HISTORY AND DEFINITION

SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
1) Identify the terms that are related to Statistics in a puzzle.
2) Create a doodle art about Statistics.
3) Observe neatness in creating an artwork about Statistics.

DISCUSSION
Statistics refers to a field of study in which quantitative data are collected, presented,
analyzed and interpreted.
Today, statistics and statistical analysis are used in every profession. Statistics have
become a most valuable tool in business, economics, management, psychological, health,
education and many others.
The word statistic comes from the Italian word statista which means "statesman". It was
first used by Gottfried Achenwall (1719 - 1772), a professor at Marlborough and Gottingen, while
Dr. E. A. W. Zimmerman introduced it in England. Its used was popularized by Sir John Sinclair
in his work. Statistical Account of Scotland (1791 - 1799). However, people had been recording
and using data long before the 18th century.
Descriptive Statistics. One category of statistics which provides methods concerned with
summarizing and describing numerical data. For easy understanding, tables, graphs, and charts
that display data are used.
Inferential Statistics. Another category of statistics which concerns with generalizing
information or making inference about a population based only on a sample or portion observed.
Population. It consists of the total collection of observations or measurements that are of
interest to the statistician or decision maker and about which they are trying to draw conclusions.
Sample. It is a collection of some, but not all, of the elements of the population under study
in which the statistician is interested.
Parameter. It is the characteristics of the entire population under study.
Variable. It is a characteristic which may take on different value like sex, weight, income,
size, ages , I.Q., height, sales and temperature.
Dependent Variable. It is the value affected by change in other factors and is called the
criterion variable.
 Independent Variable. Its changes caused other variables to change in value and is called
predictor variable.
Data. The collections of any number of related observations on one or more variables.
Data Array. The arrangement of raw data by observations in either ascending or
descending order.
Good Data. Data that are collected systemically and objectively.
Raw or Ungrouped Data. Those information that have not been classified, arranged or
organized.
Random Sampling. The selection of elements in such a way that each has equal and
independent chance of being drawn.
Tabulation. The process of classifying or grouping scores in a systematic arrangement.
Continuous Data. Data that may progress from one class to the next without break and
may be expressed by either whole numbers or fractions.
Discrete Data. Data that do not progress from one class to the next without a break, i.e.,
where classes represent distinct categories or counts and may be represented by whole numbers.
Frequency Distribution. It reports the number of observations or scores that are included
in each of the class intervals in a table. It permits the researcher to see at a glance how these
measurements are distributed.
Class Frequency. It is the number of measures or observations in an interval.
Class Intervals or Stated Class Limits. These are classes or ranges of values that the
observations can assume. Each class interval has a lower limit and an upper limit.
Class Boundaries or Real or Exact Class Limits. These are the exact values of class
limits by at least 0.5. It is the upper limit of one class and the lower limit of the succeeding class.
Class Mark. It is the midpoint of a class interval in a frequency distribution and taken as
the average of the lower and upper limits.
Class Size. It is the width of class intervals and measures the interval between the first
value of one class and the first value of the next class.
Open - Ended Class. A class that allows either the upper or lower end of a quantitative
classification to be limitless.
Graphical Techniques. It is used to categorize and visualize information collected. It is
not a statistical method but it aids to determine the kind of statistical analysis that we have to make.
Frequency Polygon. It portrays or shows the shape of distribution of scores or
observations. It is constructed by connecting points above the class interval and at a height equal
to the frequency of the class interval.
 Histogram. It is the column diagram graph composed of a series of rectangles which
visually presents information found in frequency distribution.
Bar Graph. Its horizontal axis shows the number of observations in the population which
fall into any particular class interval.
Pie Chart. It is a circular graph divided into sections which look like pieces of pie
representing fractions of the total circle.
Cumulative Frequency Distribution. It makes us see how many observations lie above
or below certain values.
Ogive. It is the curve or graph of a cumulative frequency distribution.

ASSESSMENT
A. Find the terms related to Statistics in the puzzle and box them.
S T A T I S T I C S M R
D I S T R I B U T I O N
L Q P O L Y G O N W D Z
E O T S U I R U P P E R
I X W A E N M E D I A N
G J C E L C G R A M L P
T R L L R L O A E B I R
E B A R U U Y N T A M I
R R S P P S M G D R I M
V A S I H I I E D A T A
M A R K Z V N V A W R R
L H M F R E Q U E N C Y

B. On a separate sheet of paper (short bond paper), create a doodle art about Statistics.
 SUMMATION NOTATION AND RULES

SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students are able to:
1) Enumerate the properties of summation.
2) Expand a given summation notation.
3) Observe accuracy in evaluating a summation notation.

DISCUSSION
To simplify formulas which will be applied to large set of data, the symbol Ʃ (capital
Greek sigma, standing for the letter S), which is a mathematical shorthand notation. By
definition
𝑛

∑ 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛
𝑖=1

And it reads "the summation of the x's with I from i to n".

