Journal of APF Command and Staff College (2024) 7:1, 199-218

Forms of Modernization and its Impact on Economy

Janardan Sharma
[email protected]

Article History Abstract

Received: Jan 2, 2024
This article is concentrated on the study of
Accepted: March 5, 2024
modernization, its forms and positive and
Published: June 7, 2024
negative impact over the economy of the country.
Modernization is the process of societal development
from a traditional to a modern society. It symbolizes
a process of economical and cultural change of the
nation. In modernization society tries to innovate
Keywords and utilize its present and old knowledge, patterns,
Modernization, techniques and resources. Modernization has positive
economy, as well as negative effect on cultural, political and
urbanization, economic life of the people. Based on descriptive and
westernization, analytical method, this study explores the concept
industrialization and practice of modernization on a global scale. It
delves into the various forms modernization and
further analyzes the impact of modernization on both
social structures and economic systems. Finally, the
article also looks at the challenges that come with
modernization. Modernization theory divides the
Corresponding Editor whole global into two parts: north and south. The
Ramesh Raj Kunwar rich western countries known as North and poor
[email protected] countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America are known

Copyright©2024 Author
Published by: APF Command and Staff College, Kathmandu, Nepal
ISSN 2616-0242
200 Journal of APF Command and Staff College (2024) 7:1, 199-218

as South. The modernization theory explains the development and change in the
south countries are influenced by the patterns of development of North. The country
economy and culture are always dynamic. It is influenced by external development
trends such change is directed by the development of physical infrastructure,
information technology ,education, ideology of northern countries. Therefore the
country’s economy and culture are gradually influenced by the developed nation
and move from traditional to modern.

Introduction
The transition of a traditional civilization into a modern one is known as
modernization. Advancement, or betterment and positive onward motion, is what
modernization stands for. It just represents a process of change; it does not signify any
philosophy or movement. It only makes sense to advance and improve in a variety
of life, including living standards, job styles, behavioral patterns (morals, values,
and principles), technology, education, and patterns of relationship education.
Society strives to innovate and make use of its resources, patterns, techniques,
and knowledge from the past, present, and future as it modernizes. A culture
becomes more self-assured, self-reliant, versatile, and self-sufficient as a result.
The realization of modernity's distinctiveness allows society to grow and progress
beyond its knowledge. Modernization reveals society's distinctiveness and its
potential to grow and progress beyond its previous state.
Another way to characterize modernization is as a social shift incorporating aspects
of science and technology. The entire system of social interactions has undergone
extraordinary changes as a result of scientific and technical advancement, with new
ideas replacing old ones.
Modernization theory was developed in the US in the 1950s and 1960s by students
at Columbia University, including W.W. Rochester and David Apter (Eisenstadt,
2010).
Once started, modernization is a broad process of profound social change that tends to
permeate all spheres of existence, including social interactions, political institutions,
and economic activity. This process is self-reinforcing. An acute awareness of
innovation and change is a byproduct of modernization and is associated with the
 Sharma : Forms of Modernization and its Impact on... 201

notion that human societies are developing (Inglehart & Welzel, 2007).
Leading international academics examine the effects of social change and
modernization on the growth of the individual and at the society level, drawing on
in-depth research from a variety of cultural groups. Intercultural interactions are
becoming more prevalent in the modern world, and significant questions concerning
the nature of specific cultural differences and similarities—with an emphasis on the
relationship between cultural and human development (Kagitcibasi, 2005).
Modernity and modern civilization share certain key traits, such as the main
analytical stances taken in relation to the main social institutions and the modern
state. The idea of much modernity forms the basis of this analysis. This theory is
predicated on the premise that modernity can best be understood as the history
of the ongoing formation, constitution, reconstitution, and evolution of numerous,
dynamic, frequently contested, and contradictory modernity’s (Eisenstadt, 2010).
A stage of social development known as modernization occurs when a traditional
society is changed to a modern one. It has placed emphasis on the evolution of the
economic backdrop as a determinant factor in social development, transforming an
economy centered on agricultural into one that is focused on industry. Modernization
can be understood as a blend of industrialization, urbanization, and westernization
since industrial progress has intensified the pressure of urbanization, leading to the
practice of westernization.
This article explores the concept and practice of modernization on a global scale.
It delves into the various forms modernization and further analyzes the impact of
modernization on both social structures and economic systems. Finally, the article
also looks at the challenges that come with modernization.
Research Methodology
This study is highly based on secondary sources of information. Researcher spent
long time for study of related document and collection. Similarly researcher used
library method of collecting relevant facts and needy information. Books, article,
journal articles of various prominent authors have been used. This article is based
on descriptive and analytical method of study.
202 Journal of APF Command and Staff College (2024) 7:1, 199-218

