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 Experimental Investigations of Engine Characteristics on a Variable
Compression Ratio (VCR) Engine using Sugarcane Bioethanol
Harishchandra Astagi D. G. Mallapur M. C. Navindgi
Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Industrial and Production Engg. Dept. of Mechanical Engg.
PDA College of Engineering Basaveshwar Engineering College PDA College of Engineering
Kalaburagi. Karnataka, India Bagalkote. Karnataka, India Kalaburagi. Karnataka, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

26 18
Abstract - Biofuels are derived from biomass and encompass a In response to these challenges, bioethanol, derived
diverse range of fuels
22 that have gained prominence due to from sugarcane and crop residues, emerges as a promising
various factors, including fluctuating oil prices,
19 energy biofuel. It offers multiple benefits: providing additional
security concerns, and the desire to reduce
25 greenhouse gas income to farmers, helping in the disposal of farm stubble, and
emissions associated with fossil27
fuels. These renewable energy reducing environmental pollution. In India, bioethanol can be
sources offer significant 24 advantages, particularly for produced from various sources, including sugar-containing
developing countries, where they can drive economic growth materials, starches, celluloses, and lignocellulosic materials.
and improve living standards through rural development and
Currently, the ethanol blended petrol (EBP)
job creation. This study explores the effects of sugarcane
programme allows bioethanol to be procured from non-food
bioethanol blends on engine characteristics in a variable
feedstocks such as molasses,
11 celluloses, and lignocellulosic
compression ratio (VCR) engine. By varying the compression
materials. The ethanol used in the EBP programme primarily
ratio and bioethanol concentration, the research aims to
comes from molasses, a by-product of the sugar industry. With
optimize
20 engine performance, fuel efficiency, and emissions.
current levels of cane and sugar production at about 350 MMT
This investigation provides insights into the potential of
and 26-28 MMT per annum respectively, approximately 13
sugarcane bioethanol as a sustainable alternative fuel in
MMT of molasses is available annually, which can produce
internal combustion engines.
around 300 crore litres of ethanol. Additionally, ethanol can be
produced directly from sugarcane juice to increase blending
Keywords - VCR, Bioethanol and Engine characteristics.
percentages.
8
I. INTRODUCTION The national biofuel policy of 2018 aims to enhance
the availability of biofuels in the market and increase blending
Fossil fuels have been integral to modern living,
percentages. Presently, ethanol blending in petrol is at 2%,
playing a crucial role in various sectors including
with a target of reaching 20% blending by 2030.
transportation, industry, agriculture, and consumer
16 markets. In
rapidly developing countries like India, which is one of the II. LITERATURE REVIEW
fastest-growing economies in the world, energy plays a critical
A. F. Kheiralla [1] conducted a study on ethanol-gasoline
2
role in raising living standards. The country is poised to
blends, specifically E15 (15% ethanol), and found that engine
leverage its demographic dividend for continued growth, and
energy strategies are central to this effort. performance and emissions characteristics showed minimal
differences compared to engines fueled solely with gasoline.
India's energy strategy includes ambitious goals such Key parameters such as power performance, specific fuel
as electrifying all census villages
13 by 2019, providing 24x7 consumption, and thermal efficiency were largely similar
electricity, achieving 175 GW of renewable energy capacity between gasoline and the E15 blend. However, the presence of
by 2022, and reducing energy intensity by 33% - 35% by water in ethanol blends poses challenges. Commercially
2030. Despite these targets, fossil fuels are expected to available ethanol is typically not anhydrous, often containing
continue
21 to play a significant role in India's energy mix. between 10% and 20% water. This is a concern because water
However, conventional fossil fuel resources are limited and in the blend can affect engine performance and longevity.
non-renewable, and fluctuations
30 in crude oil prices impact Industrial ethanol, which contains about 5% water, could
economies worldwide, especially in developing countries. potentially replace anhydrous ethanol at a lower cost, but
10 requires additional processing to remove 23
the remaining water,
The road transport sector is a major consumer of
which adds to the overall expense. Therefore, there are
