Enperiment no.

Observotiong:

1. RoUgh focal 1ength of the iens 15cm

Tabie for u,v

Position of Observed,digtance
DNO. Lens O (cm) Image needle C
Object needie A
Ccm)
(cm)

q0-2 30 30.2 0.0333 0.0331

30 60

20 O.0344 0.0322
2. 31 60

93 33 O.0357 0.0303
3. 32 60
 Date

Page No. 18
No.
Expt.

lAim: To fod_the focal Iength Of Q cOnNex lens pby piotiog gaphs bu. ufv or

between

Materials required: Ao optical bench coith 3 uprights, A cO0Vex leNS Oith lens holder,

two_needieg, A koitfing 0eedle, haifmetre Gcale

Tbeory: The relatioo betueeo u,v andf for a convex lenS iS given as wbere

u is th digtance of object Deedie from optical centre of the 1enSViS the distance

OF image needie fiom ophical centre of the (enG and fis the focal iength of onvex

leDs.

procedure:
or
focus distant object, on a wbite sheet of paper eA wQl i0 get a shorp,ciear G

iOverted image of the distant obect. MeasuIe the distance of image from tbe lens

ahich qiveS Hhe rough foca engh of the iens.

a. MOUnt the convex IenS oith its holaer on the (entral upright of he optica bench.

Also moUnt the tuwO needles 00 he other uprigbts, one on eacb ide of he Iens so

tbat tips Of the needies are at the same beight as the optical enhe of the Iens.

B. MeQSUre the Iength of the kniting needie § aiso the ditanCe berwLern each needie

the eoS wbec held ar a diGtance equaL to Iength of De Koitting neeaIe. Eind the

index Correcticn

4 Mark one needie as ooject needie Cet Ag iS the object neede) other needle as image
Oeedie (cD is the image needie).

5. PIace object _Deedle AB berJeen f and 2f (approk. 3/ times the rough focal length).
Look on_ the otber side of the 1ens for the iverted image of the obiect needie at

a distance more fban 2f. Adiust the position Of the image Oeedle co till the paralax

iS removed tip to tip betceen the image Oeedie f the imaQe of the Object needie.

Note the positionS of the ens the cbiect needie ç the ima0e needie on he bench

Scaje £find he obsefved value of u V.

Teacher's Signature
 Exp. 8
(alculatin9:

1. Graph plotted berwen ufv. Choose o cuitable but the ame scale to 1epresent u along
Sign convention ihis case u negativ v ig
alo ng y-axig. According to in iS
X-QxiS v

posi tive.Plot the pointg for variouG sets of values of u v from the t0bie.The giaph co mes

001 10 be a rectangular byperbola as ShouUn in Fig. 1-15

angie 4G with either oxig OY or OX,meeting the curve ar P. The

Ua0 a line oP naking of

Coordinates of ths point P are Cf,2f). Draw PR $ PQ perpendiculor on y $x ak5 respectively.

The valoes of magnitode of u and v wil be some for point P, as ue Kooso for a convex 1ens,
when u -2f, V: 2f. Hence, PQ= PR Magnitude of 2f,thus f: PQ and also f: PR. PQ: 29cm
2 PR 3I cm
Mean value of f= 15cm

2.Graph plotted between Choose a Suitable but the same Scale to represent. along

is
x'axis along y-axiS. Tahe O as the origin. &y srgn convention, tis negatve ahile

Positive . Plot the various poinis for the different sets of voalueg of frOm the table.

The graph b. $ comes Out to be a strarght ine ag Shown in Frg.t16.

The Gtroight line PQ cutS the tO axes Ox' OY at an angie of 4s° af poinis PQ naking

eQual inlercepis op ç oQ on the tuo axe. Measore the drgtance op GOQ Ahen

Focai length,f = I:=

OP OQ
0.0154 cm
 Date

No.
Page No. 19
Expt.

6.Reneatthe above Stepg for five different sets of observations by placing tne object

beyond 2f a0d between f and 2f.

needle

Result: The focal (ength of the qlven coDVex IenS as determinedfrom

.u,v graph iS (4:5 cm

2 gaph is 0.0154 cm

Precautiong:

L Tips of the object needie and the image needie Shouldlie at the Game height as the

Centre Of the eng.

2. The uprights Shouid be rigid and vertical.

3. Paralax Should be renmoved tip 10 tip by keeping the eye ar a diStance at ieast 30 cn

QIay froM the Oeedie.

uPrincipa Qxig Of the ens Should be parauel to the scale of fhe optical bench.

