Week 6

Practice Assignment
Mathematics for Data Science - 1

1. If b > 0 and 4 logx b + 9 logb5 x b = 1, then the possible value(s) of x is (are)

(Ans: (a), (c))
⃝ b10 ✓
⃝ b9
⃝ b−2 ✓
⃝ b5
⃝ b4

Solution:
Given that: 4 logx b + 9 logb5 x b = 1 and b > 0
4 9
4 logx b + 9 logb5 x b = 1 =⇒ + =1
logb x logb (b5 x)
4 9
=⇒ + 5
=1
logb x logb b + logb x
4 9
=⇒ + =1
logb x 5 logb b + logb x

Let p = logb x
4 9
Now, 4 logx b + 9 logb5 x b = 1 =⇒ + =1
p 5+p
4(5 + p) + 9p
=⇒ =1
p(5 + p)
=⇒ 20 + 4p + 9p = 5p + p2
=⇒ p2 − 8p − 20 = 0
=⇒ p2 − 10p + 2p − 20 = 0
=⇒ p(p − 10) + 2(p − 10) = 0
=⇒ (p + 2)(p − 10) = 0
=⇒ p = −2, 10
We know that p = logb x
Case 1: p = −2 =⇒ −2 = logb x =⇒ x = b−2

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 Case 2: p = 10 =⇒ 10 = logb x =⇒ x = b10

1
Note: logab c = loga c
b
Proof:

LHS = logab c
1
=
logc ab
1
=
b logc a
1 1
= ×
b logc a
1
= loga c
b
= RHS

2. George deposits | 5L in a bank that compounded quarterly at the rate of 20% per year.
How long will it take to increase his money to 16 times the principal amount (in a year)?
(Ans: (b), (c), (d))
ln 16
⃝ 4

ln 16
⃝ 4 ln 21
✓
20

ln 2
⃝ ln 21
✓
20

⃝ log 21 2 ✓
20

1
ln 2 4
⃝ ln 21
20

Solution:

The formula for Compound Interest is given by:

 nt
R
A=P 1+ ; where
100

2
 t = time period (years)
R = Interest year per year
P = Principal on initial deposit
A = Amount after t years
n = No. of times it compounded in a year

 nt
R
Now, A = P 1 +
n × 100
At A = 16P, n = 4 and R = 20,
 4t
20
A = 16P = P 1 +
400
 4t
1
=⇒ 16P = P 1 +
20
 4t
21
=⇒ 16 =
20
 
21
=⇒ ln 16 = 4t ln
20
!
1 ln 16
=⇒ t = (using Formula: ln ab = b ln a )
4 ln 2120
1
ln(16) 4
=⇒ t =
ln 21


20
1
ln(24 ) 4
=⇒ t =
ln 21


20
ln 2
=⇒ t =
ln 21


20
=⇒ t = log 21 2 (change of base formula)
20

3. Choose the set of correct options.

⃝ log5 2 is a rational number.

⃝ If 0 < b < 1 and 0 < x < 1 then logb x < 0
⃝ If log3 (log5 x) = 1 then x = 125 ✓
⃝ If 0 < b < 1, 0 < x < 1 and x > b then logb x > 1

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 ⃝ If 0 < b < 1 and 0 < x < y then logb x > logb y ✓
(Ans: (c), (e)) Solution:

• Suppose log5 2 is a rational number.

Then, it can be represented in the pq form, where p and q are integers.
Now,
p
log5 2 = =⇒ 2 = 5p q =⇒ 2q = 5p
q
But 5 cannot divide 2 which is a contradiction to our assumption.
Therefore, our assumption is wrong. log5 2 is not a rational number.
Therefore, option (a) is not true.
• Given that: log3 (log5 x) = 1
log3 (log5 x) = 1 =⇒ log3 (log5 x) = log3 3 =⇒ log5 x = 3
=⇒ log5 125 = log5 53 = 3
Thus, x = 125. Therefore, option (c) is true.
• Let x > 0. We know that: loga x is increasing when a > 1 and loga x is decreasing
when 0 < a < 1.
Therefore, for 0 < b < 1, logb x is a decreasing function.
For 0 < x < 1, logb x > logb 1 =⇒ logb x > 0.
Similarly, for 0 < x < 1 and x > b, logb x < logb b =⇒ logb x < 1
Similarly, for 0 < x < y, logb x > logb y
Therefore, option (e) is true and options (b) and (d) are not true.

