ECE 333

Green Electric Energy Systems

Lecture 1
Introduction
Professor Andrew Stillwell
Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
ECE 333 Class Info
 Lecture Time and Location
 Tuesday/Thursday 9:30 – 10:50 am
 ECEB 1015
 Course website:
[Link]
Teaching Staff
 Professor Andrew Stillwell
 Office hours:
 Tuesdays, 2:00-3:00pm in ECEB 4054
 TA: Theodore Mamalis
 Office hours:
 Wednesdays TBD. Will be posted on the website
Green Electric Energy Systems
 Course covers electric energy sources that are
sustainable (won’t diminish over time), excluding
large-scale hydro
 Focused primarily on the electric aspects of the sources
 Focus on Wind and Solar energy
 Course does NOT cover nuclear
 Course does NOT cover biological resources (at least not in-
depth)
 Course is technical. This is NOT a survey course!
 Course prerequisite is ECE 205 or ECE 210
Spring 2019 Course Syllabus
 Topics (see syllabus on website)
 General Introduction; Why Green Electric Energy?
 Power Grid Basics
 Wind Energy Conversion
 The Solar Resource
 Solar Energy Conversion
Spring 2019 Course Syllabus
 Weekly HW (15% of final grade)
 ~10 HWs
 Drop lowest score
 Due at beginning of class on Thursday
 2 Exams (25% each)
 In-class, closed book 1 sheet of notes
 Final Exam (30%)
 Participation worth (5%)
 In class discussion
 Office hours
 Attendance
 Extra credit opportunities
 EOH participation
 Visiting lectures
With Energy, What Do We Want?
 To feel green?
 To use less energy?
 To have a higher standard of living?
 To decrease our carbon dioxide
emissions now? In the future?
 To have more renewable energy?
 To have less expensive energy?
 To have jobs?
 To have it “Not in My Backyard (NIMBY)”
Engineers Have Long Been “Green”
 With lighting over the last 150 years we’ve increased
efficiencies by about a factor of 1000. From 0.05
lumens/watt for a candle, to 15 for an incandescent
bulb, to > 130 for an LED.

Source: [Link]
Notation - Power
 Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy
 Power Units
Watts = voltage x current for dc (W)
kW – 1 x 103 Watt
MW – 1 x 106 Watt
GW – 1 x 109 Watt
 Installed U.S. generation capacity is about
1000 GW ( about 3 kW per person)
 Maximum load of Champaign/Urbana about 300 MW
Notation - Energy
 Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is what
people really want from a power system
 Energy Units
 Joule = 1 Watt-second (J)
 kWh = Kilowatt-hour (3.6 x 106 J)
 Btu = 1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh; 1 MWh=3.4 Mbtu
 quad = 1015 Btu
 One gallon of gas has about 0.125 MBtu (36.5 kWh); one
gallon ethanol as about 0.084 Mbtu (2/3 that of gas)
 U.S. annually consumes ~100 quads of energy
North America Interconnections
Electric Systems in Energy Context
 Class focuses on renewable electric systems, but we
first need to put them in the context of the total
energy delivery system
 Electricity is used primarily as a means for energy
transportation
• Use other sources of energy to create it, and it is usually
converted into another form of energy when used
 Concerns about need to reduce CO2 emissions and
fossil fuel depletion are becoming main drivers for
change in world energy infrastructure
Looking at the 2017 Energy Pie: Where the USA
Got Its Energy

About 80% Fossil Fuels

Electric Generation by Fuel/State

Source: 2006 EIA Data, Slide by Kate Davis

 2017 U.S. Energy Use

[Link]
2017 U.S. Energy Use

[Link]
Historical and Projected US Energy Consumption

Source: EIA Annual Energy Outlook, 2015, Figure 18

Energy in Quads

Data says we will still be 80% Fossil in 2040!!