Findings and Discussion

After World War II, many countries experienced rapid economic modernization
and reconstruction .The application of scientific principles to industry, known
as the scientific and technological revolution, played a crucial role. The rise of
multinational corporations and globalization started to reshape economic structures,
fostering increased international trade and investment. The digital revolution
significantly altered the economic landscape, enabling faster communication,
automation, and the development of new industries. Globalization intensified as
information and capital flowed more freely across borders. In the 21st century,
economic modernization continues to be driven by technological innovations,
including artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and renewable energy. There is a
growing emphasis on sustainable development, with a focus on environmentally
responsible practices and social inclusivity.
Policy makers are grappling with the challenge of ensuring that economic
modernization benefits all segments of society and do not exacerbate existing
inequalities. So, different scholars of university were attracted to study in the
various dimension of modernization.
Models of Modernization
The process through which societies experience economic and social progress
is known as "socio-economic modernization," and it is usually characterized by
advancements in infrastructure, education, living standards, and general well-
being. Although there isn't a single, widely accepted model for socio-economic
modernization, researchers and decision-makers frequently take a variety of
approaches and variables into account. The following are some essential elements
and models related to socio-economic modernization:
Internal Factor Model
The internal factor model of modernization is associated with the works of social
scientists and scholars who have explored the internal dynamics and factors within
societies that contribute to the process of modernization. One notable figure in this
regard is Alex Inkeles, an American sociologist who contributed to the development
of the Internal-External model Scale and the Modernization and Post modernization:
 Sharma : Forms of Modernization and its Impact on... 203

Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in Societies (Inkless, 1996; Smith, 2016).
Inkeles' work, particularly the Modernization and Post modernization model,
examines internal factors such as cultural values, economic structures, and political
institutions that influence the modernization process within societies. The model
considers how these internal factors interact and shape the trajectory of social
change, economic development, and political transformation.
The internal factor model of modernization focuses on the factors within a society
that contribute to its modernization and development. The internal factor model
looks at the characteristics and dynamics within a society itself. Industrialization,
capital accumulation entrepreneurship, education, social mobility, stable
government, institutional development, attitude towards change, cultural values,
technological innovation, infrastructure development, population dynamics, health
and education, and sustainable practice of environment are the major key factor
include in this model. This model calculates the changes in the economy according
to the various economic, social cultural, political, technological and physiological
factors listed above.
External Factor Model
The concept of external factors influencing modernization has been discussed by
various scholars in the fields of sociology, political science, and economics. One
influential figure associated with the idea of external factors in modernization is
Walt Rostow an American economist and political theorist. Rostow is best known
for his work on economic development and his model of economic growth, often
referred to as the "Stages of Economic Growth" or the "Rostovian Take-off Model"
(Rostow, 1960; Thaha, 2022).
External factors play a crucial role in the modernization of societies, influencing
economic, social, and political changes. This factor has to do with the aspects of
the economy that are directly impacted. Global economic forces, technological
transfer, cultural diffusion, political and security factor international institution and
aid, environmental and climate change, diaspora and migration, human right and
governance are the key external factor of this model. Trade and globalization, foreign
direct investment, technological transfer, access to information and communication
204 Journal of APF Command and Staff College (2024) 7:1, 199-218

technology, media and culture, education and training, global environmental

challenges, international agreement, diaspora influence, brain drain, international
norms, foreign policy and diplomacy are the major contributor to bring change in
different aspect of global economy, politics and society.
The Linear Model
The linear model of modernization was associated with the early formulations of
modernization theory, and it was influenced by the works of several scholars. One
of the key figures often credited with introducing the linear model of modernization
is Rostow, an American economist, presented his ideas in his influential book titled
"The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto," published in 1960.
The linear model of modernization is a theoretical framework that emerged in the
mid-20th century to explain the process of societal development and transformation.
It was particularly popular in the fields of sociology and political science during the
1950s and 1960s. The model posits a linear and sequential progression of societies
from traditional to modern stages, with certain identifiable characteristics and stages
of development.
This model illustrates how traditional and modern society's economies change
throughout time. It gauges the scope of many facets of society and social
transformation. The factors that gauge societal trends and progress include literacy,
women's engagement in society, the advancement of human rights, population size,
social security, child rights, inclusive etc. (Rostow, 1960; Thaha, 2022).
Forms of Modernization
Modernization is a complex and multifaceted process that involves changes in
various aspects of society, including economic, political, social, cultural, and
technological dimensions. Different forms or dimensions of modernization can be
identified based on these aspects. Here are some key forms of modernization:
Urbanization
The process of permanently concentrating a large number of people in comparatively
small regions to construct cities is known as urbanization. It represents the expansion
of cities as a mark of advancement. For example, any area in the United States with
 Sharma : Forms of Modernization and its Impact on... 205

