HOSPITAL PHARMACY PAST PAPERS TOPIC

VIZ

1. INTRODUCTION
Q: Discuss the role of Pharmacist in Hospital Pharmacy (10)
Q: Describe the Different Services provided by the Hospital Pharmacy to the
Patients and Hospitals (10)
Q: Define Hospital Pharmacy? What are the Special Professional Services of
Hospital Pharmacy (10)
Q: What are minimum standards of Pharmacy departments in Hospital (10)
Q: Discuss in detail abilities required of Hospital Pharmacist in a health institution
(10)

2. HOSPITAL AND ITS ORGANIZATION

Q: What is hospital. Write detailed note on classification of hospital? (10)
Q: Discuss the different clinical departments of hospital and their functions (10)
Q: Discuss the role and responsibilities of hospital pharmacist in detail (10)
Q: Define hospital. Discuss in detail the organizational pattern of a hospital (10)
Q: What type of Supportive Services are provided in hospitals (20)
Q: Draw the organogram of a typical hospital in Pakistan e.g. Mayo Hospital (10)
Q: Mention different types of hospitals based on disease specialty (10)

3. PHARMACY, ITS ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL

Q: Write a detailed note on structure and function of pharmacy department
organization in hospital (10)
Q: What is pharmacy departmental organization. Explain with charts (10)

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4. PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTIC COMMITTEE
Q: Discuss briefly about Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee (10)
Q: Discuss Organization and Operation of P & TC (20)
Q: What is the role P & TC in ADR and in Formulary Development (10)
Q: Explain the Composition and Working of Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee
(10)
Q: Explain Functions and Policies of P & TC (10)

5. THE HOSPITAL FORMULARY

Q: Discuss various methods of listing drugs in a formulary (10)
Q: Discuss general principles and guidance to develop hospital formulary (10)
Q: Discuss different aspects for the preparation of formulary and mention the role
of pharmacists (10)
Q: Write a note on formulary and drug catalogue (06)
Q: Write a note on addition and deletion of drugs in a formulary (10)
Q: What are components of hospital formulary (10)
Q: Discuss merits and demerits of formulary system (10)

6. DISPENSING TO IN-PATIENTS
Q: Write a note on Unit Dose Dispensing and its importance in hospitals (10)
Q: Discuss in detail Charged Floor Stock System and Non-Charged Floor Stock
System (10)
Q: Write a note on methods of Drug Distribution in in-patient setting (10)
Q: Write a note on Drug Mobile Dispensing system (06)
Q: Differentiate between Centralized and Decentralized Unit Dose System (20)

7. DISPENSING TO AMBULATORY PATIENTS

Q: Discuss what is dispensing and what are different steps in the process (10)
Q: Write a note on Dispensing to out-patients (07)
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Q: Discuss different categories and Locations for Outpatient Dispensing (10)

8. DISTRIBUTION OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES

Q: Discuss the distribution and dispensing of controlled substances in a hospital
(10)
Q: Categorize the controlled drug substances according to schedules and describe
hospital control procedures for these drugs (10)
Q: Write a note on distribution of control substances (05)
Q: Define controlled drugs. Discuss the responsibilities of hospital pharmacist in
dispensing of controlled substances (10)

9. DISPENSING DURING OFF-HOURS

Q: Discuss Off-Hour Dispensing Parameters of a Hospital (10)
Q: Discuss in detail Dispensing of Drug by Hospital Pharmacy during Off-Hours.
(10)
Q: What is importance of Dispensing during off-Hours in Hospitals (10)
Q: Discuss Role of Pharmacist in Off-Hour Dispensing (10)

10. SAFE USE OF MEDICATION IN HOSPITALS

Q: Write a note on medication error (10)
Q: Define medication errors? What types of medication error usually occur in
hospital (10)
Q: Discuss the role of pharmacist in controlling the medication errors (10)
Q: What is medication error. Propose some strategies to prevent medication
errors in hospital (10)
Q: What are High Alert Medications (10)

11. MANUFACTURING BULK AND STERILE

Q: Discuss budgetary control aspects for the manufacturing of bulk and sterile
supplies in hospital (10)

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Q: Which type of Programs come under Sterile manufacturing. Discuss in detail
Quality Control procedures under the manufacturing program. (10)

12. THE PHARMACY, CENTRAL STERILE SUPPLY ROOM

Q: Describe the Components of Central Sterile Supply Room (10)
Q: Write the managerial role of hospital pharmacist in CSSR (10)
Q: What are important factors in Planning of CSSR (10)
Q: Define and Discuss Purpose of CSSR. In How many ways CSSR is managed? (10)

13. ASEPTIC DISPENSING

Q: Define Hyper alimentation. Describe pharmaceutical issues in formulation of
TPN (10)
Q: Write a note on worksheet (05)
Q: Discuss safe handling practice and reconstitution of cytotoxic drugs (10)
Q: Write a note on the following (20)
I. TPN
II. I.V Admixture
III. Cytotoxic drugs
IV. Eye drops

14. ROLE OF PHARMACIST IN SMALL HOSPITAL, NURSING HOMES, ETC.

15. PURCHASING, DISTRIBUTION AND CONTROL OF HOSPITAL

MEDICINES, MEDICAL AND SURGICAL SUPPLIES
Q: Describe the purchasing procedure in hospital (10)
Q: Describe the role of pharmacist in inventory control (10)
Q: How the purchase of drugs can be handled only by pharmacist? Justify your
answer with example (10)
Q: Define Inventory, Describe the role of pharmacist in inventory control
particular define minimum and maximum stock levels, lead time and economic
order quantity (10)

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Q: Name the types of purchasing. Describe the purchasing of bulk by making flow
chart (10)
Q: Describe role of pharmacist in drug procurement (10)
Q: Explain the relationship between purchasing, distribution and clinical
pharmacy services (10)

