Microprocessor – Terms and definitions
microprocessor - is a computer processor where the data processing logic and control is
included on a single integrated circuit, or a small number of ICs.
arithmetic, logic and control - The microprocessor contains the _____________ circuitry
required to perform the functions of a computer's central processing unit.
Intel 4004 - Intel's first commercial chip in 1971, 2300 transistors, 740 khz, execute 60k
instructions per second
Intel 4040 - 1974, 8kb of memory, 3k transistor, 500-740khz
Intel 8008 - First Commercial 8 bit, 1972, 500khz, 50k instructions per second
Intel 8080 - 1974, 2mhz, 6k transistor, 500k instructions per second
Intel 8085 - 1976, 3Mhz, 679.2k instructions per second, 100mil copies sold, 6.5k
transistor, 8kb data bus and 16kb address bus
Intel 8086 - 1978, 4.77 or 8 or 10Mhz, 29k transistor, 1Mb of memory, 22k instructions,
multiply and divide instructions.
Intel 8088 - 1979, cheaper version of 8086, became the most popular when IBM used it
for it's first PC
Intel 80186 and 80188 - 1982, 6MHZ, additional components like; interrupt controller,
clock generator, local bus controller and counters
Intel 80286 - 1982, 8Mhz, 16Mb of memory, 134k transistor, 4mil instructions per
second
Intel 80386 - 1986, 4Gb of memory, 16-33Mhz, best selling microprocessor in history
Intel 80486 - 1989, 1.2M transistor, 16-100Mhz, cache memory was first introduced with
8kb
Intel Pentium - 1993, 80586, 4Gb of memory, 66Mhz, 110M instructions per second .
cache memory: 8kb for instructions and 8kb for data
Intel pentium pro - 1995, use in server systems, 21M transistor
Intel pentium 2 - 1997, 233-500Mhz, MMX technology, 333M instructions per second ,
L2 cache and processor were on one circuit.
Intel pentium 2 xeon - 1998, 400-450Mhz, designed for servers
Intel pentium 3 - 1999, 500Mhz to 1.4 Ghz, 9.5 mil transistor
Intel pentium 4 - 2000, 1.3 to 3.8 Ghz, 42M transistor
Intel dual core - 2006, SMT( simultaneously multi-threading)
Intel core 2 - 2006, 1.2 to 3 Ghz
Intel core i7 - 2008, 2.66-3.33Ghz, 781M transistor
Intel core i5 - 2009, 4 physical cores, 2.40-3.60 Ghz, 781M transistor
Intel core i3 - 2010, 2 physical cores, 2.93-3.33 Ghz, 781M transistor
Intel 8085 - It is a single chip with 40-pins
5 volts
microprocessor - (ALU, control unit, register) CPU
microcontroller - CPU, I/O ports, counter, timer, RAM, ROM
microcontroller - unlike microprocessor, ________ has its own memory units
program memory
data memory
data EEPROM - unlike microprocessor, microcontroller has its own memory units which
is classified as
microprocessor - is used in signal processing for inside the system
microcontroller - is used in signal processing in order to control things
north bridge - memory controller hub, memory slots, graphic card slots
south bridge - I/o controller hub
compiler - is a special program that translates a programming language's source code
into machine code, bytecode or another programming language. The source code is
typically written in a high-level, human-readable language such as Java or C++.
assembly language - In computer programming, ________________, often referred to
simply as Assembly and commonly abbreviated as ASM or asm, is any low-level
programming language with a very strong correspondence between the instructions in
the language and the architecture's machine code instructions
machine language - is the language understood by a computer. It is very difficult to
understand, but it is the only thing that the computer can work with. All programs and
programming languages eventually generate or run programs in machine language
Von Neumann Architecture - consists of a single, shared memory for programs and
data, a single bus for memory access, an arithmetic unit, and a program control unit. it's
processor operates fetching and execution cycles seriously
Harvard Architecture - refers to a memory structure in which the processor is connected
to two independent memory banks via two independent sets of buses. In the original
_____________ one memory bank holds program instructions and the other holds data
bus - is a subsystem that is used to connect computer components and transfer data
between them. For example, an internal bus connects computer internals to the
motherboard.
address bus - carries memory addresses from the processor to other components such
as primary storage and input/output devices.
data bus - carries the data between the processor and other components
control bus - carries control signals from the processor to other components.
Control Unit
I/O Units
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Registers
Cache - main components of microprocessor
Cache memory
RAM
Dynamic RAM
Static RAM
Double Data Rate SDRAM
Double Data Rate 4 Synchronous Dynamic RAM
Rambus Dynamic RAM
Read-only memory - types of computer memory
fetch, decode and execute - The CPU works by following a process known as
Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) - An integrated circuit chip customized for
a particular use, rather than intended for general-purpose use.
Designed to do one thing : High Speed
Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) - Expensive to design and manufacture for
products which has a large production run.
Cannot be reprogrammed or modified to execute another application
Full Custom Design
Semi-Custom Design
Programmable ASIC - types of ASIC
Simplified Programmable Logic Device (SPLD)
Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD) - types of PLD
1. Data Communication
2. Signal Processing
3. Data Display
4. Control Operation - logic devices includes specific function:
Fixed Function Logic Devices - f
PLD and FPGA( field programmable gate array) - 2 types of PLD
PROM - fixed AND fusible OR
PAL - programmable AND fixed OR
PLA - AND & OR are both programmable
Programmable Array Logic and Gate array logic - two types of simple programmable
logic devices
encoder
decoder
multiplexer
demultiplexer - application of Complex Programmable logic devices
CPLD - Build on SPLD Architecture and creates a much larger design
it can be used to integrate the function of a number of SPLDs into a single device
FPGA - It is an integrated circuit that implements code in hardware to execute a
thousand times faster than in a processor.
FPGA - Written in VHDL or Verilog
digital signal processor - The goal of it is to measure, filter, compress real world analog
signals
PLC - is a specialized, industrial, embedded computer. It is custom programmed to
monitor input signals (digital or analog), perform logical operations, and trigger specific
output signals.
PLC - Basically a gigantic microcontroller with higher speed, performance and reliability.
for industrial use for controlling machinery
- Use to integrate new components into a system
Arduino - is an open-source hardware and software company, project, and user
community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and
microcontroller kits for building digital devices.
Combinational Logic - a type of digital logic circuit which is implemented by boolean
circuit, where the output is the pure function of the present input only
processor register - a quick accessible location available to a computer's processor that
may hold instructions, a storage address or any kind of data.
programmable logic controller - a specialized embedded computer. it is custom
programmed to monitor input signal, perform logical operations and trigger specific
output signal.
sequential logic - type of logic circuit whose output depends on the present value of its
input signal and on the sequence of past input the input history