a population of more than 2,500 is considered a "urban place." Land is transformed

for residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation uses as a result of this
concentration.
Certain cities, such as New York, London, and Tokyo, have become key nodes in the
global economic network. These cities serve as central hubs for advanced economic
activities, particularly in finance, specialized services, and information exchange
(Sassen, 1991). Cities" are characterized as areas of capital. Different countries
have different definitions of what constitutes a city; some only include the capital
of the country, while others include towns with 100 or more houses. The world's
urbanization rate was 57% in 2022 (Dyvik, 2023). With more than four fifths of the
population living in urban areas, North America has the highest rate of urbanization
of any region. The percentage of people who live in areas designated as national
or provincial capitals is determined by the level of urbanization. Conversely, fewer
than half of Africa's population resides in cities. China makes up more than one-
fifth of the world's populated built-up areas with over 500,000 people. The figure
below shows the distribution of population of global as per continent.

Figure 1

Share of Urban Population Worldwide in 2022

Source: Dyvik, 2023

206 Journal of APF Command and Staff College (2024) 7:1, 199-218

Figure 1 show the distribution of urban population of global as per continent. North
America has highest urban population with 83%. Similarly Latin America, Europe,
Oceania, Asia, and Africa are with 81%, 75%, 67%, 52% and 44%. The attraction
of migration to urban areas seems to be increasing in North America. The urban
attraction of global south also seems to be increasing.

Industrialization

The process of converting an economy from one centered mostly on agriculture

to on the production of goods is known as industrialization. Craftsmen are
frequently displaced by assembly lines, and mechanical mass production frequently
takes the role of individual maker labor. A shift from an economy dependent on
resources or agriculture to one centered on mechanized manufacturing is known as
industrialization (Rostow, 1950; Thaha, 2022).

A demand for goods and services, government policies, labor-saving innovations,

and entrepreneurial aspirations are some of the variables that might propel
industrialization. It has significant effects on the population leading to a surge of
small-scale farm migration to towns and cities in search of employment.

Due to the extraordinary demand that World War II generated for several
manufactured items, production capacity increased. Prosperity in the post-war
era supplied additional stimulants that maintained high capacity utilization and
encouraged future expansion.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Europe and North America saw the onset of early
industrialization; other regions of the world saw it later.

Asia was one of the regions of the world that had the most rapid industrialization
in the late 20th century. The Asian Tigers South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and
Singapore all took part in the expansion of their economies through manufacturing
goods for export. China experienced its own industrial revolution after moving
away from a strict communist model. Technological advancement, automation and
robotics, information technology, globalization and supply chain, environmental
consideration, flexible manufacturing system, human capital development,
quality control, standardization economic diversification, energy efficiency,
 Sharma : Forms of Modernization and its Impact on... 207

global competition and innovation are the key achievement from modernization
contributes to industrialization.

Westernization

Westernization is the process by which communities and nations outside of Europe,

either voluntarily or under duress, absorb the customs and culture of Western
Europe. Westernization spread throughout most of the world during the colonial
era and is still a major cultural phenomenon now due to globalization.

The West evolved from modernization to Westernization (democratic institutions)

gradually. The 17th century scientific revolution led the way, but underlying that
revolution were time-honored cultural practices that were our heritage from ancient
Greece (critical thinking) and Rome (rule of law), as well as certain religious values
that mandated that even kings could not violate certain human rights. The medieval
period also established the Western principle of contract law: rights of the church,
the state, cities, and universities.

Western European traders, colonists, and missionaries brought their superior way
of life to the peoples they journeyed to, which is how westernization got its start.
The occupied peoples were forced to adopt alphabets, languages, commercial
practices, and clothing from Western Europe, or were encouraged to do so. In
addition, they were urged to embrace Christianity and adopt the literary and artistic
norms, as well as the educational institutions of Western Europe. The military and
political systems of many nations were imposed from the West.