energy, contributing approximately 6.7% to India's Gross
economic incentives for using industrial ethanol in spark
Domestic Product (GDP). Diesel alone meets about 72% of
the transport fuel demand, followed by petrol at 23%, with the ignition engines.
remaining demand met by other fuels such as CNG and LPG. Vladan Micic and Milovan Jotanovic [7] highlighted the
The forecast for the 15financial year 2017-2018 estimated that promising properties of bioethanol as a biofuel. Ethanol is
India would require around 210 million metric tons (MMT) of noted for its high-octane number, which exceeds that of
crude oil to meet its petroleum product consumption. conventional petrol. The octane number of a fuel is crucial
because it influences the anti-knocking property of the fuel. A
 5
higher-octane number indicates better resistance to knocking - Ethanol is a high-octane, water-free alcohol that plays a
a phenomenon where uncontrolled combustion creates significant role in the fuel industry.
3 It is produced through the
excessive mechanical and thermal stress on the engine. Thus, fermentation of sugars or the conversion of starches. Ethanol
ethanol’s high-octane number makes it a favourable can be used in several ways:
alternative to conventional fuels in terms of performance and • Blending ingredient in gasoline: Ethanol is
engine protection. commonly blended with gasoline to enhance fuel
Dr. Shrishail Kakkeri [3] explored the hygroscopic nature of performance and reduce emissions. This blend is
alcohols, including ethanol, which allows them to absorb known as ethanol-gasoline or ethanol fuel.
water. This characteristic is beneficial as it prevents water • High-octane fuel additives: Ethanol is used as a raw
condensation in the fuel system, which could otherwise freeze material to produce high-octane fuel-ether additives,
and cause issues, especially in cold conditions. Ethanol blends, improving fuel quality and combustion efficiency.
typically containing at least 10% ethanol, are effective at
absorbing water, thereby reducing the need for additional gas- Ethanol is derived from a variety of renewable agricultural and
line antifreeze during winter months. This property helps to forestry products, including: 29
maintain engine performance and reliability in various weather • Grains: Such as corn, which is the primary source of
conditions. ethanol in many countries.
• Agricultural by-products: Such as potato waste and
III. METHODOLOGY
cheese whey.
Biofuel is an 28 environmentally friendly and renewable
alternative fuel derived primarily from animal fats (tallow, • Forestry products: Including wood and paper waste.
lard, white or yellow grease, poultry fats or fish oils); recycled • Vegetable waste: Various forms of vegetable waste
greases used in cooking and frying oils; and, most commonly, can also be utilized in ethanol production.
plant oils derived from soybeans, corn, rapeseed,3 sunflowers
and cottonseeds, among others. This biofuel does not require
engine modifications when used in a diesel engine. 14In general,
the term biofuel refers to any liquid and gaseous transportation
fuels derived primarily from biomass. The biofuel conversion
system is a key phase in the whole ethanol production chain.
High yields and low energy consumption are significant
factors to consider in promoting biofuels' future 5
competitiveness in the market with fossil fuels. Biofuels can
be produced from any biological carbon source via various
production paths, but photosynthetic plants are the most often
used feedstock for biodiesel, ethanol, butanol, methane, and
other fuels. Biofuels are categorised as the subject under
present study. While technologies for producing first-
generation and advanced biofuels are maturing, some
feedstocks may require several generations to produce.
Presently, biodiesel and Bioethanol is one of the two most
promising biofuels that are expected to replace conventional Fig. 2. Production of bioethonol
fossil fuels in transportation.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
1
The test rig consists of a four-stroke petrol engine (air cooled)
that will be tested for performance and is coupled to an
alternator. To enable the compression ratio change, an extra
head-piston assembly above the main head has been installed.
The auxiliary piston is moved up and down by a hand wheel-
screw rod arrangement to attain the desired compression ratio.
When the piston is at the bottommost position, the
compression ratio is at its highest value, while in the top
position it is at its lowest value of 2. The charge from this
initial volume of 4clearance is determined by the piston's
displacement and is used to calculate the compression ratio.