4. Suppose that two types of insects are found in a pond. Their growth in number after t
seconds is given by the equations f (t) = 53t−2 and h(t) = 32t−1 (t ̸= 0). For what value
of t will both insects be of same number in the pond?
(Ans: (a), (b), (c))
ln 3+2 ln 5
⃝ 3 ln 5−2 ln 3
✓

ln 75
⃝ ln 125
✓
9

⃝ log 125 75 ✓
9

ln 5+2 ln 3
⃝ 3 ln 3−2 ln 5

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 Solution:

Insects number will be same when:

f (t) = h(t) =⇒ 53t−2 = 32t−1

=⇒ (3t − 2) ln 5 = (2t + 1) ln 3

=⇒ (3 ln 5)t − 2 ln 5 = (2 ln 3)t + ln 3

=⇒ (3 ln 5)t − (2 ln 3)t = ln 3 + 2 ln 5

=⇒ t(3 ln 5 − 2 ln 3) = ln 3 + 2 ln 5

ln 3 + 2 ln 5
=⇒ t =
3 ln 5 − 2 ln 3

ln 3 + ln 52
=⇒ t =
ln 53 − ln 32

ln 3 × 25
=⇒ t =
ln 125


9

ln 75
=⇒ t =
ln 125


9

=⇒ t = log 125 75
9

By Using Formulas:
(1) ln ab = b ln a
(2) ln(ab) = ln a + ln b
(3) ln ab = ln a − ln b
(4) logb a = log a
log b

5. Which of the following is/are true?

(MSQ) (Ans: (a), (c))

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 ⃝ If m and n are positive real numbers, then mlog(n) = nlog(m) . ✓
⃝ log5 1234567899999999999999 is a rational number.
⃝ The function f (x) = log10 (x2 + x + 1) is one-one on the interval (-0.5, ∞). ✓
⃝ None of the above.

Solution:

• Given that m and n are positive real numbers. Let a = mlog(n) and b = nlog(m) .
Now, log a = log(n) × log(m) and log b = log(m) × log(n)
But log(n) × log(m) = log(n) × log(m) =⇒ log a = log b
Since, log is a one-one function, a = b.
Therefore, option (a) is true.
• Consider a = 1234567899999999999999. Suppose log5 a is a rational number.
Then, it can be represented in the pq form, where p and q are integers.
Now,
p
log5 a = =⇒ a = 5p q =⇒ aq = 5p
q
But 5 cannot divide a which is a contradiction to our assumption.
Therefore, our assumption is wrong. log5 a is not a rational number.
Therefore, option (b) is not true.
• For x2 + x + 1,

x2 + x + 1

(−0.5, 0.75)

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 As shown in above figure, x2 + x + 1 is one-one (strictly increasing) in the interval
(−0.5, ∞). Also, log1 0x is a one-one (strictly increasing) function on its entire
domain.
Therefore, f (x) = log10 (x2 + x + 1) is one-one on the interval (-0.5, ∞).
Therefore, option (c) is true.

6. Which of the following is/are true?

(MSQ) (Ans: (a), (b), (c), (d))
⃝ Suppose D is an arbitrary subset of R and f is one-one function on D. log f (x)
whenever defined is also an one-one function on D. ✓
1 1
⃝ (14!) 14 < (15!) 15 , where ! denotes the factorial function, and for a non-negative
integer n, the value of n! is n × (n − 1) × ... × 2 × 1.✓
⃝ The function f (x) = 2x + 3x + ..... + 100x is one-one function on R.✓
⃝ There exists a function f (x) on R, such that log(f (x)) ≥ 100 for all x ∈ R. ✓

Solution:

(a) Given: f is one-one function on D.

Also, log f (x) is defined on D.
We, know that the log function is a one-one function and therefore log of a one-one
function (strictly increasing or decreasing) will give a one-one function.
Therefore, option (c) is true.