A society becomes more westernized when it absorbs Western norms, practices, or

popular culture. Examples of this include an African city and an Indian town where
people are dressing in jeans and hoodies. Throughout history, many people have
been forced to be westernized by invaders who imposed Christianity, Western-style
apparel, or the English language. When the term "Westernize" was first used in the
1800s, it meant that Japan was going to become "more like the West."

Westernization not only includes the introduction of new institutions, but also
fundamental changes in old institutions. Westernization has brought a radical
change in the south Asian culture and life ways. The out dining, attire, fashion, fast
food, hip hop music, etc. have become a part of south Asian culture now.
208 Journal of APF Command and Staff College (2024) 7:1, 199-218

Issue and Challenges of Modernization

Modernization in developing countries can present several problems, despite its

potential benefits. It offers an evidence-based strategy to overcoming obstacles,
increasing implementation, and producing more effective and sustainable
development outcomes. (UNDP, 2019; NPC,2020). Highlighting the problems
encountered in developing countries' modernization attempts. Some of the special
problems that developing countries confront in their efforts to modernize certain
sectors. Understanding the complexities and tackling the specific challenges
are crucial for achieving long-term development and advancing the country's
modernization. Some concerns or challenges can be discussed as follows:

Growing Inequality

Modernization may increase existing inequities in developing countries. Thus,

if South Asian countries want to attain the Sustainable Development Goals,
(SDGs) by 2030, they must curb the rise in income inequality (UN, 2015). Due
to industrialization, the amount of inequality varies greatly throughout South and
Southeast Asia. Economic development may not be evenly distributed; in the most
unequal countries, such as India, Maldives and Thailand, the top 10% earn more
than half of the total revenue. Bangladesh, Nepal and Singapore have lower levels
of inequality, with the richest 10% earning roughly 35% of national GDP. In nations
such as Indonesia, Pakistan and Vietnam, the richest 10% of the population earns
between 40-50% of the national revenue (Wid world, 2023).

Environmental Degradation

Rapid industry and urbanization linked with modernization can contribute to

increasing pollution, deforestation, habitat destruction, and natural resource
depletion. Developing countries frequently confront challenges while implementing
sustainable development strategies. Like many developing countries, Nepal also has
the dual challenge of modernity and sustainability (Chhetri & Gurung, 2017; Khatri
& Bhandari, 2019). As Nepal has abundant natural resources, including minerals,
forests, and wildlife, sustainable management and conservation are critical for
biodiversity preservation, ecological services, and long-term economic benefits
(Shrestha, & Bhattarai, 2019). Modern urbanization, industrialization, population
 Sharma : Forms of Modernization and its Impact on... 209

growth, deforestation, and other factors contribute significantly to environmental

degradation. Environmental pollution is the degradation of the quality and quantity
of natural resources. Various types of human activity are the main causes of
environmental degradation (Tyagi at.al 2014). The importance of researching and
tackling environmental sustainability challenges cannot be overstated. Strategies
for achieving sustainable development goals and incorporating environmental
considerations into modernization practices include promoting sustainable
agriculture, improving renewable energy sources, implementing proper waste
management systems, and strengthening ecosystem conservation efforts.

Urbanization Challenges

As industrialization proceeds, there is frequently a large rural-to-urban migration.

Rapid urbanization can strain infrastructure and services in cities, resulting in
overcrowding, inadequate housing, sanitation issues, and heightened social tensions.
Migration has the ability to cause fast changes in population number, composition,
and distribution, especially at the local level. During the COVID-19 pandemic,
broad international border restrictions had a significant impact on worldwide
migrant flows (González-Leonardo et al., 2023).

Dependency on Foreign Investment

Developing countries may become reliant on foreign investment and aid to fuel
their modernization efforts, leaving them subject to external economic shocks and
the influence of multinational corporations, which undermine indigenous industries
and economies. According to the World Investment Report of 2019, foreign direct
investment flow into developing countries increased by two percent to $706
billion in 2018. Africa has the highest inflow of foreign direct investment among
the different regions. In 2018, the flow of foreign direct investment into Africa
increased by 11 percent. The reasons for the highest foreign direct investment
inflow in Africa are the continued resource-seeking investments, slow expansion of
diversified investments in a few economies, and more than double inflow records in
South Africa (UNCTAD, 2019).

