Name: Grade & Section:

Lesson 1
Properties of Mirrors and Lenses in
Optical Instruments
MELC: Identify ways in which the properties of mirrors and lenses determine their use in
optical instruments (S10FE-IIh-52)
Objectives: 1. State the properties of mirrors and lenses
2. Compare reflection and refraction
3. Illustrate ways in which the properties of mirrors and lenses determine their
uses in optical instruments.

Let’s Explore and Discover

SELFIE pa MORE! Have you heared the word selfie? Are you one of those who
love taking photos of yourself? Or maybe one of those who always
like to see oneself in the mirror to check how you look? Have you
ever wondered how you are able to perceive things around you?
Let us explore and identify ways in which the properties of mirrors
and lenses determine their uses in optical instruments.
Human eye is considered as an optical instrument that
helps us see the objects in our surroundings. It works very similar
as to how the camera works. We can perceive and see things
around us with the help of light. If theres no light, we can see
nothing, same as with the camera. If you take a shoot in a very
dark room without using a flash, nothing is visible is captured.
There are many realities that can be associated with light,
but in this lesson, we are just going to focus on the two most
common, such as the properties of mirrors and lenses. As we go
far, let us first know the properties of mirror.

A mirror pertains to a
smooth, shiny glass surface having a silvery coat at its
back. It can be plane or curved and follows the working
principle of reflection, which is an important property of
mirror. Reflection is the reverting back of light in the same
medium, once fall on the surface. Images are formed by
reflection once the light strikes on the object, returning and
perceived by your eyes. You can notice in the figure to the right
that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection Figure 1: The angle of
and bounces back to the same medium, and because the law incidence and reflection
of reflection is independent from wavelength, mirror is
advantageous to use in telescopes and other optical systems.
(Source: Key Differences, “Difference Between Mirror and Lens ”,
accessed: December 8, 2020, [Link]
[Link]#KeyDifferences)

1
Mirror Application in Optical Instrument-The Telescope (binoculars)

Do You Know What? Telescopes are used to view distant objects that
cannot be seen by unaided eye. It gathers far more
light than the eye, allowing dim objects to be observed
with greater magnification and better resolution. The
objective of the telescope can also be made with a
concave mirror which acts like a convex lenses as
shown in Figure 2 below. Mirror has many advantages
to be used in telescope objectives as compared to lens.
“People often think that Galileo First, mirror focal length is very long and can also be
discovered the telescope, and the constructed much larger. Second, mirror can collect
one who invented it first, but he large amount of light which is very useful if one wants
actually did not! Galileo just to view distant galaxies.
constructed and developed the
design after a year it was Figure 2: Concave Mirror
discovered. What Galileo did was
more important than that. He was
the first to study the skies and
discovered that Jupiter has moons,
and the moons have craters and
mountains, and not perfectly
polished, the details of sunspots,
as well as the Milky Way which is
composed of vast numbers of
individual stars”.
(Source: The LibreTexts libraries, “Vision
and Optical Instruments”, accessed:
December 11, 2020, [Link]
.edu/~[Link]/openstaxphysics (Source: The LibreTexts libraries, “Vision and Optical
/chaps/26%20Vision%20optical%2
[Link]) Instruments”, accessed: December 11, 2020, http://
[Link]/~[Link]/openstax
physics/chaps/26%20Vision%20optical
%[Link])
You can notice that the three lenses in telescope produce a final image which is in
upright position. The first two lenses are very far, which cause the image in the second lens
to invert. Since the third lens acts as a magnifier, it keeps the image easy to view in an upright
position.
Now, it is time to know the properties of lenses. Lens is
usually made up of transparent material such as
plastic or glass with two opposite surfaces. One side
is usually curved or both of which are curved. Its
working principle is the law of refraction. Refraction is
the shift in direction of light, when it arrives on a
surface with different density. The light rays curve or
bend after they pass through the lens and thus their
directions change. This makes the object visible from
the lens seems larger or smaller than the actual object.
When it comes to the angle of incidence, its not equal to
the angle of refraction (please see the figure on the
right). Lenses are commonly used for correcting the
Figure 3: The angle of incidence vision. Once used in optical device, lens is either singly
and refraction used or in a combination of two or more simple lens so
as to produce an image by converging the beam of light.
(Source: Key Differences, “Difference Between Reflection and
. Refraction”, MindTouch, accessed: December 11, 2020,
[Link]
[Link])
2
Lens Application in Optical Instrument- The Camera
Undoubtedly, photography is one of the most significant discoveries in history. It
does not only capture light but also be able to freeze time and capture moment and preserve
those for years ahead. But how does this instrument do this by simply using a piece of
glass? Let us now discover how the properties of lens work in an optical instrument like the
camera.