1 1
(b) To verify: (14!) 14 < (15!) 15
Suppose that the above statement is true.
Taking log14! on both sides, we have:

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 1 1 1 1
(14!) 14 < (15!) 15 ⇐⇒ log14! 14! < log14! 15!
14 15
1 1
⇐⇒ < log14! (15 × 14!)
14 15
1 1
⇐⇒ < [log14! 15 + log14! 14!]
14 15
15
⇐⇒ < log14! 15 + 1
14
15
⇐⇒ − 1 < log14! 15
14
1
⇐⇒ < log14! 15
14
⇐⇒ 1 < 14 log14! 15
⇐⇒ 1 < log14! (15)14
⇐⇒ 14! < 1514 ,which is true
Therefore, option (b) is true.

(c) We know that, the exponential function of a natural number (except 0 and 1) is
strictly increasing function and thus one-one function. Suppose x ̸= y; x, y ∈ R such
that 0 < x < y.

x ̸= y and 0 < x < y =⇒ 2x < 2y , 3x < 3y , ....., 100x < 100y

=⇒ 2x + 3x + ..... + 100x < 2y + 3y + ..... + 100y
=⇒ f (x) < f (y)
=⇒ f (x) ̸= f (y)
Thus, f (x) is a one-one function.
Therefore, option (c) is true.

(d) Let c ∈ R such that log c > 100. There exists such a c because the range of log is
(−∞, ∞).
Define f : R → R, f (x) = c, for all x ∈ R. Thus, log(f (x)) ≥ 100 for all x ∈ R.
Therefore, option (d) is true.

1


7. If log√2 (x + 4) − log2 2
x + 2 = 1 then x is
(Ans: (a))
⃝ −3 ✓
⃝ 1
⃝ −4

8
 ⃝ 5

Solution:

1


Given that log√2 (x + 4) − log2 2
x +2 =1

 
1 x
=⇒ log2 (x + 4) − log2 +2 =1
2 2
 
1 x+4
=⇒ log2 (x + 4) − log2
2 =1
2
1
!
(x + 4) 2
=⇒ log2 x+4

=1
2

1
(x + 4) 2
=⇒ x+4

=2
2
 
1 x+4
=⇒ (x + 4) = 2 2
2
Squaring on both sides,
(x + 4) = (x + 4)2

(x + 4)2 − (x + 4) = 0

(x + 4)((x + 4) − 1) = 0
We get:

x + 4 = 0 or x + 4 − 1 = 0
x = −4 or x = −3

From Question we have:

 
x
log√2 (x + 4) − log2 +2 =1
2

When x = −4,

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−4
log√ 2 (−4 + 4) − log2 +2 =1
2

Notice: −4 + 4 = 0
Thus -4 is out of domain of log function because log 0 is undefined.
Now, when x = −3,
   
√
−3 √
1
log 2 (−3 + 4) − log2 + 2 = log 2 (1) − log2
2 2
 
1
= 0 − log2
2
= 0 − [log2 1 − log2 2]
= −[0 − 1] = 1

Thus x = −3 is the right option.

8. Seismologists use the Richter scale to measure and report the magnitude of an earthquake
as given by the equation R = ln I − ln I0 , where I is the intensity of an earthquake with
respect to a minimal or reference intensity I0 (i.e. I = cI0 , where c is a constant). The
reference intensity is the smallest earth movement that can be recorded on a seismograph.
If an earthquake in a city A recorded of magnitude 8.0 in the Richter scale and the
intensity of the earthquake in the city B is the reference intensity, then what is the ratio
of the intensity of the earthquake in city A with respect to city B?
(Ans: (c))
⃝ e0 : 1
⃝ e1 : 2
⃝ e8 : 1 ✓
⃝ e5 : 1
⃝ e8 : 2

Solution:

Given: R = 8.0, intensity of the earthquake in city B = I0

Using the given equation, R = ln I − ln I0

I
=⇒ R = ln =8
I0

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 I
=⇒ e8 =
I0

I e8
=⇒ =
I0 1

=⇒ e8 : 1

Therefore the ratio of the intensity of earthquake in city A w.r.t. city B is e8 : 1.