16. NUCLEAR PHARMACY

Q: What is nuclear pharmacy, describe in detail how radiopharmaceuticals are
different from ordinary pharmaceuticals (10)
Q: Write a detail note on the role of pharmacist in nuclear pharmacy (10)
Q: Discuss in detail GRPs (Good Radiopharmaceuticals Practice) (10)
Q: Describe the basic requirement for radiopharmacy (10)
Q: Define Hot Laboratory? Discuss the disposal of radiopharmaceuticals in detail
(10)
Q: Define radiopharmaceuticals and their applications in hospitals (10)
Q: Give the discriminatory properties of radiopharmaceuticals (10)

17. THE PHYSICAL PLANT AND ITS EQUIPMENTS

Q: Describe the steps for functional planning for the physical plant and its
equipment (10)
Q: Discuss the physical consideration of physical plant in hospital (10)

18. INVESTIGATIONAL USE OF DRUGS

Q: Write in detail the methods and steps of investigational used drug in hospitals
(10)
Q: Describe the guidelines for institutions for the use of investigational use drugs
(10)
Q: Define Research drug. Discuss guidelines for investigators during
investigational study of drug (10)
Q: Describe role of pharmacist in research in hospital (10)

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19. HEALTH ACCESSORIES
Q: Write a note on some Diagnostic aids (05)
Q: Name different Health Accessories (05)

20. SURGICAL SUPPLIES

Q: Describe the Bandages, catgut (10)
Q: Write a note on Surgical Cotton (10)
Q: Define Sutures & Ligatures? Discuss different steps involved of its preparation
and sterilization (10)
Q: Write a note on Surgical Gauze (05)

21. INSPECTION OF WARDS WITH REFERENCE TO DRUG STORAGE AND

ADMINISTRATION
Q: Describe Role of Pharmacist with reference to Ward Inspection (10)
Q: Write a note on monitoring of ward stock by pharmacists (10)

22. MANAGEMENT OF ACCIDENT & EMERGENCY PHARMACY (A & E)

Q: Describe the accident and emergency pharmacy in hospitals (10)

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 CLINICAL PHARMACY PAST PAPERS TOPIC VIZ

GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL PHARMACY

Q1: Clinical pharmacy and role of clinical pharmacist? (10) (2nd annual 2018)

Q2: Define clinical pharmacy and discuss the role of clinical pharmacist in
healthcare settings. (10) (2nd annual 2018)

Q3: Describe the responsibilities of clinical pharmacist regarding clinical

pharmacokinetics. (10) (2016)

Q4: Briefly describe responsibilities of clinical pharmacist in hospital. (10) (2nd

annual 2016)

Q5:

a) Define clinical pharmacy according to ACCP. (5)

b) Discuss consultation process with reference to WWHAM, ENCORE & AS
METHOD. (10)
c) What is the role of clinical pharmacist in health care setting? (5) (2nd annual
2019)

DISEASE MANAGEMENT

MODULES:

Unit I: Cardiovascular unit (hypertension, ischemic heart

diseases e.g. angina pectoris, MI, Heart failure).
Q1: What are different types of IHD? Briefly describe treatment options for
angina? (10) (2018)

Q2:

a) Define heart failure? (4)

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 b) Classify heart failure according to New York heart association. (8)
c) Discuss the treatment of heart failure with digoxin and ACE-inhibitors? (8)
(2nd annual 2018)

Q3: Differentiate between hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke? (6) (2017) (2016)

Q4: Define hypertension and discuss briefly the management goals. (6) (2019)

Q5: What are compelling indications? How anti-hypertensive therapy is carried

out in the presence of compelling indications. (10) (2019)

Q6: Define the following: (4) (2019)

(a) Ischemic heart disease

(b) Congestive heart failure
(c) Myocardial infarction
(d) Portal hypertension

Q7:

a) Discuss mosaic model theory of blood pressure control. (7)

b) Discuss the management of CHF. (7) (2nd annual 2019)

Unit II: Pulmonary unit (Asthma e.g. acute, chronic, status

asthamaticus, childhood asthma, Pneumonia, COPD includes
emphysema & chronic bronchitis)
Q1:

a) Define asthma and discuss about the types? (4)

b) Write about the investigation / diagnosis of asthma? (6)
c) Summarize step wise management of asthma in adults? (10) (2018)

Unit III: Gastroenterology unit [ulcer, liver cirrhosis, portal

hypertension, hepatitis, diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease
(IBD)

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Q1: Discuss how treatment responses are monitored in hepatitis C and pan-
genotypic direct acting anti-viral in patients with and without liver cirrhosis. (10)
(2019)

Q2: Briefly describe the management of portal hypertension. (5) (2019)

Q3: Tabulate differences between duodenal and gastric ulcer. (3) (2019)

Q4: Discuss the complications of portal hypertension and their management. (10)
(2nd annual 2019)

Q5: Briefly discuss the clinical finds and management of irritable bowel disease.
(6) (2nd annual 2019)

PATIENT PROFILE & PATIENT COUNSELING

Q1: Write any five clinical differences among different types of macrolides? (10)
(2nd annual 2018)

Q2: What are the main components of drug profile, discuss with one example.
(10) (2nd annual 2018)

Q3:

a) What is paradoxical effect of benzodiazepines? (6)

b) Discuss risk base categorization of antiepileptics? (7)
c) Write a note on withdrawal symptoms of benzodiazipines. Also give
withdrawal protocols? (7) (2017)

Q4:

a) Discuss second generation cephalosporins. (5)

b) Discuss warnings and precautions of adrenaline use. (7) (2nd annual 2017)

Q5: Describe three clinical differences among different types of corticosteroids.