5.Ihe object oeedie must be piaced at Such clistance so hat oniy IeAL,iDeted inage
of it i9 formed.

6. The ipdex correction for us Should be applied.

Sources Of error;

The uprigbts mighi be shaky

2. Paralax temoxal may 0ot be perfect.

Teacher's Signature
Poornachandra Kumar eap. 3

OKSIHCHOGm

xiSCCHOHOHN

9r9pttu foronKeTs
r=.. Cm

Observation6:

1. Angie of priSm 'A': 60

Table for angle of incidence ange of deviation

|S.No. Angte of inCidence i Angle of deviat ion D

35°

2.

3. us°

5.

6.
 Date

Page No. 21

Expt.
No.

Aim: O)Io derermine tbe angie of miniMUM deviatron fora given giasS prism by

h ongle of inadence ange of deviotion.

plotting a graph beraeen

Ci) To determine tbe refractive index Of the material Of the prism.

|Marerials reguired: A droaing board, A glass prism, A sabite sheer of papers,Drauing pins,

A pencil, A scale,A graph paper, A prOtractor.

Theory: The refracive index Cu) of the materral of the prism is given by
deviation!

Sint Dm) where A iS the angle of the ptism and Dn is the angie of minimum
Sin

Procedure:

1- 4ith the nelp of drauing ping, fix a cobite sheer of paper on the draaingbôad. paper.

line XX neorly at he centre of the paper paraLel to the length of the

2.Draus a straight

Mark poinis O,O0 00 the lipe Xx' af he sUitable distances abour S or 6cm) f draw
3.
normals N,O, N,,N0 o0 points O,OaOg 99 Shocn in fig. 2

4.Drauw Straight lines I,0,I0,I0Making a0gles of 30°,4060 cJitb the NOrmals

N,O,,N,04 N,Og (espectively.

he prism ONe Of itG refraciOg Surfaceg on he line xx* _p010t Q, iO the middie
Place coith
5.
0f 4be prism. Mark the boundary of the ptism ABC Qs Shocon n Fig. 2.1.

6.fix tuO pins P, Q, vettically on the line Io, ncidint cay li0e). The distance betuRen the

pins Sbould_be about 9 to 10cm. Now view the images of P,Q, hiougb the face ACof

fhe prisM. Keepinq o0e eye clogedbring open eye iO the ioe of the to0 images of P,

pins
Q Fix tuo petetsB, S, on the paper verthcally fabout 8 to I0 cm apart such that the

tips of thee pinG the tips of the Images of tbe incident ray pNG P,Q, all ie On

the Game Straigbt line.

1-Remove the pins ,Q, &,S, G encitcle their pio ricks on the paper

8.Jon the points Cpin pricks) A, ,S, prodoce it backwards to mer the incident ay

Io, produced(as shoon by he dotted line in fg 24).RS, S Me emergent fay

Teacher's Signature
(alcolatione:
x -aniS G D-atong Y-asis.
btw. angie of inCidence angie of deviation taking i along
determine the valye cf
Plot a graph

The qraph Come9 t0 be a curve as Shocn in Fiq. 2.2 From thi9 graph
of th e 9raph 4s shown in
CorreSpon ding to th lowtst poInt
dngie oF minimum deviat (on Dp
Fig 2.2. he value of angle of miDimUm deviation from the graph Dm 44 Subsfitute the

O. 188
Values of A Om in the formula to compute the value of H: H: Sin (erDm) - Sin 52°
Sin 30 0.5
H1. SY Sin ()
 Date

Page No. 22
Expt No.

rotresponding to the i0cident ray I,0,.Matk arowheads to show the ditectOn of

incdent emergent tays.

4.MeQsure the angle E,E,S, With the help of protractor.This gves the angie of devsaionD,.

o.Repeat the sepsS 5t0 9 for different yalueg of angie Of i0cideoE F Measute the

cortesponding angie Of deviation. Take the values of angies of incidence ranging ftom

L Measure angie GAC in tbe boundary of the prigm. This gveg angie of the prsm A.

n. Recotd all the ob9ervationS io the table.

Result: The graph bo. ifD

indicateg nat as angue of InCidence inreases, angle of
1-
decreases
deviation p first iACeges attainS a min inum value Pm then again sharts
inCIeaSing for fotthêr increase in angie of incidene.

