Arrays and Matrices in
MATLAB
Lecture notes, based on “Introduction to MATLAB for
Engineers”, William Palm, 3rd edition, and other
textbooks & resources
EE 201
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What is Matrices
?
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Creating Numeric Matrix
We can create numeric array using:
a- Square bracket
b- Colon operator
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Square bracket([ ])
Row Vector:The elements of the row
must be separated by commas or
spaces.
Example:
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Column Vector:
The elements of the Column
must be separated by:
-semicolon or use the
-transpose notation(‘)
which converts a row vector
into a column vector or vice versa.
For example:
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Colon Operator(:)
The colon operator generates a sequence of numbers that you
can use in creating or indexing into Matrices.
Numeric Sequence Range
Generate a sequential series of regularly spaced numbers from
first to last using the syntax first:last. For an incremental
sequence from 6 to 17, use:
N = 6:17
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Example:
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Colon Operator(:)
Numeric Sequence Step
Generate a sequential series of numbers, each
number separated by a step value, using the
syntax :
first:step:last.
For a sequence from 2 through 38, stepping by 4
between each entry, use:
A = [Link]
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Example:
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linspace command
The linspace command also creates a linearly spaced row vector, but
instead you specify the number of values rather than the increment.
The syntax is linspace (x1,x2,n), where x1 and x2 are the lower and upper
limits and n is the number of points.
𝑥2−𝑥1 𝑥2−𝑥1
𝑛= + 1 , where q is step (𝑞 = )
𝑞 𝑛−1
-For example, linspace (5,8,31) is equivalent to [ ? ].
8−5 3
(𝑞 = 31−1 = 30 = 0.1 ) ans=[5.0000 5.1000 5.2000 …………. 7.8000 7.9000 8.0000]
-If n is omitted, generates a row vector of 100 linearly equally spaced points
between x1 and x2.
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logspace command
The logspace command creates an array of
logarithmically spaced elements.
Its syntax is logspace(a,b,n), where n is the number of points
between 10a and 10b.
For example, x=logspace(-1,1,4) is equivalent to (n=4 --> q= 2/3)
x=10.^[-1:2/3:1] =10.^[-1,-0.333,0.333,1]; produces the vector :
x=[0.1000 , 0.4642 , 2.1544 , 10.000].
If n is omitted, the number of points defaults to 50.
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Vector Index
• Vector index points to a particular element
in the array.
• It uses to know the value of element in
the vector .
Example:
Use MATLAB to compute w=5sinu for
u=0,0.1,0.2…..10 and determine the value
of the seventh element in the vector u and
w.
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Solution of example
u=linspace(0,10,n)
n=((10-0)/0.1)+1=101
>> u=linspace(0,10,101)
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Matrices
A matrix has multiple rows and columns. For
example, the matrix
M=
has four rows and three columns M(4,3).
Vectors are special cases of matrices having
one row or one column.
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Creating Matrices
If the matrix is small you can type it row by row, separating the
elements in a given row with spaces or commas and separating the rows
with semicolons. For example, typing:
>>A=[2,4,10;16,3,7]; or A=[2 4 10 ; 16 3 7];
creates the following matrix:
A=
Remember, spaces or commas separate elements in different columns,
whereas semicolons separate elements in different rows.
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Creating Matrices from Vectors
Suppose a= [1,3,5] and b=[7,9,11] (row vectors).
Note the difference between the results given by:
[a b] and [a ; b] in the following session:
>>c=[a b] >>d=[a;b]
Concatenating a and b
1 3 5
c = 1 3 5 7 9 11 d=
7 9 11
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Array Addressing
v(:) represents all the row or column elements of the vector v.
v(2:5) represents the second through fifth elements; that is v(2), v(3), v(4), v(5)
A(:,3) denotes all the elements in the third column of the matrix A
A(2,:) denotes all the elements in the second raw of the matrix A
A(:,2:5) denotes all the elements in the second through fifth columns of A.
A(2:3,1:3) denotes all the elements in the second and third rows that are also in
the first through third columns.
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You can use array indices to extract a smaller array from
another array. For example, if you first create the array
B.
B=
then type C=B(2:3,1:3),you can produce the following
array:
c=
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Empty array
The empty(null) array contains no elements and is expressed as [].