(6) (2nd annual 2017)

Q6: What are the precautions, contraindications and administration guidelines for
morphine? (10) (2016)

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Q10: How can the following drugs induce ADRs in patient with cardiovascular
diseases: Celecoxib, atenolol, tranexamic acid, diclofenac, immediate release
nifedipine. (10) (2nd annual 2016)

Q11: What are the therapeutic uses and withdrawal effects of diazepam. (10) (2nd
annual 2016)

Q12: Write the contents and process of taking patient’s medical history. (6) (2nd
annual 2016)

CLINICAL TRIALS OF DRUG SUBSTANCES

Q1: What are different types of clinical trials? Describe different phases of clinical
trials with key differences? (10) (2018)

Q2: What are different reporting statements of clinical studies? (3) (2018)

Q3: What are different types of clinical study designs and arrange them in order
of their clinical significance? (6) (2nd annual 2018)

Q4: Write a note on clinical trials. (10) (2nd annual 2018) TYPES (2016)

Q5: Generate a flow diagram of various study designs in clinical research. (5)
(2017)

Q6: Briefly explain the major differences in procedures, from recruitment, design,
sub-types and dosing between phase ll and phase lll clinical trials. (5) (2017)
(2019)

Q7: Discuss the importance of study population issue, outcome and influencing
variables selection in designing clinical trials? (8) (2016)

Q8: what is blinding in clinical trials? Explain. (7) (2016)

Q9: Compare and discuss the significance and procedural differences of different
phases of clinical trials. (7) (2nd annual 2016)

Q10: What is the importance of randomization, blinding and sample size in clinical
study design? (5) (2nd annual 2019) (2018)

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EMERGENCY TREATMENT
Q1: An unconscious patient is admitted in ED with high grade fever, leukocytosis,
MAP 50mmHg, pulse 35/mint, PCWP 2mmHg and lactic acid 7mmol/L. write down
diagnose and treatment protocol for this patient. (12) (2017) (2016)

Q2: A patient is presented in ED with left sided paralysis, cognitive deficit,

headache, BP 165/95 and alter level of consciousness. CT scan shows hypo
intense dark area. Write down diagnose and treatment protocol for this patient.
(12) (2nd annual 2017)

Q3: What are normal ranges of vital physiological parameters that should be
monitored for a patient present in any emergency department? (8) (2016)

Q4: An IDDM patient is admitted to the ED with the symptoms of nausea,

vomiting, SOB, pulse 116/min, B.P 92/70 mmHg, BSR 545 mg/dl, R.R30
breaths/min and labored with a fruity odor. Write down diagnose and treatment
protocol for this patient. (12) (2nd annual 2016)

Q5: What is ABCD in emergency treatment? Briefly explain (4) (2nd annual 2016)

DRUG INTERACTIONS
Q1:

a) Write a note on pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions with at least 3

examples, and how these interactions can be harmful and beneficial in
clinical setting? (10) (2017) (2016) (2nd annual 2016)
b) Give three examples of drug-drug interactions due to enzyme inhibition on
drug metabolism level? (5) (2018) (2nd annual 2019)
c) What is the significance of randomization, blinding and sample size in
clinical study design? (5) (2018) (2nd annual 2019)

Q2: Give three examples of DDIs at drug distribution levels and how these can be
overcome? (7) (2018)

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Q3: What are the major differences between induction and inhibition due to DDIs
at metabolism level, Describe DDIs due to enzyme induction at drug metabolism
level? (10) (2nd annual 2018) (2nd annual 2017)

Q4: Describe with examples DDIs at elimination and transport level? (8) (2nd
annual 2018) (2017)

Q5:

a) Define the following:

i. Drug-drug interactions (4)
ii. Drug food interactions (4)
b) Explain the drug interacting through pharmacokinetic mechanism with
reference to (give examples):
i. Changes in gastric pH
ii. Complexation and chelation
iii. Increased GI motility
iv. Decreased GI motility
v. Alteration of GI flora
vi. Role of P-glycoproteins(12) (2nd annual 2018)

Q6:

a) Explain the behavior of drugs when given together at the hepatic level with
reference to inducers, inhibitors and substrates. (12)
b) Discuss the drug interacting with herbal drugs. (8) (2nd annual 2018)

Q7: Classify drug-drug interactions. Also describe with examples DDIs at

absorption and distribution levels (15) (2017)

Q8: Briefly describe the factors that can increase the risk of drug-drug interactions
and how pharmacist can manage drug-drug interaction in clinical settings. (5) (2nd
annual 2017) (2nd annual 2016) (2nd annual 2019)

Q9:

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 a) Explain with examples the difference between synergism, potentiation, and
additive effects due to DDIs. (7) (2019)
b) Name three inhibitors of CYP enzyme. (3) (2nd annual 2017) (2019)

Q10: Classify Drug-drug interactions. Also describe with examples, drug drug
interactions at absorption levels. (7) (2019)

PHARMACOVIGILANCE
Q1:

a) Define adverse drug reactions according to WHO? (5)

b) Explain the classification of ADRs on DOTs system? (5)
c) What are different types of adverse drug reactions? (10) (2018)

Q2:

a) Define ADRs according to FDA? (4)

b) What is the mechanism of reporting and monitoring of ADRs? (8)
c) Discuss ionic mechanism of toxicity at cellular level? (8) (2nd annual 2018)

Q3: what are pharmaceutical factors considered to be the cause of ADRs? (10)
(2nd annual 2018)

Q4: Discuss ADRs in pediatric patients. (10) (2nd annual 2018), due to altered
metabolism. (2nd annual 2017) (2016)

Q5: Write down any 4 ADRs in pediatrics due to altered metabolism. (4) (2017)

Q6:

a) Write the names of predisposing factors of ADRs? (4)

b) Give one example for each type of ADRS. (4) (2017)

Q7:

a) What is a beers criterion? Give any five examples for potentially

inappropriate medication use in older adults. (8) (2017)

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 b) Classify drugs according to the severity of ADRs in pregnancy and give few
examples. (6) (2nd annual 2017) (2016)

Q8: Highlight any 5 ADRs in gariatrics? (6) (2016)

Q9: Write a note on patient related factors affecting ADRs with examples. (8) (2nd
annual 2016)

Q8:

a) Define ADRs according to Krach and Lasange and FDA. (4) (2019)
b) Write a note on extended Rawlins-thompson classification of ADRs. (8) (2nd
annual 2016) (2019)
c) Discuss briefly the concept of safety in the context of drugs. (8) (2019)

Q9:

a) Discuss ADRs according to WHO and FDA. (4)

b) Discuss DOTS classification of ADRs. (8)
c) Discuss the key factors affecting susceptibility to ADRs. (8) (2nd annual 2019)

PHARMACOTHERAPY PLAN
Q1: Write a note on CORE, PRIME and FARM pharmacotherapy plans? (10) (2nd
annual 2018) (2nd annual 2017) (2019)