[[
Fig. 1 Generations of bioethanol
 V. RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION
The VCR petrol engine is operated for various
compression ratios using the working process described in the
preceding section. In this experiment, we attempted
compression ratios of 4.3, 4.67, 5, and 5.5. This section
presents the results in a graphical form, as shown in Figs. 3, 4
and 5 respectively.
The SFC v/s BP graph for compression ratio 4 and
4.67 is in accordance with SFC increases with increase in BP,
but there is a little deviation in compression ratio 5.5 for E10
mix. The compression ratio of 4 and 4.67 meets typical
conditions. As brake power increases, SFC drops, making
E7.5 the optimal blend for the SI Engine. The BSFC v/s CR
graph for E 7.5 blend shows that BSFC decreases as the
compression ratio increases. Fig. 5 Comparison of SFC with CR for E0 and E5 blends

VI. CONCLUSION
Bioethanol blends in spark ignition engines:
1. Effectiveness of bioethanol blends - Bioethanol blends
have proven to be quite successful in replacing pure petrol
in four-stroke spark ignition (SI) engines. This indicates
that bioethanol can be used effectively as a substitute for
petrol in these engines without requiring significant
modifications.
2. Blending efficiency - Bioethanol blends, particularly with
petrol, demonstrate a viable approach for optimizing
engine performance and fuel efficiency. The use of
bioethanol can enhance the fuel's characteristics and
contribute to better engine operation.
3. Specific fuel consumption (SFC) analysis:
Fig. 3 Comparison of SFC with BP for different blends
• The specific fuel consumption (SFC) increases
with an increase in brake power (BP). This trend
is evident from the graph, showing that as the
engine load increases, the amount of fuel
consumed per unit of power produced also rises.
• For the E7.5 blend (7.5% bioethanol with petrol),
the SFC versus BP graph aligns with the expected
behaviour of increased SFC 17 with higher BP.
However, for other blends, this condition was not
consistently met, suggesting
12 that the E7.5 blend
performs optimally compared to other mixtures.

4. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and compression

ratio (CR):
• The graph showing brake specific fuel
Fig. 4 Comparison of SFC with CR for E5 and E10 blends consumption (BSFC) versus compression ratio
(CR) for the E7.5 blend indicates that BSFC
decreases as CR increases. This relationship
suggests that the E7.5 bioethanol blend optimizes
fuel consumption efficiency with increasing CR,
which improves engine performance.
 • These finding
4 highlights that the E7.5 blend Mathematics, Vol. 118 No. 24 2019 (28-04-2019).
achieves the best balance between fuel 7. Vladan Micic and Milovan Jotanovic, “Bioethanol as
consumption and engine efficiency. fuel for IC Engines”, Scientific paper ISSN 0351-
5. Overall Performance: 9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585.
• The results demonstrate that the E7.5
6 blend
of bioethanol with petrol offers the least 8. Dr. Amitabh Biswas et al., “A Study on Analysis
brake specific fuel consumption 7(BSFC) and of 2-Stroke Petrol Engine using Ethanol as an
superior engine performance compared to Additive”, International Journal of scientific and
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9 2020, ISSN 2229-5518.
• This blend stands out as the most effective
choice for use in existing spark ignition (SI) 9. Magin Lapuerta et al., “Modeling Viscosity of
engines without necessitating modifications. Butanol and Ethanol Blends with Diesel and
Based on the analysis, the E7.5 bioethanol blend (7.5% Biodiesel Fuels”, FELSEVIER Fuel, 199 (2021), pp.
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stroke spark ignition engines. It provides the best fuel 10. Dr Nitin Shrivastava and Gaurav Tiwari,
consumption characteristics and overall engine performance “Experimental Investigation of Ethanol Blends on
SI Engine”, Research Article, ISSN:2248-9622, Vol
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4, Issue 10 (Part - 5), October 2021.
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alternative to pure petrol.
11. Test Specification for Biodiesel Fuel, EMA Engine
Manufacturers Association.
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