Optical Instruments
Q2- MODULE 5
MELC
Identify ways in which the
properties of mirrors and
lenses determine their
use in optical instruments (e.g.
cameras and binoculars)
(S10FE-IIh-52)
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
It is a wonderful
instrument, relying on
refraction and lenses
to form images.
But it has limitations.
What are these
limitations?
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
It cannot see clearly
very far objects such
as heavenly bodies.
It cannot see clearly
very small things such
as microorganisms.
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
MAGNIFYING GLASS
MAGNIFYING GLASS
The magnifying lens is the simplest optical instrument
that is composed of a single convex lens.
The main function of a magnifying glass is to provide
an image of an object that is bigger than that seen by
the naked eye.
The image formed in the lens appears behind the
lens.
The image is upright, virtual, and enlarged.
MAGNIFYING GLASS
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
A compound microscope consists of
a combination of lenses for
magnifying an object several
hundred times.
It uses two converging lenses with
short focal lengths.
The first lens which is near the object
is the objective lens, while the one
nearer the eye is the eyepiece.
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
EYEPIECE OBJECTIVE LENS
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
The objective lens forms
the first real and
enlarged inverted
image.
The eyepiece, on the
other hand, forms a
further enlarged, erect,
but virtual final image.
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
The objective lens forms
the first real and
enlarged inverted image.
The eyepiece, on the
other hand, forms a
further enlarged, but
remains inverted virtual
final image.
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
CAMERA
CAMERA
A camera is an optical instrument that forms and
records an image of an object.
The image may be recorded on film, or it may be
detected by an electronic sensor that stores the
image digitally.
Regardless of how the image is recorded, all
cameras form images in the same basic way
CAMERA
CAMERA
Light passes through the lens at the front of the camera and
enters the camera through an opening called the aperture.
As light passes through the lens, it forms a reduced real
image. The image focuses on film (or a sensor) at the back of
the camera. The lens may be moved back and forth to bring
the image into focus.
The shutter controls the amount of light that actually strikes
the film (or sensor). It stays open longer in dim light to let
more light in.
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
BINOCULARS
BINOCULARS
Binoculars consist of a pair of
telescopes mounted
together, each having an
objective lens and an
eyepiece.
The image formed by the
objective lens of binoculars is
upside-down, and the left
and right sides are reversed.
BINOCULARS
Binoculars use a system of prisms to switch the image left to right
and right to left.
Then the eyepieces create enlarged, virtual, upright images.
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
TELESCOPE
TELESCOPES
A telescope allows us to
see distant objects such
as the moon and stars.
It contains two converging
lenses, namely, the
objective and the
eyepiece.
TELESCOPES
The objective lens is a very large lens that collects a
large amount of light from a faraway object.
It has a very long focal length because the object
distance is much greater than the image distance.
The objective lens forms the object’s first real,
inverted, and reduced object.
TELESCOPES
The second lens is the eyepiece lens.
It has a short focal length. It acts like a magnifying
lens for the image cast by the objective lens.
The eyepiece lens is closer to the eye.
It forms a final virtual, inverted, enlarged image
TELESCOPES
Figure 1. (a) Galileo made telescopes with a convex objective and
a concave eyepiece. These produce an upright image and are
used in spyglasses.
TELESCOPES
(b) Most simple telescopes have
two convex lenses. The objective
forms a case 1 image that is the
object for the eyepiece. The
eyepiece forms a case 2 final
image that is magnified.
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
ENDOSCOPE
ENDOSCOPES
An endoscope is a long flexible tube that is inserted in the
body so that a doctor can observe internal passages such
as a person’s esophagus or intestine.
It has a converging lens and bunches of optical fibers that
convey the image to the end of the tube, where the image
can be observed through a computer monitor or screen.
An endoscope uses the concept of TOTAL INTERNAL
REFLECTION.
ENDOSCOPES
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
PERISCOPE
PERISCOPES
A periscope is an optical device consisting of a
tube attached to a set of mirrors or prisms, through
which an observer (typically in a submerged
submarine or behind a high obstacle) can see
things that are otherwise out of sight.
A periscope is a useful example of the law of
reflection at work.
PERISCOPES
In a periscope, light from an
object strikes the top mirror
(mirror A) at 45° and bounces
off at the same angle.
This sends light directly down
the tube and onto the lower
mirror (mirror B). This mirror, also
at a 45° angle, reflects light
directly to your eye.
PERISCOPES
In a periscope, light from an
object strikes the top mirror
(mirror A) at 45° and bounces
off at the same angle.
This sends light directly down
the tube and onto the lower
mirror (mirror B). This mirror, also
at a 45° angle, reflects light
directly to your eye.