Q2: Write a note on treatment protocol of diabetic ketoacidosis? (10) (2nd annual
2018)

Q3:

a) Define pharmaceutical care. (4) (2019) (2nd annual 2019)

b) Discuss with reference to pharmaceutical care problem identification and
prioritization. (10)
c) Discuss briefly PWDT. (5) (2nd annual 2019)

II. Pharmacotherapy Decision-Making

Q1: How can pharmacist participate in pharmacotherapy decision making? (10)
(2nd annual 2018)
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DRUG INDUCED DISEASES
Q1:

a) Classify acute kidney injury as per AKIN (acute kidney injury network)
criterion? (5)
b) Write a detail note on NSAIDs induced acute kidney injury? (15) (2018)

Q2: Write a note on NSAIDs induced peptic ulcer disease? (10) (2nd annual 2018)

Q3: Discuss drug induced ischemic heart disease. (10) (2nd annual 2018)

Q4: How can quinolones induce cardiovascular disease? (4) (2017)

Q5:

a) What are the predictors of drug induced acute kidney injury? (5)
b) Classify chronic kidney disease as per the kidney disease improving global
outcomes guidelines? (5)
c) Write a note on cisplatin induces nephropathy? (10) (2017)

Q6: Enlist the names of drugs which can cause torsades de pointus arrhythmia. (4)
(2017)

Q7: What are the predisposing factors of torsades de pointus arrhythmia? (2nd
annual 2017) (2nd annual 2016)

Q8: Enlist the name of drugs that have been withdrawn from market due to
torsades de pointes arrhythmias. (5) (2nd annual 2016)

Q8: How can vasodilator drugs induce cardiovascular diseases? Give examples of
two drugs. (4) (2nd annual 2017)

Q9:

a) Write a note on the predictators of drug induced hepatitis. (10)

b) Write a note on phenytoin induced hepatotoxicity. (10) (2nd annual 2017)

Q10: Describe the hepatitis induced by the following drugs: Acetaminophen,

isoniazid, phenytoin (2016)

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Q11:

a) Define chronic kidney disease and its stages. (3) (2016)

b) Write a detailed note on analgesics-induced chronic kidney disease. (7)
(2016)

Q12:

a) Define acute kidney injury and describe its stages (3) (2nd annual 2016)
b) Write a detailed note on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/ARBs
induced acute kidney failure. (7) (2nd annual 2016)

Q13: Discuss the types of drug induced liver diseases based on patterns of liver
injury and how it’s diagnosed. (8) (2019)

Q14: Write a note on NSAIDs induced nephrotoxicity, diagnosis and clinical

management. (8) (2nd annual 2019)

UTILIZATION OF CLINICAL DRUG LITERATURE

Q1: Drug information resources and utilization of clinical drug literature? (10)
(2018)

Q2: Drug information centre? (10) (2nd annual 2018)

Q3: Discuss the utilization of clinical drug literature and role of pharmacist. (10)
(2nd annual 2018)

Q4: What is drug information? What are different sources of information? (10)
(2nd annual 2018) (2017)

Q5: Explain primary Drug literature with examples. Write a note on its advantages
and disadvantages. (8) (2016)

Q6: Differentiate between primary, secondary and tertiary literature with

examples. (10) (2nd annual 2016)

Q7: What is research literature review? Write all the steps involved in literature
search. (4) (2nd annual 2016)

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Q8: Write a detailed note on the merits and demerits of research study question,
and how to turn a research question into a proposal taking into account the bias,
confounding, ethics, planning and selection of variables. (15) (2nd annual 2017)
(2019)

ONLINE PHARMACEUTICAL CARE SERVICES AND

GLOBALIZATION
Q1: Discuss online pharmaceutical care services and globalization? (10) (2018)

Q2: Discuss the use of computers in hospital/ retail/ clinical pharmacy. (10) (2nd
annual 2018) (2nd annual 2017) (2016) (2nd annual 2016)

PROVISION OF PHARMACEUTICAL CARE IN MULTIPLE

ENVIRONMENT

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 INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY PAST PAPERS TOPIC
VIZ

1. MASS TRANSFER
Q: Write a short note on Mass transfer (05)
Q: Briefly discuss the principles and mechanisms of Mass transfer and its
applications in pharmaceutical industry (10)
Q: Describe theory of Mass Transfer (05)

2. HEAT TRANSFER
Q: Discuss in detail property of Steam (07)
Q: Discuss parameters to be taken in designing heating equipment (06)
Q: What are applications of Steam (07)
Q: Write a short note on Heat transfer (05)
Q: Discuss in detail the types of Heat Transfer Mechanism and its applications in
pharmaceutical industry (10)

3. DRYING
Q: Describe the principle, construction, advantages and disadvantages of
following (20)
1. Tray Dryer
2. Fluid Bed Dryer
Q: Define drying and discuss at least two Convection Dryers used for
pharmaceutical materials (10)
Q: Write a note on following (20)
1. Freeze Drying
2. Spray Drying

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Q: Can we dry Solutions / Suspensions? How? Discuss the principle of such
method (10)
Q: What are different theories of Drying? Write down the classification of Dryers
(10)

4. COMMINUTION (SIZE REDUCTION)

Q: Write a note on Triple Roller Mill (07)
Q: Describe the application of Size Reduction in pharmacy (10)
Q: Explain the principle, use and advantages of Ball mill and Hammer mill (10)
Q: Describe Ball mill and Give importance of critical speed in Ball mill (10)
Q: How the particle size of milled powder is represented graphically (10)
Q: Discuss principle, construction, working and applications of Roller mill (10)
Q: Define milling and elaborate types of milling (08)
Q: Write a note on Mechanism of milling (05)
Q: Discuss in detail the principal and working of Cutter mill and Fluid energy mill
(10)
Q: Discuss Pin mill (05)
Q: Discuss different methods of size reduction with examples and which type of
milling instrument is suitable for waxy substances (10)
Q: What is comminution Discuss advantages, disadvantages and factors affecting
the particle size reduction (10)