Camera: Records Light Lens is the optical component of the camera and
its function is to take the beams of light that reflects from
Camera is made up of a body called
an object, transmit those lights to come together, and
-- sealed box with a shutter which
closes and opens between the film. eventually form a real image. The process is when
The term camera came from the the light passes from one medium to another medium,
Latin word Camera obscura, the speed changes. Lens can slow down the speed of light
means "dark room". compared to its usual speed on air since lens is a different
The traditional camera has a medium. When the wave of light passes trough the lens
chemical component called film. at an angle, one wave will reach the lens before the other
The film makes a record of lights so it would slown down at first, then bend in one
pattern once film is exposed to a real
image. It happens to record the
direction. Once the wave of light exits the glass, it speeds
chemical patterns of light once a up in the air since it travels in different medium and
tiny light-sensitive grains, spread another wave parts enter the lens again. Since lens can
out in a chemical suspension on a slow down the light, patterns of light will be recorded from
strip of plastic. The grains will
an object’s reflection and form a real image.
undergo a chemical reaction once
exposed to light. Accordingly, in The Eye
black-and-white film, the developer
chemicals darken the grains that The most interesting optical instrument is the eye.
were exposed to light produces a
The eyes harnesses waves of light and uses those to form
negative, where lighter areas appear
darker and darker areas appear
images in details of varying colors. But in order to reach
lighter, then converted into a even just an ideal vision, our eyes need some correction.
positive image. In printing an image, Correction can be made by analyzing the power and focal
you have to keep the film in length of the lens to accommodate ojects at different
complete darkness until it's time to distances. One of the common defects which is easy to
take the picture. Then, when you correct is the condition called Myopia and hyperopia.
want to record an image, you let Nearsightedness or myopia, is a condition where the
some light in. That is how a camera
eyes can see clearly when the objects are close while
records light and form images or
figures. cannot see distant objects. The reason for this is that the
lens of the eye being too great or maybe too powerful.
(Source: The LibreTexts libraries, Thus, once the object is at a distant, the rays cross in
“Vision and Optical Instruments”,
accessed: November 11, 2020, front of the retina or the rays over convergence with nearly
[Link] parallel rays. However, the divergent rays from a near
/openstaxphysics/chaps/26%20Vision object are converged on the retina,that produce clear
%20optical%[Link])
image. Since the nearsighted eye over converges light
rays, the correction for this condition is to place a
diverging spectacle lens in front of the eye. This reduces
the power of an eye that is too powerful. Another eye
defects called Farsightedness, or hyperopia, is a
condition where the eyes can see clearly when the objects
are far while cannot see close objects. In this case, rays
do not sufficiently converge from a close object to make it
meet on the retina of the eyes producing blurry close
vision. This can be caused by insufficient power in the
lens or by the eye being too short. For clear image, less
Figure 4: Common Eye Defects
diverging rays from a distant object can be converged.
DeDefects
Source: The LibreTexts libraries, “Vision and Optical Instruments”, accessed:
December 11, 2020, [Link] vandegrift/openstaxphy
sics/chaps/26%20Vision%20 optical%[Link])