies,
Group research centres and academia, reinforcing the UK’s
Key partners: Rolls-Royce University capabilities in aerospace R&T through fostering
Technology Centre in as Turbine collaboration.379
Transmission Systems. 377
ATI Project Partners: Airbus, BAE Systems,
Boeing, Bombardier Aerospace, Cobham,
Collins Aerospace, Curtiss-Wright, Dassault,
Dunlop Aircraft Tyres, Eaton Aerospace,
Element, ESI, GE Aviation Systems, General
Dynamics, GKN Aerospace, Hexagon
Metrology, Honeywell Aerospace, IBM,
Leonardo, LISI Aerospace, Magellan
Aerospace, MBDA UK, Meggit Aerospace,
Moog, Parker Hannifin, QinetiQ, Raytheon
Systems UK, Ricardo, Roke Manor Research,
Rolls-Royce, Safran, Shell Research, Sigma,

371 Institute for Aerospace Technology. ORCHESTRA Project. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/aerospace/projects/orchestra-

project/index.aspx.
372 Institute for Aerospace Technology. AERIS Project. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/aerospace/projects/cleansky/aeris-

project.aspx.
373 ibid.
374 Institute for Aerospace Technology. ASPIRE Project. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/aerospace/projects/cleansky/aspire-

project.aspx.
375
ibid.
376 Institute for Aerospace Technology. MARQUESS Project. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/aerospace/projects/cleansky/marquess-

project.aspx.
377 Mechanical and Aerospace Systems Research Group. Home. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/mas/index.aspx.
379 Aerospace Technology Institute. Projects. https://www.ati.org.uk/projects/
114

Spirit AeroSystems, Teledyne, Thales,

Toolroom Technology, Triumph Group, TT
Electronics, Tyco Electronics, Ultra
Electronics, Viasat.378

378ATI Project Portfolio. Industry Partners. https://my.sharpcloud.com/html/#/story/9517f066-5610-4308-bf0b-

4be1eace4bd4/view/ab440801-b4e2-46fb-b02b-2a4e7a6ecd3c