5. MIXING
Q: Explain types of mixture and objectives of Mixing (10)
Q: Discuss various mixers used in liquid preparations (10)
Q: Define Mixing (06)
Q: Discuss equipment used for Solid Mixing (06)
Q: Write a note on different types of Impeller Mixers used for liquid mixing (10)

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 6. CLASRIFICATION AND FILTRATION
Q: Describe the principal, construction, advantages and disadvantages of Meta
Filters (10)
Q: Discuss and Name the Filter aids and Filter media (10)
Q: Write a note on Plate and Frame Filter Press (10)
Q: Discuss in detail law of filtration (10)
Q: Discuss various factors affecting rate of filtration. Explain with diagram working
of Filter Press (10)
Q: Draw and discuss leaf filter also give its pharmaceutical advantages and
disadvantages (05)
Q: What is Filtration. Write down the types of filters in Pharmaceutical industry
(10)
Q: Write a short note on Clarification (05)
Q: Define the different terms used to explain the filtration process (10)
Q: Define filtration, clarification, decantation and sedimentation and also discuss
the mechanism of filtration with reference to Darcy’s law (10)
Q: Define and discuss properties of ideal filter media and also discuss different
factors affecting the selection of filter media (10)

7. EVAPORATION
Q: Write notes on the following (10 each)
1. Evaporating still
2. Long tube evaporators
3. Short tube evaporators
Q: Discuss Evaporation and Vaporization. Explain evaporation under reduced
pressure (10)
Q: Give various factors effecting evaporation and explain Pan Evaporators (10)

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 8. COMPRESSION AND COMPACTION
Q: Discuss in detail the physics of tableting (10)
Q: Describe various forces involved in compression (10)
Q: Write note on following (05 each)
1. Angle of Repose
2. Heckle plot
3. Friability Test
4. Mass volume relationship
Q: Write a note on wet and dry granulation methods in tablet compression (10)
Q: Describe the physics of tablets (10)
Q: Describe in detail different steps involved in sugar coating (10)
Q: Discuss essential excipients used in tablet formulation (10)
Q: Write a note on following (05 each)
1. Compression and Consolidation
2. Rotary die process
3. Binder of tablets
4. Sugar coating of tablets
Q: Write down the defects of film coating (10)
Q: What are different methods of tablet preparation. Describe dry granulation
method (10)
Q: Discuss the problems associated with manufacturing of tablets and suggest the
solutions to avoid these problems (10)
Q: What is solid air interface and Angle of Repose (10)
Q: Discuss in detail tablet coating and problems involved in tableting (10)
Q: Write note on following (05 each)
1. Granulation
2. Size Analysis and Sieving
3. Flow Rates
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 4. Capping and Lamination
Q: Define Compression, Consolidation and Compaction, discuss their mechanisms
in detail (10)
Q: Name the methods of tablet manufacturing and make flow chart to describe
these, how the choice is made between these methods (10)
Q: Steps in manufacturing of hard gel capsules (07)

9. SAFETY METHODS IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

Q: How will you calculate accident rates (10)
Q: Describe the salient features of Guards used for preventing the accidents (10)
Q: What are Safety plans and Practices to control Fire in Pharmaceutical
Industries (10)
Q: Describe fire extinguisher, fire sprinkle system and control of fire in closed
system (10)
Q: Define Hazard, Safety and Risk. Discuss different detailed aspects of chemical
hazard (10)
Q: Write a short note on inflammable gases and dust (10)
Q: Briefly discuss different types of hazards and their impact on the life of
employees working in a pharmaceutical manufacturing unit (10)

10. EMULSIONS
Q: Discuss the methods of assessing the stability of emulsions (10)
Q: Discuss formulation considerations of pharmaceutical emulsions (20)
Q: Define emulsions? Give the equipment for the preparation of microemulsions
(10)
Q: Define emulsion instability (10)
Q: Differentiate between micro-emulsion and nano-emulsion (10)
Q: What are emulsions and their types (06)

GM Hamad
 11. SUSPENSIONS
Q: What are Pharmaceutical applications of suspensions (10)
Q: Write a note on the test methods for suspensions (10)
Q: Write a note on Flocculated and Deflocculated suspensions (10)
Q: Write about formulation consideration of suspension (10)
Q: What are suspending agents and give few examples (10)
Q: How suspensions are formulated, and which types of equipment are used in
their formulation (10)

12. SEMISOLIDS
Q: What are semisolid preparations and write their Packaging techniques (10)
Q: Write a short note on Ophthalmic Preparations (05)
Q: Discuss the equipment used in the preparation of semisolid dosage form (10)

13. STERILE PRODUCTS

Q: Describe the formulation of sterile dosage form (Parenteral) (10)
Q: Discuss the packaging components of sterile dosage forms. (10)
Q: How will you prepare and sterilize the packaging components. (10)
Q: Explain the equipment used for manufacturing of sterile products (10)
Q: Write a note on clean room and their classes (10)
Q: Write a note on Leaking test for parenteral (10)
Q: Write a note on solvent systems for parenteral (10)
Q: How will you set filling line for liquid parenteral (10)
Q: Discuss the sealing of sterile liquid ampoules (10)
Q: What is clean in place concept? How equipment is cleaned in sterile
manufacturing (10)
Q: How does a sterile area different from the general pharmaceutical
manufacturing area (10)
GM Hamad
Q: Describe the aqueous and non-aqueous solvents used in sterile preparations
(10)
Q: Describe the method of production for a terminally sterilized formulation (10)
Q: Describe the ideal characteristics of sterile products and explain the
requirements for the preparation of parenteral preparations in pharmaceutical
industry (10)
Q: Describe the method of production for sterilized products in pharmaceutical
industry (10)
Q: What is sterile area. Give IPQC Tests for parenteral (10)
Q: Describe large scale manufacturing of sterile dosage form with help of flow
chart (10)