2. Angie of

3. The refractive
minimum
index
deviation, Dm

of the material
44
of the prism (glass) 'iS -57

Precautiong:

.he pin should be fixed Vertical

9. Encircie the piD pricks after they are emoved.

3. Pips mUst be at a distance of Qbout 9 to I0cm.

4. Th angie of incidence shouLd lie between 3o t0 60

5. The same angie of prism Shouid be uged for all the cbservations.

l6. Draw the arrow to indicate the incidence the refracted and the emergent rays.
possible
7. The cUrYe shoULd be free hand Smooth which Shouidpass throUgh ag many pointg as

Sources of error:

L Meagurenent of the angle may be wrong

2. Pin priCKS May be thick

3.The iocidenr ray pins and emergent ray pins may 00t be along the game Straight line

Teacher's Signature
 Date

Page No. 23
No.
Expt.

Aim: To derermine the refractive iAdex of agiasg Slob, osing a tavelling miccoscope.

gias9 gIab,A Marker, ravelling microscope,Iycopodium powder.

IMareriais equired: A

Theory: io fig 2:3,a SeCtion ABCO Of a qlass SIQb of tbickness { is shouD. If P is a

bottom the Glob. ray ligbt PQ from P ig iDCIdeot Qt the top

CrOGS matk at the of A of

angie incidepce i and refractg along QR at an angie of

at the point Q at an of

refraction ( It appears to Come from P, which i9 tbe VittuqL image of real object of

normaL PSN. Reai thicknes9 Of the qlasg Slab PS

CtoSS-maik Pformed on Hence,

Apparent thickneGS of the giags slab :PS

Tbe reftQcive index of the qlass Slab : ReaL thickneS9 Of GIQb u: Ba K,

Apparent thickness of slab

Jhere R, i9 the reading of real depth at the bottom of the sIab,

-matk due to the refraction R i9 tbe (eading at the top of

R is tbe reading at croS9

the glaSS SIab.

Procedure:
on ihe fabie near he windoco So that Sufficient amoUDH
LPlace the traveling micIOScope

on it. Make the base of microscope hotizontal by Qdjusting the ievelling

of lighr falg

of eyepiece S0 that the cOSS COIeS are cIearly viGible!

SCrews, also adugt the poSition

Do. diViSiO0g Of veroier SCQle cubich coincides_ with n0. of main scale
2. NOHe tbe Of

th least cOUNt of microScope scale(1 NSD-1vsp)

divigiong. Find

mQrk on the base the microGcope. Thbis_ point coil act ag

3.Make Q black-iok cIOSS of

Lpoint R, [Eig 244]. NOw make the micioscope vertican §mQve it very gentily. Gsing the

focus the eyeprece on cIOSS-mark bring tbe ctoss-mark in focug S0 that the
SCrew,

the of eyepiece coi0cides with the black cross mark on the bage of the
cfOSg Of wIres
nier
mictoGCope. Note the main Gcale verttt Scale readings o0 Vertical SCale. This gives

reading R

slab O0 tbe black COSS-mark. It iS observed hat the crOSSmark

9Place he given glasS

Teacher's Signature,
 Observationg:

|: (east Count of travelling miroscope:

S0 vernrer scale deviionS = Q main Scale devriong

Least cOUnt 1MSD -1 V.S.D 1M S0- 49 MSD = MSD

Value of 1MSD 0.5mm :0-05 cm

least coUnt L 0.Gmm = 0-01 mm =0-00| cm

GO

Table for RyR,Ra

sprinkled on the 10p of
CroGS-mark without SIab CIOSS-narh with siab Piated oHPoouder
th0 GIab.
NO.
Main Gcole Vernier gcaeR,FQ+nMSR b VSD R,btnC S R C
Vsp R,(+nXLd
reading divigion coinciding (Cm)
Cem) Ccm)
a ccmy coinciding n

3-30 22 3.322 3.90 33 S.20 S.n05

21 3.07|
3.05 4.u96 5.75 5161

5-182 25
3. G-55 4.5S8 32
5-15

Mean R,=3.907 Cm n Mean Ry 4-G53 Cm MeanRS.7q7Cm

Calculations:

Reai thiCknesg of the lags siaD R, -R, 8cm

A pporent thícknes4 of the giass Slab Ri-R 1.24h cn
Refractive index u Rea! thickness of siab
Apparent thickness of Slob
Rg-By
 Date

Expt.
No.
Page No.

RRGrG to be raised. No
Move the mictoScope gradually and gently
he upard to bring
Crosg-mark in focus on the croSs Qires of he eyepiece. Note this reading [fiq.24]
on he vertical scale of travellin0 microsCOpe ecord it as Rq

5.SpriQkIe very Small quontiy of ycopodiom pouuder on the glass slob and raise the
micIOScOpe furthr opwûrd til the pocder particies coMe into focus. Note this reading on
the verticIe scale again Fig. 2.4.cc record it as Rg
6.ReDeat Gteps 3 t0 5 for mOre than tw0 obser vatioNS.

