VANASTHALI PUBLIC SCHOOL
VASUNDHARA GHAZIABAD
SESSION 2023-2024
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
To investigate the dependence, of the angle of deviation on the
angle of incidence, using a hallow prism filled, one by one, with
different transparent fluids.
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
MR. GAGANDEEP GUPTA NAME: TANUSH SINGH
CLASS-XII C
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Tanush Singh of class XII-C of
Vanasthali Public School has successfully
completed and submitted investigatory project
entitled “To investigate the dependence, of the
angle of deviation on the angle of incidence, using a
hallow prism filled, one by one, with different
transparent fluids” to the department of physics as
set by Central Board of Secondary Education and it
wholly fulfilled the standard set by Central Board of
Secondary Education. This project is absolutely
genuine and does not indulge any kind of plagiarism.
The reference taken in making this project has been
declared at the end of this project.
MR. GAGANDEEP GUPTA
(PGT PHYSICS)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without mentioning the names of those
persons who helped to make it possible. I take this
opportunity to express my gratitude in few words
and respect to all those who helped me in the
completion of this project. It is my humble pleasure
to acknowledge my deep senses of gratitude to my
Physics teacher, Mr. Gagandeep Gupta for his
valuable support, constant help and guidance at
each and every stage, without which this project
would not have come forth.
I also register my sense of gratitude to our principal,
Mrs. Sashi Jain, for her immense encouragement
that has made this project successful.
I would also like to thank my friends and family for
encouraging me during the course of this project.
Last, but not the least, I would like to thank CBSE for
giving us the opportunity to undertake this project.
Contents
Introduction
Experimental Setup
a) Aim
b) Apparatus
c) Theory
d) Procedure
e) Results
f) Precautions
g) Errors
Conclusion
Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element
with flat, polished surfaces that refracts light. The
exact angles between the surfaces depend on the
application. The traditional geometrical shape is
that of a triangular prism with a triangular base and
rectangular sides, and in colloquial use “prism”
usually refers to this type.
Some types of optical prism are not in fact in the
shape of geometric prisms. Prisms can be made from
any material that is transparent to the wavelengths
for which they are designed. Typical materials
include glass, plastic and fluorite. Prism can be used
to break light up into its constituent spectral colors
(the colors of the rainbow). Prisms can also be used
to reflect light, or to split light into components with
different polarizations.
Before Isaac Newton, it was believed that white
light was colorless, and that the prism itself
produced the color. Newton’s experiments
demonstrated that all the colors already existed in
the light in a heterogeneous fashion, and that
“corpuscles” (particles) of light were fanned out
because particles with different colors traveled
with different speeds through the prism. It was only
later that Young and Fresnel combined Newton’s
particle theory with Huygens’ wave theory to show
that color is the visible manifestation of light’s
wavelength. Newton arrived at his conclusion by
passing the red color from one prism through
second prism and found the color unchanged. From
this, he concluded that the colors must already be
present in the incoming light and white light
consists of a collection of colors. As the white light
passes through the triangular prism, the light
separates into the collection of colors: red, orange,
yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. This
collection of colors formed by the prism is called
the spectrum. The separation of white light into its
spectrum is known as dispersion.
Dispersion occurs because each color travels
through the prism at different speeds. Violet travels
the slowest through the prism; hence we can see it
refracting the most. On the other hand, red passes
through at a much fast rate which makes its angle
of refraction less, hence red is too scarce to be
seen
Experimental setup
AIM: To investigate the dependence, of the angle
of deviation on the angle of incidence, using a
hallow prism filled, one by one, with different
transparent fluids.
APPARATUS:
Drawing board, white sheets of paper, hollow
prism, different liquids (water, kerosene oil, etc.),
drawing pins, pencil, half meter scale, thump pins,
graph papers and a protractor.
THEORY:
PRISM: A prism is a transparent optical element
with flat, polished surfaces that refract light.
Prisms can be made from any material that is
transparent including glass, plastic and fluorite. A
prism can be used to break light up into its
constituent spectral colors. Prisms can also be used
to reflect light, or to split light into components
with different polarizations
Refraction of Light through a Prism –
OP is the incident ray.
QR is the refracted ray.
QR is the emergent ray.
I = angle of incidence
r1 = angle of refraction inside prism QSN3 =
r2 = angle of incidence inside prism TSN2 =
e = angle of emergence
A = angle of prism
D = angle of deviation
Angle of Minimum Deviation -
➢ Definition: The minimum value of angle of
deviation is called angle of minimum deviation.
It is represented by the symbol Dm.