14. PACKING & PACKAGING

Q: Which factors you will consider while packaging a drug in plastics (10)
Q: Describe type II and type III packaging materials (10)
Q: Give types of pharmaceutical packaging, what is temper resistant package and
plastic as packaging material (10)
Q: Define packaging. Discuss packaging area and influence of packaging materials
on pharmaceutical products (10)
Q: Describe the characteristics of packaging materials. Give reasons why glass is
preferred in packaging of injectables (10)
Q: Describe different types of materials used to prepare the container for
pharmaceutical packaging (10)

GM Hamad
 PAST PAPERS TOPIC VIZ
BIOPHARMACEUTICS

DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY

Q: Define the following terminology
• Biopharmaceutics • Therapeutic alternatives
• Pharmacokinetics • Pharmaceutical alternatives
• Drug disposition • Pharmaceutical substitution
• Bioequivalence • Absolute bioavailability
• Therapeutic equivalent • Bioequivalent products
• Pharmaceutical equivalents
GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION
Q: What are different patient-related factors which influence drug absorption?
(5) (Annual 2018)
Q: Discuss the importance of physicochemical nature of drugs in drug
absorption through gastrointestinal tract. (15) (Annual 2016)
Q: Describe the pH-partition theory. What is its significance in absorption of
drugs? (12) (2nd Annual 2019)

BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE AND VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION

Q: What is apparent volume of distribution? Describe significance of the
volume of distribution. (12) (2nd Annual 2018)
Q: Discuss apparent volume of distribution. Why is it called as apparent?
Discuss the significance of volume of distribution. (4+2+2) (2nd Annual 2018)
Q: What is apparent volume of distribution? Discuss it significance. (6) (Annual
2016)
Q: Describe volume of distribution. Why it is called as “apparent”? (5) (2nd
Annual 2016)
Q: Define the following terms:
• Half life
• Biological half life
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DRUG CLEARANCE
Q: Explain the difference between drug clearance and drug excretion. (8)
(Annual 2018) (2nd Annual 2016)
Q: Describe clearance? How does the clearance differ from excretion? (10) (2nd
Annual 2018) (2nd Annual 2017)

LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR PHARMACOKINETICS

Q: What is non-linear pharmacokinetics? How does it differ from other kinetic
orders? What is its impact on Pharmacokinetics? (4+4+4) (Annual 2018) (2nd
Annual 2017)
Q: Discuss applications of pharmacokinetics in Dose adjustment, Elderly
patients and Therapeutic drug monitoring. (6) (2nd Annual 2018)
Q: What is therapeutic drug monitoring? Describe the process of therapeutic
drug monitoring. (8) (Annual 2018) (2nd Annual 2016) (2nd Annual 2017)
Q: Describe non-linear pharmacokinetics. (10) (2nd Annual 2018) (Annual 2017)
(2nd Annual 2019)
Q: Write short notes on the following:
• Factors influencing drug variability
• Dosage considerations in elderly and obese patients (4+8+8)
• Pharmacokinetics applications in age-based dose adjustment (6+6+8)
• Conditions requiring therapeutic drug monitoring
• Dose consideration in children and obese patients (4+7+9)

BIOAVAILABILITY AND BIOEQUIVALENCE

Q: What is relative bioavailability? Briefly describe how bioavailability of drug is
determined using urine data. (10) (2nd Annual 2018)
Q: Describe the measurement of bioavailability using the urine data. (12)
(Annual 2016) (Annual 2017)
Q: What is bioavailability? Describe briefly different pharmaceutical factors
affecting bioavailability of drugs? (15) (2nd Annual 2016)
Q: Describe the measurement of bioavailability using the blood data. (8) (2nd
Annual 2016) (2nd Annual 2019)

GM Hamad
Q: Discuss design and evaluation of bioequivalence studies. (12) (2nd Annual
2017)

CONCEPT OF COMPARTMENTS(S) MODEL

ONE COMPARTMENT OPEN MODEL
Q: Describe the calculation of parameters for one compartment open model
after oral administration. (12) (2nd Annual 2018) (Annual 2017)
Q: Describe calculation of the Pharmacokinetics parameters required for
determination of I/V infusion assuming one compartment model. (12) (2nd
Annual 2018) (2nd Annual 2019)
Q: What are the Disposition parameters required for determination of one
compartment open model after oral administration? (14) (Annual 2016)
MULTI-COMPARTMENT MODEL
Q: Illustrate and give steps to determine the distribution rate constant in two
compartment open model after oral administration? (12) (Annual 2018) (2nd
Annual 2017) (2nd Annual 2019)
Q: Demonstrate with illustration the calculation of absorption rate constant for
two compartment oral model. (14) (2nd Annual 2018) (2nd Annual 2016)
Q: Describe, with illustration the method used to calculate the rate for
distribution in two compartment open model after I/V administration. (12)
(Annual 2016)
Q: Illustration with steps the role of residual method for calculation of
distribution rate constant in two compartment open model after I/V route.
(12) (2nd Annual 2018) (Annual 2017)
Q: Describe the open and closed compartment models. Which compartment
model is logical in pharmacokinetics? (6) (2nd Annual 2018)
Q: What is the sampling compartment for measuring drug concentration? Why
drug concentration cannot be measured at the receptor site? (4+4) (Annual
2016)
Q: Define the following:
• Flip-flop model (8+8+4) (Annual 2018)
• Trapezoidal method
• Mammillary and catenary models (8+4+8) (2nd Annual 2018)
• Closed compartment
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 • Open compartment
NON-COMPARTMENT MODEL
Q: Define non-compartmental approach? Describe trapezoidal method for area
under the curve. Give formula for extrapolated AUMC (AUMC0-∞). (2+6+4)
(Annual 2018)
Q2: What are compartment models? Write down the Pharmacokinetic
parameters of noncompartmental analysis. (8) (Annual 2016)
Q3: What is statistical moment theory? Describe how statistical moment
theory is applicable to calculate AUC0-∞ , AUMC0-∞ and MRT? (2+6) (2nd Annual
2019)
Q: Define the following terminologies:
• Mean residence time (MRT)
• Area under the first moment curve (AUMC) (10) (2nd Annual 2018)