9. Suppose that the number of bacteria present in a loaf of rotten bread after t minutes
is given by the equation G(t) = G0 3kt , where G0 represents the number of bacteria at
t = 0, k is a constant (Given ln 730 = 6.59 and ln 3 = 1.09). If the initial number of
bacteria is 1000 and it takes 1 min to increase to 9000 then how long (in minutes) would
it take for the bacteria count to grow to 730000 (integer value of t)?
(Ans: (c))
⃝ 2
⃝ 1
⃝ 3✓
⃝ 6

Solution:

Given that: G0 = 1000. At t = 1 min, G(t) = 9000

To find: At what time (t), G(t) = 7, 30, 000

G(t)
G(t) = G0 3kt =⇒ = 3kt
G0
At t = 1 min,

G(t) 9000
= 3kt =⇒ = 9 = 3kt
G0 1000
=⇒ log3 32 = kt log3 3
=⇒ 2 log3 3 = kt log3 3
=⇒ k = 2

On substituting the values of k and G0 , equation 1 becomes:

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 G(t) = 1000 × 32t
When G(t) = 730000,
730000
G(t) = 1000 × 32t =⇒ = 32t
1000
=⇒ 730 = 32t
=⇒ ln 730 = 2t ln 3
ln 730
=⇒ t=
2 ln 3
6.59
=⇒ t= = 3 min
2 × 1.09
Thus at t = 3 min (integer value) bacteria count will be 7,30,000.

Read the following paragraph and answer questions 8 and 9

Let cA and cB be the luminosity (measure of brightness) (luminous efficacy) of the bulbs
2
A and B respectively. The bulb A is f (x) times brighter than the B, if f (x) = 3x +1 (i.e.
cA = f (x) × cB ), where x is the difference of the magnitude of supply voltage between
the bulb A and the bulb B. Answer questions 8 and 9 based on the above information.

10. If the bulb A is 10 times brighter than the bulb B, then the difference of the magnitude
of supply voltage between the two bulbs is
(Ans: (d))
p
⃝ log3 5 − 1
p
⃝ log3 10
q
ln 10
⃝ ln 3

q
10
⃝ log3 3
✓

Solution:

12
 2 +1
Given that: cA = 10 cB ; cA = cB × f (x); cA = cB × 3x
2 +1
10 cB = cB × 3x
=⇒ log3 10 = (x2 + 1) log3 3
=⇒ log3 10 = x2 + 1
=⇒ x2 = log3 10 − 1
p
=⇒ x = log3 10 − 1
p
=⇒ x = log3 10 − log3 3
r
10
=⇒ x = log3
3
r
10
The difference between the magnitude of 2 bulbs is log3
3

11. If 4 voltage and 3 voltage are the supply voltages for the bulbs A and B respectively
then how many times the bulb A is brighter than the bulb B?
(Ans: 9)

Solution:
Since x is the difference between the supply voltage of A and B, thus x = 4 − 3 = 1
We know that cA = cB × f (x)
We have to find f (x).
2 +1
f (x) = 3x =⇒ f (x) = 31+1 = 32 = 9

Now, cA = 9 cB
Therefore, bulb A is 9 times brighter than bulb B.

1
log 1 (6x3 −36x2 +66x−35) 5
12. Find the number of values of x satisfying the equation (5x) (5x) 5 = 1.
(Ans: 3)

Solution: 1
log 1 (6x3 −36x2 +66x−35) 5
Given: (5x) (5x) 5 =1

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 1
log 1 (6x3 −36x2 +66x−35) 5
(5x) (5x) 5 =1
1
3 2
=⇒ log(5x) 51 (6x − 36x + 66x − 35) 5 = 0
=⇒ 6x3 − 36x2 + 66x − 35 = 1
=⇒ 6x3 − 36x2 + 66x − 36 = 0
=⇒ 6(x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 6) = 0
=⇒ (x − 1)(x2 − 5x + 6) = 0
=⇒ (x − 1)(x − 3)(x − 2) = 0
=⇒ x = 1, x = 3, x = 2
Thus, there are three values of x satisfying the given equation.

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