➢ Explanation: For same angle of deviation (D)
there are two values of angle of incidence. One
value equal ‘i’ and other value equals ‘e’.
As angle ‘i’ is increased from a small value, ‘e’
decreases from large value and angle of
deviation decreases. When angle of deviation
is minimum (Dm), then, ‘i’ and ‘e’ becomes
equal.
DIAGRAM:
DIAGRAM: Refraction through prism at
different angles
PROCEDURE:
1. A white sheet of paper was fixed on the
drawing board with the help of drawing pins.
2. A straight line XX’ parallel to the length of the
paper was drawn nearly in the middle of the
paper.
3. Points Q1,Q2,Q3 and Q4 were marked on the
straight line XX’ at suitable distances of about
6cm.
4. Normal’s N1Q1,N2Q2,N3Q3 and N4Q4 were drawn
on points Q1,Q2,Q3 and Q4.
5. Straight lines R1Q1,R2Q2,R3Q3 and R4Q4 were
drawn making angles of 40⁰,45⁰,50⁰ and 55⁰
respectively with the normals.
6. One corner of the prism was marked as A and it
was taken as the edge of the prism for all the
observations.
7. Prism with its refracting face AB was put in the
line XX’ and point Q1 was put in the middle of
AB.
8. The boundary of the prism was marked.
9. Two pins P1 and P2 were fixed vertically on the
line R1Q1 and the distance between the pins
were about 2cm.
10. The images of points P1 and P2 were looked
through face AC.
11. Left eye was closed and right eye was
opened and was brought in line with the two
images.
12. Two pins P3 and P4 were fixed vertically at
about 2cm apart such that the open right eye
sees pins P4 and P3 as images of P2 and P1 in
one straight line.
13. Pins P1,P2,P3 and P4 were removed and their
pricks on the paper were encircled.
14. Steps 7 to 13 were again repeated with
points Q2,Q3 and Q4 for i=45⁰,50⁰ and 55⁰.
15. Straight lines through points P4 and P3 were
drawn to obtain emergent rays S1T1, S2T2, S3T3
and S4T4.
16. T1S1,T2S2 ,T3S3 and T4S4 were produced inward
in the boundary of the prism to meet produced
incident rays R1Q1, R2Q2,R3Q3 and R4Q4 at points
F1,F2,F3 and F4.
17. Angles K1F1S1,K2F2S2,K3F3S3 and K4F4S4 were
measured. These angles give angle of
deviation D1, D2,D3 and D4.
18. Values of these angles were written on the
paper.
19. Angle BAC was measured in the boundary of
the prism. This gives angle A.
20. Observations were recorded.
OBSERVATIONS:
Angle of hollow prism A = 60⁰
S.No. Angle of Angle of Angle of Angle of
incidence deviation deviation deviation
for water for for
kerosene turpentine
oil oil
1 40⁰ 23⁰ 36⁰ 32⁰
2 45⁰ 24⁰ 33⁰ 33⁰
3 50⁰ 25⁰ 34⁰ 34⁰
4 55⁰ 26⁰ 35⁰ 35⁰
RESULTS:
➢ The angle of minimum deviation for –
Water Dm = 23⁰C
Kerosene oil Dm = 33⁰C
Turpentine oil Dm = 32⁰C
➢ The refractive indices of the-
Water n = 1.32
Kerosene oil n = 1.46
Turpentine oil n = 1.44
➢ Speed of light in-
Water v = 2.3x108 m/s
Kerosene oil v = 2.05x108 m/s
Turpentine oil v = 2.08x108 m/s
PRECAUTIONS:
The angle of incidence should lie between
35⁰ – 60⁰.
The pins should be fixed vertical.
The distance between the two pins should
not be less than 10mm.
Arrow heads should be marked to represent
the incident and emergent rays.
The same angle of prism should be used for
all the observations.
SOURCES OF ERRORS:
Pin pricks may be thick.
Measurement of angles may be wrong.
Conclusion
➢ The angle of minimum deviation for –
Water Dm = 23⁰C
Kerosene oil Dm = 33⁰C
Turpentine oil Dm = 32⁰C
➢ The refractive indices of the-
Water n = 1.32
Kerosene oil n = 1.46
Turpentine oil n = 1.44
➢ Speed of light in-
Water v = 2.3x108 m/s
Kerosene oil v = 2.05x108 m/s
Turpentine oil v = 2.08x108 m/s
We have finally calculated angle of
minimum deviation, refractive
indices and speed of light for three
types of fluids.
Bibliography
The following sources were used for the
appropriate information required to complete the
project:
➢ Comprehensive: Practical Physics Class XII
➢ NCERT textbook of class XII
➢ Google