MULTIPLE DOSAGE REGIMENS

Q: Describe different designs of Dosage Regimens? (10) (Annual 2018)
Q: Describe Persistence Factor, Accumulation Factor and Loss factor during
multiple dosing. (8) (2nd Annual 2018)
Q: Describe the factors affecting drug concentration in body during multi-dose
drug administration. (5) (Annual 2016) (Annual 2017)
Q: Calculate persistent factor for a drug with half-life 6h for a dose
administered at; (I) every 6h and (II) every 8h. (8) (2nd Annual 2019)
Q: Write short notes on the following:
• Loss factor
• Persistent factor
• Steady state concentration
• Accumulation and loss factors in multiple dosing

ELIMINATION OF DRUGS
Q: What is extraction ratio? Give its importance. Describe Phase I reactions in
biotransformation with at least one example. (3+2+9) (2nd Annual 2018)
Q: Describe first pass effect? Explain Phase II biotransformation reactions with
at least one example. (2+8) (2nd Annual 2018) (Annual 2017) (2nd Annual 2016)

GM Hamad
Q: Explain Phase II biotransformation reactions with at least one example. (8)
(2nd Annual 2019)
Q: What are the non-hepatic sites for drug biotransformation? Explain Phase II
biotransformation reactions with at least one example. (10) (Annual 2016)
Q: What is the sequence of biotransformation reactions? What are the changes
brought about in drug molecules during Phase I and Phase II reactions? (3+3)
(2nd Annual 2016)
Q: What are the roles of biotransformation? What are the changes brought
about in drug molecules during Phase I and II reactions? (3+3) (2nd Annual
2017)
Q: What is the extraction ratio? What is its importance? Describe the factors
affecting biotransformation. (3+3+8) (2nd Annual 2017)

PROTEIN BINDING
Q: Describe the significance of plasma protein binding and also discuss the
types of plasma proteins involved in drug protein binding. (10) (2nd Annual
2018)
Q: Describe protein binding. Describe the kinetics of protein binding. (14) (2nd
annual 2016) (2nd Annual 2019)

PHARMACOKINETIC VARIATIONS IN DISEASE STATES

Q: Discuss the pharmacokinetic changes occurred during hepatic impairments
and the dose adjustment in hepatic impairment. (8) (2nd Annual 2018)
Q: Write short notes on the following:
• Renal clearance
• Hepatic clearance
• Dose adjustment in renal diseases (6+5+9) (Annual 2017)
• Dose consideration in hepatic diseases.

PHARMACOKINETICS OF INTRAVENOUS INFUSION

Q: Define IVIVC. Describe its significance. (2+6) (Annual 2018)

BIOPHARMACEUTICAL ASPECTS IN DEVELOPING A DOSAGE FORM

Q: What is biopharmaceutics? Describe how does biopharmaceutics affect
design of dosage forms. (15) (Annual 2018) (2nd Annual 2016) (2nd Annual 2017)

GM Hamad
Q: Describe what types of physiochemical factors are considered in dosage
form design. (14) (2nd Annual 2018) (Annual 2017)
Q: Discuss how the Noyes-Whitney equation explains factors for dissolution.
(6) (2nd Annual 2018) (Annual 2017)
Q: What is dissolution? Discuss how the Noyes-Whitney equation explains
factors for dissolution. (2+6) (2nd Annual 2019)
Q: Define dissolution. Describe how dissolution requirements meet with the
USP-NF specifications? (10) (2nd Annual 2018) (2nd Annual 2017)

IN-VITRO IN-VIVO CORRELATION (IVIVC)

Q: How are steady state concentration (Css), Pre-Css, Post-Css, Elimination rate
and Half-life are computed for I/V infusion after one compartment model? (10)
(Annual 2018)
Q: Define IVIVC. Describe its significance. (2+6) (Annual 2018)
Q: Write short notes on the following:
• IVIVC • Level A correlation
• Significance of BCS
classification

GM Hamad
 Quality Control Past Papers Topic Viz

Introduction
Q1: What is pharmacopoeia? What type of information is given in appendices and
monographs? (8)
Q2: Differentiate between appendices and monographs? (10)
Q4: Differentiate between Quality Control and Quality Assurance. Enlist various
Official books used for Quality Control of Pharmaceuticals. (10)
Q5: Explain the difference between Quality Control and Quality. (10)
Q6: Define Quality, Why Quality is needed in Pharmaceutical Products? Describe
the concept of Pharmaceutical Quality Management. (10)

Solid Dosage Form

Tablets
Q7: Discuss in detail Dissolution Testing of Tablets? (10)
Q8: Describe importance of Dissolution Test. (10)
Q9: Discuss Sustained Action Drug Delivery System (Tablets) Evaluation by
Dissolution. (10)
Q10: What are IPQC testes for tablets? Describe principle, apparatus and
procedure for the friability of compressed tablets. (10)
Q11: How the in-vitro Evaluation of Sustained release Dosage Form is performed.
(10)
Q12: Define Disintegration. Discuss construction and working of Basket Rack
Assembly with Diagram. (10)
Q13: How will you perform the Weight variation in Tablets. (10)
Q14: Name Official and unofficial tests for Tablets.
Q15: Dissolution Test for Enteric Coated Tablets. (10)

GM Hamad
Q16: Explain Hardness and Content Uniformity Test for Tablets. (10)
Q17: Describe the procedure for Weight Variation Test of Compressed Tablets.
(05)
Q18: Define dissolution and disintegration? Why these tests are performed for
solid dosage forms and also describe apparatus and method used for the
disintegration testing of compressed tablets. (10)
Q19: Tabulate the acceptance criterion for dissolution testing of uncoated
tablets? (03)
Q20: Discuss various official apparatuses used for the dissolution testing of
tablets. Also provide their Pharmaceutical Applications (07)
Q21: Explain interpretation criterion for the dissolution of following dosage form
a) Immediate release dosage form
b) Sustained release dosage form
Q22: Define Construction, Procedure and Interpretation of USP Tablet friability
test. (10)
Q23: Provide names of various compendial and non-compendial Quality Control
Tests for Capsules and Tablets. Explain friability test in detail. (10)
Capsules
Q24: Discuss Weight variation in Capsules. (10)
Q25: Describe Content Uniformity Test of Filled Hard Gelatin Capsules. (10)
Q26: Discuss the Dissolution test for Capsules. (10)
Powders
Q27: Name four commonly used methods for testing flow properties of powders
and also define compressibility index and Hausner ratio. (05)