Examples
5

1. ∑ 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5
𝑖=1
11

2. ∑ 𝑦𝑗 = 𝑦5 + 𝑦6 + 𝑦7 + 𝑦8 + 𝑦9 + 𝑦10 + 𝑦11
𝑗=5

35

3. ∑ 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥22 + 𝑥23 + ⋯ + 𝑥35

𝑖=22

Properties of Summation
𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
1. ∑ 𝑖 = 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛 =
2
𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
2. ∑ 𝑖 2 = 12 + 22 + ⋯ + 𝑛 2 =
6
𝑖=1
 𝑛

3. ∑ 𝑘 = 𝑘 + 𝑘 + ⋯ + 𝑘 = 𝑛𝑘, 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛

4. ∑ 𝑘𝑥𝑖 = 𝑘𝑥1 + 𝑘𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑘𝑥𝑛 = 𝑘 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.

𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛

5. ∑(𝑎𝑥𝑖 ± 𝑏𝑦𝑖 ) = (𝑎𝑥1 ± 𝑏𝑦1 ) + (𝑎𝑥2 ± 𝑏𝑦2 ) + ⋯ + (𝑎𝑥𝑛 ± 𝑏𝑦𝑛 )

𝑖=1

𝑛 𝑛

= 𝑎 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑦𝑖 , 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

6. ∑ 𝑥𝑖2 = 𝑥12 + 𝑥22 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛2

𝑖=1
𝑛

7. ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 = 𝑥1 𝑦1 + 𝑥2 𝑦2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 𝑦𝑛
𝑖=1

Examples
20
20(21)
1. ∑ 𝑖 = 1 + 2 + ⋯ + 20 = = 210
2
𝑖=1
11
11(12)(23)
2. ∑ 𝑖 2 = 12 + 22 + ⋯ + 112 = = 506
6
𝑖=1
32 32 10

3. ∑ 𝑖 = 11 + 12 + ⋯ + 32 = ∑ 𝑖 − ∑ 𝑖
𝑖=11 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

32(33) 10(11)
= −
2 2
= 528 − 55
= 473

4. ∑ 7 = 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 = 5(7) = 35
𝑖=1
5. Given 𝒙𝟏 = 12, 𝒙𝟐 = 8, 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏𝟒, 𝒙𝟒 = 𝟔, 𝒙𝟓 = 𝟏𝟎,
𝒚𝟏= 9,𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓, 𝒚𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝒚𝟒 = 20

Evaluate the following:

5

𝑎. ∑ 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5
𝑖=1

= 12 + 8 + 14 + 6 + 10
= 50
5 5

𝑏. ∑ 4𝑥𝑖 = 4 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 = 4 (𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 )
𝑖=3 𝑖=3
= 4(14 + 6 + 10)
= 4(30)
= 120
4 4 4

𝑐. ∑(3𝑥𝑖 − 𝑦𝑖 ) = 3 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 − ∑ 𝑦𝑖
𝑖=2 𝑖=2 𝑖=2

= 3( 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 ) − ( 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦4 )
= 3( 8 + 14 + 6) − ( 15 + 11 + 20)
= 3(28) − (46)
= 84 − 46
= 38
5

𝑑. ∑ 𝑥𝑖2 = 𝑥32 + 𝑥42 + 𝑥52

𝑖=3
= 142 + 62 + 102
= 196 + 36 + 100
= 332
 4

𝑒. ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 = 𝑥1 𝑦1 + 𝑥2 𝑦2 + 𝑥3 𝑦3 + 𝑥4 𝑦4
𝑖=1

= 12(9) + 8(15) + 14(11) + 6(20)

= 108 + 120 + 154 + 120
= 502

ASSESSMENT
A. Expand each of the following:
8

1. ∑(𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑖 )
𝑖=3
8

2. ∑(3𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑖 )
𝑖=4
9

3. ∑(𝑥𝑖 + 𝑖)
𝑖=3
6

4. ∑(𝑥𝑖 − 4 )
𝑖=1
7

5. ∑ 𝑥𝑖2
𝑖=1

B. Given 𝒙𝟏 = 22, 𝒙𝟐 = 14, 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏𝟓, 𝒙𝟒 = 𝟐𝟔, 𝒙𝟓 = 𝟏𝟖,

𝒚𝟏= 9, 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓, 𝒚𝟑 = 𝟐𝟏, 𝒚𝟒 = 20, 𝒚𝟓 = 10
Evaluate the following:
5

6. ∑(𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑖 )
𝑖=3
5

7. ∑(3𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑖 )
𝑖=1
 5

8. ∑(𝑥𝑖 + 𝑖)
𝑖=3
4

9. ∑(𝑥𝑖 − 4)
𝑖=1
5

10. ∑ 𝑦𝑖2
𝑖=1

REFERENCES
Bluman, A.G. (2013). Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach, 6th Edition.
McGraw Hill International. Supe et. Al.,(2012).Elementary Statistics. Central Book Supply Inc.