Renewable Energy Generation
Projected Growth in US Renewables
The World

Source: Steve Chu and Arun Majumdar, “Opportunities and challenges

for a sustainable energy future,” Nature, August 2012
The World: Top Energy Users (in Quad), 2012 Data

 China – 105.9 • World total was about 524

 USA – 95.1 Quad in 2012;
 Europe – 81.5 • Average per 100 Million
 Russia – 31.5 people is about 7.18.
 India – 23.9 • If world used US average
 Japan – 20.3 total consumption would be
 Africa – 17.3 about 2177 quad!
 Canada – 13.4
 Brazil – 12.1

Source: US DOE EIA

Per Capita Energy Consumption in MBtu per
Year (2011 data)
Source [Link]
 Iceland: 688 Norway: 387
 Kuwait: 577 Canada: 394
 USA: 313 Australia: 276.9
 Russia: 213 France: 166
 Japan: 164 Germany: 165
 UK: 134 S. Africa: 115
 China: 78 Brazil: 60
 Indonesia: 17.9 India: 20
 Pakistan: 14.2 Nigeria: 5
 Malawi: 1.9 Afghanistan: 4.1
World Population Trends

Country 2005 2015 2025 %

Japan 127.5 126.9 123.3 -3.3
Germany 82.4 80.8 79.2 -3.9
Indonesia 220.2 255.9 276.7 25.6
USA 295.7 322.3 351.3 18.8
China 1306 1361 1394 6.7
India 1094 1251 1396 27.6
World 6473 7250 7984 23.3
Source: [Link]/ipc/www/idb/[Link]; values in
millions; percent change from 2005 to 2025
USA Energy-Related CO2 Emissions are Down to
mid 1990’s levels

Part of the reason for the decrease is due to low

natural gas prices, which has caused greatly increased
natural gas generation and less coal generation.
US CO 2 EMISSIONS: 1990 – 2018

Source: Rhodium Group report [Link]

3000

2500
power

2000

1500
transportation
industry
1000

500
buildings
0
1994

2007

2014
1990
1991
1992
1993

1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006

2008
2009
2010

2012
2013

2015
2016
2017
2018
2011
Worldwide CO2 Emissions
 Worldwide CO2 emissions continue to (mostly) climb,
from 23.7 billion metric tons in 2000 to 29.8 in 2010
(with a max of 30.3 in 2009).
 Country comparisons between 2000 and 2010
(billion metric tons)

Country 2000 2010

USA 5861 5427
China 2850 7204
India 1002 1622
Russia 1499 1448
Japan 1201 1104
Germany 854 762
Global Warming: What is Known is CO2 in Air is Rising

Value was about 280

ppm in 1800, 394 in
2012

Rate of increase is
about 2 ppm per
year

Source: [Link]
As is Worldwide Temperature (Over Last 150 Years)

Baseline is 1961 to 1990 mean

Source: [Link] /
Illinois Renewables Portfolio Standard (25% by 2025)

 Illinois Power Agency Act, enacted August 2007

 Requires large, investor-owned electric utilities (EUs) and
alternative retail electric supplies (ARES) to source 25% of
eligible retail electricity sales from renewable energy by
2025. (“25% by 2025”)
 Electric co-ops and municipal utilities are exempt
 Eligible Renewables
 Solar thermal electric and photovoltaic (PV)
 Wind (All)
 Biomass and landfill gas
 Hydroelectric
 Anaerobic digestion
State of Illinois Green Energy
 In December 2016, IL enacted S.B. 2814 (the Future
Energy Jobs Act)
 75% of renewable must be from wind and PV combined
 IL currently ranked 34th in solar capacity (amount of available
solar energy hitting the surface)
 Projected to grow to 1856 MW in the next 5 years, which will
rank us 11th in solar production
 Goal is to get to 3,000 MW by 2030
Wrap-up
 Power vs Energy
 US installed capacity (Power) is 1000 GW
 US annual energy usage is 100 quad
 Fossil fuels still supply ~80% of energy in US
 US CO2 emissions are decreasing, worldwide emissions
are increasing
Thursday
 Power Grid History

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