Syrups and Elixirs and Disperse Systems

Q28: Describe briefly QC tests of Elixirs (10)
Q29: What Quality Control tests are performed for Syrups (12)

GM Hamad
Q30: Explain different Apparatuses used in viscosity determination of Syrups (10)
Q31: Describe different Apparatuses used for the determination of viscosity of
non-Newtonian liquids (10)
Q32: Name different tests used for Liquid Dosage Form. Describe in detail Density
Determination of Syrups and Elixirs. (10)

Suppositories
Q33: Discuss in detail QC of Suppository Dosage Form. (20)
Q34: Write a note on Liquefaction (softening) Test for Suppositories (10)
Q35: Define Liquefaction time and Melting range (Melting point, Melting zone)
with regard to QC of suppositories (10)
Q36: Describe the Apparatus and Method used for Disintegration test for
Suppositories (10)
Q37: Write a note on Breaking and Liquefaction of Suppositories (10)
Q38: Give Physical and Chemical Testing of Suppositories (10)

Sterile Products
Q39: Describe in detail Sterility Testing of Injectables (20)
Q40: What are Pyrogens? How they can be eliminated? Discuss Biological Testing
of Pyrogens (10)
Q41: Enumerate Official methods used for Pyrogen Testing (10)
Q42: Describe Interpretation of Sterility Testing (10)
Q43: Describe in detail LAL Test for Pyrogens in Injectables (10)
Q44: Define initial, maximum temperature and response in pyrogen testing.
Provide Interpretation of results for in-vivo pyrogen test (10)
Q45: What Antimicrobial Precautions have to be taken into consideration during
sterility testing (06)
Q46: Write a note on Leakers Test (05)
Q47: How media is tested before sterility testing why is it important to do? (06)

GM Hamad
Q48: Describe in detail the procedure for sterility testing on semi solid dosage
form in accordance with interpretation of results (10)
Q49: Name various tests for Parenteral Preparations. Give method (all stages) and
specification pyrogen test by rabbit (10)
Q50: Give Precaution to be taken for sterility testing of Parenteral (10)
Q51: Write a note on requirement and specifications for clarity testing of large
and small volume parenteral (10)

Biological Assays
Q52: Write a note on Assay of Vitamin D (10)
Q53: Describe the Bioassay of Antibiotics (10)
Q54: Discuss Biological and Microbiological Method used to control the Quality of
Pharmaceuticals. Give Partial list of Test Animals and Drugs used for Qualitative
Analysis (10)
Q55: Describe Turbidimetric method of Antibiotic Assay (10)
Q56: Discuss Insulin Assay in detail (10)
Q57: Write a note on Assay of Digitalis (10)
Q58: Define Bioassay. Give Bioassay of Antibiotics giving suitable examples (10)
Q59: Write a note on Assay of any two pharmaceutical products (10)
Q60: Describe the Assay of Ibuprofen tablets (10)
Q61: Write a note on Importance and Limitations of Biological Assay (10)
Q62: What are different reasons of Biological Assay (05)
Q63: Differentiate between Biological Assay and Chemical Assay. Explain with
examples (05)

Alcohol Determination
Q64: Give the method for determination of Alcoholic content determination of
Pharmaceuticals (10)

GM Hamad
Q65: Give treatments for liquids presumed to contain more than 50% v/v of
Alcohol (10)
Q66: Discuss in detail Alcoholic Content Determination by HPLC method (10)
Q66: Name Official methods for Alcoholic Content Determination. Discuss in
detail Distillation Method. (10)
Q67: Write a note on Precautions in Distillation method of Alcohol Content
Determination (10)

Alkaloidal Drug Assay

Q68: Describe Purification of Alkaloids for Drug Assay (20)
Q:69 Write a note on Alkaloidal Drug Assay with suitable example (10)
Q70: Write a note on Extraction of Drugs by Percolation (10)

Vaccines
Q71: Explain in detail how to test in-vivo potency of vaccine (10)
Q72: What is Monocytic Activation Test (MAT). How is better than LAL and Animal
Pyrogen Testing (10)

Miscellaneous Determinations & Tests

Q73: Describe Powdered glass test to test the alkalinity of glass (05)
Q74: Name various types of glass used in Pharmacy. Discuss Official methods used
to test the alkalinity of glass. Give its Importance (10)
Q75: Explain Quality Control Tests for Type 2 Glass (10)
Q76: Explain Quality Control Tests for Type 1 Glass (10)
Q77: Discuss Ground glass test (05)
Q78: Discuss Loss on Drying (10)
Q79: Describe briefly Ash Content Test (05)
Q80: What is importance of Toxicity Testing in Pharmaceuticals. Why we perform
toxicity testing of Plastic containers (10)

GM Hamad
Q81: Write a note on determination of Total Solids (05)
Q82: Discuss QC of Ointments and Creams. (10)
Q83: Write a note on Particle Size Determination in Ointments. (05)

Standardization of Pharmaceuticals
Q84: Define “Good Manufacturing Practice” Give its Objectives. Explain necessary
facilities for GMP. (10)
Q85: Define GMP. Discuss GMP with special reference to personnel. (10)
Q86: Write a note on QC of Printing and Packaging materials (10)
Q87: Name various Sources of Quality Variations. Discuss in detail Quality Control
of Active Raw Material. (10)

Statistical Charts
Q88: Discuss SQC in detail (10)
Q89: Write a note on Quality Control of Charts (8)
Q90: Describe different types of Quality Control Charts and their Importance in
Quality Control Management (10)
Q91: Describe Variable Charts and Attribute Charts and their role in Statistical
Quality Control (10)
Q92: Describe Quality Control Charts. Give the Classification of Quality Control
Charts (10)
Q93: Describe Process Compatibility Index (10)
Q94: Describe Applications of Shewhart Chart (10)
Q95: How Shewhart Charts differ from Process Acceptance Chart (10)

GM Hamad