7 Difference of fthe readings Ra R, qiveg the reai thiCKDeSS of the Slab tuhereas
R, -R gives the appareot thickness of the slab.
8.Record all tbe obser vatio0S i0 the table.

Result: The refraCtive index of the materia Cgiass) of the Slab is by USing iraelling

MicOSCope.

PrecautionS:

.The miCtOS Cope tube sbouid be vertica.

2. MicroSCope once focused. on the cIOSS-Mark,the focuSsing shoud n0t be disturbed

thtoughoUH the CÁperimeDt. Oniy rack pioion SCew Should be used to raige the

micIOSCope opusard.

3. Eye piece should be adjuGted so that croSS -Qires are dighinctly seen.

4 Only a thio loayer of lyCopodium pouder should be spread on the top of the siQb.

5. As foar as posSible,the rack pinion Screw sbould be moved in one direction only to

avoid baCk Lash error.

6. MicIOSCOope should not be Shaky

Sources of error

MicrosCope tube may oot be verticaL

2 Microscope may be shaky

Teacher's Signature.
 Date

Page No. 25
No.
Expt

T od the refractive Index ofo lkquid (wate) by USing COnVex leng & plane mirror.

(equited:
A convex lens, A plane mitrot, A cIamp stand, A spheromerer,An opticaL
Mareriai9
sCale,cuater.
needie.A plomb ine, HMetre

Theory:
Of a convex lens of focal iength is placed over a fes drop9 of water, hen focal Lengh of

the plano - concave Ing f formed of aoIer is given by

F
wbere ig the focaL lenQth of the combinaion of 1uwo 1enges., i-e. conveX 1eDS and oiano

-Concave IenG formed OfCJater.

lb)The refractive index of CJAter can be given as 3 l+R where R ig the radius of (uvature

Of Concave sunface of the piano-toncave leng formed of cAier, ie., it is the Iadius of

CUIVature of convex suiface of convex 1ens.

àTbe radius of _curvature R Of the cDlveA Susface of the ieng i9 given by R:l+ 2 h
wbere
6h
Lis the mean digtan ce betuaeen the tu0 Iegs of the spnerometeL and h ghe beight of the
centraL SCre) above the plane of outer legs.

|Procedure:

)DerermiDQKon of the focal iength of the convex lens ()

L Fnd the rough focal length of the conyeK lens.
|2.TaKe a plane miY and ciean it. PIQe On the horlzon1Ql bage of an iron stand fitted

with Q clamping atfangement.

3. Place the_convex 1eng on the piane mifro, SO that principaL axiG of the convex lens is

along vertical.

NOL fix the ootical needie in he clamp Sand hold it hotiZ00 Qlly above tbe con vex \ens,

60 hat its ip_ lieg verticaily above the opicaL centre of he 1en9 ag Shon in Fig.2.5a.

fldjust the beight Gf the needie equal o rough focaL Iength of the coQVex lens. By

heeping +he eye at a distance of about 30cm fiom the Oeedie, look for the image of the

heedle forMed by conves leng qg plane itrot

Teacher's Signature
 ObservatiOnS:

1.Table for focalength of the convex 1ens ()

Distance of tip of 4he needI {rom Focas 1engm cf

5.NO. OPper Gorface of the convex Conve 1ene

Upper surface of he pione
Iens a Ccm) mitror b (cm)
1. 21.2 21-6
214

2. 19.4 19.1 19-55

lengn f 20.475 cm

uy
Meon focal

2. Tabie for focai lengh of combination of convex Iens pono-concove 1ens ofmés by

Focas lengim of
Distance of tip of the needie from ombina150n
5.NO. upoer Surface of
1ens a' (cm)
the convex Upper sUrface of the plane
minor b Ccrm)
Fat
23.4 29.4 29-15

2. 26.8 27.05

Mean focai iength F 25.1 cn

Radius of cUrVature of Surface of the COnvex Ieng

Pitch of the spherometer 01cmn

least count Of the Spherometer= .C0i cm

From Frg.2-6, AB4Cm

3
Tabre for'h

Initial reading of NO. of complete Fino readng ieödif06.ai Cevicion

SNO. h 0kpiich
Circular Scale on fota.iong made by f l0
Conve 1ens cifcuiar 6ca1e

34 3-134

13
22 O-122

25 O.125
20

Me00 ho.271 Cm
 Date

26
Expt. No. Page No.

5.Adjust the position of the needie 0_50 thar there G n0 paraijax betueen the ip of 4he needie

and its iMage I as shoun in fig-2.5 (a).

