INDEX
CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
AIM OF PROJECT
INDRODUCTION
THEORY
APPARATUS REQUIRED
PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
OBSERVATION
CONCULUSION
PRECAUTION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
To study the setting of mixture of cement with sand and fly ash with
respect to time and strength.
INTRODUCTION
In the most general sense of the word, CEMENT is a binder, a
substance that sets and hardens independently, and can bind other
materials together. The word “cement” traces to the romans, who used the
term opus Caementicium to describe masonry resembling modern concrete
that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic
ash and a pulverized brick additive that were added to the burnt lime to
obtain a hydraulic fibre were later referred to as cementum, caementum,
caement and cement.
The most important use of cement is the production of mortar and
concrete
The bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to form a strong
building material that is durable in the face of normal environment effects.
PORTLAND CEMENT
Cement is made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate) with small
quantities of other materials (such as clay) to 1450c in a kiln, in a process
known as calcination, whereby a molecule of carbon dioxide is liberated
from the calcium carbonate to form calcium oxide, or quicklime, which is
then blended with the other materials that have been included in the mix,
the resulting hard substance, called ‘clinker’ is then ground with a small
amount of gypsum into a powdered to make ordinary Portland cement’
the most commonly used type of cement (often referred to as OPC).
Portland cement is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and non- specialty
grout. The most common use for Portland cement is in the production of
concrete, concrete is a composite material consisting of aggregate (gravel
and sand), cement and water. As a construction material, concrete can be
cast in almost any shape desired and once hardened, can become a
structural (load bearing) element. Portland cement may be gray or white.
CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS USING CEMENT
Cement used in construction is characterized as hydraulic or non-
hydraulic. Hydraulic cements (E g. Portland cement) harden because of
hydration chemical reactions that occurs independently of the mixture’s
water content; they can harden even underwater or when constantly
exposed to wet weather. The chemical reaction that results when the
anhydrous cement powder is mixed with water produces hydrates that are
not water-soluble. Non-hydraulic cement (E g. Lime and gypsum plaster)
must be kept dry in order to retain their strength.
THEORY
EFFECT OF QUALITY OF SAND ON SETTING OF CEMENT
MORTAR
Sand obtained from different sources has different qualities. For
example sea sand obtained from sea contains unwanted salts and retards
setting of cement and is not suitable for making mortar.
On the other hand, pit sand is obtained from pits in the soil and the
River sand obtained from riverbed is considered excellent for preparing
motor and concrete.
EFFECT OF TIME ON SETTING OF CEMENT MORTAR
Time has an important role on strength of developed cement mortar.
When a cement paste in the ration 1:3 in water is allowed to dry, the
strength of solid mass keeps on increasing with increase in time given for
setting. It acquires a nearly full strength in 28 days.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Beakers, glass rods, weight box, matchboxes
Limestone river sand, cement and fly ash
PROCEDURE
Prepare mixtures of various compositions as given in observation table.
Take each of the given mixtures in different beakers and prepare their
pastes by adding minimum amount water.
Take nine cases of empty match boxes and mark them from 1 to 9.
Fill the three case with the paste of each composition.
Spray water from time to time over the paste, so that they remain moist all
the time.
After three days, take out one slab of each composition and test their
strengths.
Similarly, take out a set of three slabs after 7 days after 30 days respectively
and their strengths.
OBSERVATION
COMPOSITION OF MINIMUM WEIGHT
SL.NO MIXTURE AND TO BREAK THE SLAB
RATIO AFTER
18 GRAM 20 GRAM
1` Cementriced 5 and (1:3)
3O GRAM
CEMENT: RIVED
16 GRAM 18 GRAM
2 SAND : FLY ASH
26 GRAM
(2:9:1)
CEMENT : RIVERD 10 GRAM 15 GRAM
3
SAND:LIME (1:3:1) 20 GRAM
By seeing the observation we can estimate the harness of the slab
CONCLUSION
The strength of the slab increases with the increase in setting time
allowed.
PRECAUTIONS:
Handle the glass wares safely.
Allow the time required to set.
Spray only required amount of water.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Help from internet
Information from library
Help from teachers