Rows and columns can be deleted by setting the selected row or column
equal to the null array, for example:
-A(3,:)=[ ] deletes the third row in A
-A([1 4],:)=[ ] deletes the first row and fourth rows of A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Let A=
-A(1,5)=3 changes matrix to: A=
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6 9 4 0 3
Suppose A =
1 5 7 0 0
B=A(:,5:-1:1) B=
Neg. increment
suppose C=[-4 12 3 5 8] , B(2,:)=C
B= Row replacement
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suppose D=[3,8,5;2,-6,9] , D=
E=D([2,2,2],:) E=
Repeats row 2 of D
three times
5 5
S=D(:,[3,3]) 𝑆=
9 9
Repeats column 3
of D tow times
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Array Functions
I=find(V) returns the linear indices corresponding
to the nonzero entries of the array V.
Example:
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Array Functions
Computes either the number of elements of A if
length(A)
A is a vector or the largest value of m or n if A is
an m × n matrix.
Example
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Array Functions
max(A) Returns the algebraically largest
element in A if A is a vector.
Returns a row vector containing the
largest elements in each column if A
is a matrix.
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Array Functions
Returns the algebraically smallest
min(A)
element in A if A is a vector.
Returns a row vector containing the
smallest elements in each column if
A is a matrix.
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Array Functions
Returns a row vector [m n] containing
size(A) the sizes of the m x n array A.
Sorts each column of the array A in
sort(A)
ascending order and returns an array the
same size as A.
sum(A) Sums the elements in each column of the
array A and returns a row vector containing
the sums.
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For example, if A=
max(A) [6,2]
min(A) [-10,-5]
size(A) [3,2]
length(A) 3
-10 -5
sort (A) 3 0
6 2
sum(A) [-1 -3]
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𝟏𝟑 𝟎 𝟑 𝟏𝟓
Example A = −𝟕 𝟏𝟐 𝟔 𝟎
𝟓 𝟖 −𝟗 𝟐
max(A) = 13 12 6 15
min (A) = -7 0 -9 0
sum (A) = 11 20 0 17
31
sum (A,2) = 11
6
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𝟏𝟑 𝟎 𝟑 𝟏𝟓
−7 0 −9 0 A = −𝟕 𝟏𝟐 𝟔 𝟎
sort (A) = 5 8 3 2 𝟓 𝟖 −𝟗 𝟐
13 12 6 15
REMEBER
13 12 6 15
sort(A, 'descend’) = 5 8 3 2
−7 0 −9 0
0 3 13 15
sort(A,2) = −7 0 6 12
−9 2 5 8
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𝟏𝟑 𝟎 𝟑 𝟏𝟓
A = −𝟕 𝟏𝟐 𝟔 𝟎
𝟓 𝟖 −𝟗 𝟐
15 13 3 0
sort(A,2, 'descend’) = 12 6 0 −7 REMEBER
8 5 2 −9
size(A) = 3 4
length(A) = 4
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Sometimes we want to initialize a matrix to have all
zero elements. The zeros command creates a
matrix of all zeros.
Typing zeros(n) creates an n × n matrix of zeros,
whereas typing zeros(m,n) creates an m × n
matrix of zeros.
Typing zeros(size(A)) creates a matrix of all
zeros having the same dimension as the matrix A.
This type of matrix can be useful for applications in
which we do not know the required dimension
ahead of time.
The syntax of the ones command is the same,
except that it creates arrays filled with ones.
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Generating Vectors from
functions
zeros(m,n)
x = zeros(1,3)
m x n matrix of zeros
x =
0 0 0
ones(m,n)
m x n matrix of ones x = ones(1,3)
x =
1 1 1
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Example:
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The identity matrix is a square matrix whose
diagonal elements are all equal to one, with the
remaining elements equal to zero.
For example, the 4 × 4 identity matrix is
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
I= 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
The functions eye(n) and eye(size(A))
create an n × n identity matrix and an identity matrix
the same size as the matrix A.
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Example:
C4-1 Spring 2012 38
Question: Consider the following MATLAB code snippet:
A = [3 7 2; 9 5 1; 4 6 8];
B = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9];
C = A + B;
D = sort(C(:), 'descend');
result = sum(D(1:5));
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A= B=
3 7 2 1 2 3
>> C = A + B 9 5 1 4 5 6
4 6 8 7 8 9
>> C =
4 9 5 >> sum(D(1:5))
13 10 7
11 14 17 ans =
>> D = sort(C(:), 'descend') 65
D=
17
14
13
11
10
9
7
5
4
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g=
6 5 4
>> g = [6 5 4 ; 2 3 1 ; 3 2 5 ; 4 0 3]
2 3 1
3 2 5
4 0 3
a- the total time to produce each product ? b- the maximum process time for each product ?
>> sum(g) >> sum(g,2)
ans =
ans =
15
15 10 13 6
10
7
c- the total time that each process will take to produce all the three products ?
>> max([g]')
ans =
6 3 5 4
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