6. Using Q plumb ine f meHe scale, meas ure the dsiance of the tp o£ the needie f1om the

(ente of the upper Surface of the convex Iens. Let it be a'.Now remove the convek e nG and.

) 7.

G)
measore th

of the

Repeat

8.Record
conVex

the

al) the

Dererrmination
ditance

steps
Iens

Lt0

Obser Vationg

of
£,
of

focal Iength
6
tip

Qth
2
at
of

east

in
the

of
needie

1uO ines
the 1Qbie.

the plano-concave
from

more
the

Ieng
plane

take tud
mituot. Let

formed by
moree
it be

obseIVQtionS.

water.
'b. Then focal length

q. Pour some water whose refracive index is to bA determioed ouer the plQne mitroL, NOJ
piaLe te convex iens over the water. Ler f is te focai iength cê the plano -concave_ lens of

water formed betue en the conve% lens the piane miffor:

10. NOw procEed in steps 4106,10 find he foca lengh cf the ombination of plano-conave

ens (t) and convex iens (E)[Eig-.2-5(6].Let a' fs are the distances cf the upper Gutface of

th (onvex Ieng the piane mitOL fiom the ip of needie (g. 2.5. Co)],then the focal lengh

6E the combination of conVex lens plano-cancave ens forrmed of QAter ig given by F0

IL. Repeat the steps 9 and 10 at east two timeS more and kake tiO more observationS

Jn. Recod al the observQtiôns in table.

B. Afte1 determinahion of foaL (ength OË CoDYeX Iens £, focaL Jength of combination of CONVey

lens _pianó-(oncave lens forned by aarer f the focal iengh of plan0- (oncave Iens f can

be calculated as

l) Deteromination of radius of curvature (R) of the Gurface Of cOnVex lens.

Find the pitch ¢ least cOUNI of the Spherometer.

4.
15. Rarse the entaL 5Crew of the spheromeer place it on the convex lens of the lens Go that

three legs of the Spberomerer rest cn

it
16. NOL) rOtate the gcrew in dounard direcion i1l ite tip just toUCheg the conVex Sorface of

the Jens. Io this pOSition the tip of he Gcre just touches its faint image on the sutface
of the leng.

I1. Note the reading of the citçuIQr_Gcale ie,the N0. af divcIOn of cirCULQr SCale, which 1g coinciig

Teacher's Signature.
Caiculations:

From table ,23, we bave

Mean voalue of f, :20.475cm

Mean value of F =28.I cm

Calcuiate'f' from

f:-75.45 (m
The radius of cuIVature of the convex Gurface of the lenS i9 9iven by

6h

PO1lifc be R: (u)? 0.127

6*0./27

Refracive index of water can be calulated by USing the formuia Hl+ R

 Date

Expt. No. Page No. 21

uth verhical main scale.Ler thiS readin0 be a'

8.Nou place the spherometer on a qiass glab and rotate the srew in docanard directiom

again fi it just touches the Gurface of the QlQ96 slab. In thig pOsition De tip of the sre

just fouches its image the giaas slab.Agan note the circular sale (eading in this pasition.

Let it be 'b'
9Takin9 hitiQl Circular SCale reading 'a' as the reference mark, count the no. tf COMpire
to1Qions made by circular scale betaeen the initial fina eadings ab of he citcuiar

Scale. If 'n' be the n0. of comoIe+e sotaHo ng moade by cfcUJQr scQe,then the valoeofb

1S given by han x pitch + (a-b) x leaçr count if azb. and n0x pitch +(i00 to) -b] X IeastOunt

20.Repeat tbe Stens 15 to 19 take dw0 more Observationg

|21. RecÔrd a the observations in the table.

22.Noc press the spheromer gently on the practiCal norebOOk to ge the impreSSions o
tips of the three legs Gf the SpberOmeter Aß andc. Join A,BsC to form the tiangie e

measure A8, BC CA. TaKe the mean of AB, BCCA coh Kch gves th mean distance C brw

Result: The refracive index Of AHer by convex leng plane mirtor

PiecautionS

J.The paraliel hould be removed p to tip

2.The convex leng of a large focal Iength shood be sed.

3. The ieng plane mitror Shoud be cleaned before use.

|4.The scew of ADe spheiometer shauld be moved in one direcion to Qvoid backsash errot.

Gources of errcor

1. The disances meagured with th help of plumb_ line may not Be have been measUred corechy

2. The paralax may not bave been removed tip to Hp.

3.The back)a9h prror may not have been aVOIded.

Teacher's Signature