OECD (2002) discusses the disadvantages of foreign direct investment on the home
economy. Foreign direct investment may have a negative influence on the host
210 Journal of APF Command and Staff College (2024) 7:1, 199-218

country's Balance of Payment (BoP) due to repatriated profits, a lack of positive

linkage with local firms, negative environmental impact, social disruptions, and a
decrease in national market competition (Singh, 2008). Multinational corporations
may crowd out domestic investment due to their superiority in technology, capital,
and managerial abilities over domestic competitors (Kumar, 1990; Markusen &
Venables, 1999).

Cultural Displacement

The adoption of modern technologies, consumer lifestyles, and cultural norms from
the West or other developed regions has the potential to erode traditional cultures
and identities in emerging countries.Cultural displacement can result in social
disruption and loss of cultural diversity. Traditional cultural norms and practices
frequently favor community values, conventions, and rituals over personal pursuits
(Fisher, 2010). These deeply ingrained cultural traditions can occasionally oppose
or conflict with modern practices and development objectives. Second, there is
opposition in Nepali society to change the status quo and adopt new techniques.
Cultural conservatism and unwillingness to change can impede the adoption of new
methods (Pradhan, 2013). Traditional beliefs and practices may be firmly rooted,
leading to mistrust or unwillingness to adopt new technology, ideas, or development
projects (Shrestha & Bista, 2019). Resistance to change might stem from a fear of
losing cultural identity or uncertainty about the influence on social systems.

Political Instability

Modernization can upset established power structures and societal conventions,

resulting in political instability and conflict. Rapid social change, such as changes
in gender roles or growing ethnic variety, can challenge the developing countries
to established power dynamics and create societal tensions. Political instability has
posed a serious impediment to Nepal's and other developing countries' modernization
initiatives. Frequent changes in leadership, a lack of policy continuity, and governance
issues have slowed growth in numerous sectors and hampered the country's overall
development (Sapkota, 2023). Political shifts, coalition governments, and frequent
elections have disturbed the continuity of development plans, impeding long-term
vision and strategic planning (Adhikari, 2017). It has so hampered the execution
 Sharma : Forms of Modernization and its Impact on... 211

of modernization strategies and initiatives (p. 101). It is a key topic to assess if

identity politics would ensure the emancipation of Nepal's marginalized and poor
populations or not (Bogati et al., 2017). Impacts of bureaucrats, corruption lack of
national obedience, lack of communal obedience, crisis of nationalism, legitimacy
crisis, lack of well education are the major challenges faced by developing countries
while adopting modernization (Hasan, 2021).

Impact of Modernization

There is a great debate on whether modernization is good or bad. Some pessimists

advocates that it has increased dependency on other countries and introduced
social and cultural hazards in society, while optimists say that it is a means of
introducing new trends and ideas by replacing traditional trends. Modernization
can have positive and negative effects on cultural, political, and economic life. It
affects internal and external policies. Therefore, the impact of modernization can
be studied from both perspectives. The positive impacts of modernization can be
studied in following dimensions.

Increase Efficiency

Modernization often entails implementing sophisticated technologies and

techniques that can considerably increase production and efficiency in a variety
of industries. This can result in higher output levels with less resource, hence
boosting economic growth. The digital economy has broken traditional industries’
boundaries and significantly affected substitution, penetration, and synergy. It
expands the perspective and space of the original industrial development model and
plays an essential role in transforming agricultural modernization and integrating
rural industries (Hosan et al., 2022). The organic integration of agriculture with
the secondary and tertiary industries promotes complementary functions and
value-added effects of new industries and modern agricultural production, forming
innovative development models for diverse rural industries such as eco-tourism,
rural e-commerce, and intelligent agriculture. Integrating rural industries under the
digital economy’s leadership has economic and ecological value and effectively
extends the depth and breadth of the traditional agricultural industry chain (Leng &
Tong, 2022).
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Environmental Impact

The drive of modernity can put strain on natural resources and ecosystems, resulting
in environmental deterioration and climatic change. However, modernization
provides opportunity for the adoption of sustainable technologies and practices
to offset these effects. Cities are praised for their potential efficiency in energy
usage and transportation, thanks to their proximity to services and dense living
circumstances. On the other hand, they can become hotspots for pollution, trash
generation, and greenhouse gas emissions. (Bera et al., 2023). There is a link
between urbanization and environmental damage. From natural resource depletion
to greenhouse gas emissions, habitat fragmentation to pollution intensification,
cities are praised for their potential efficiency in energy usage and transportation due
to their proximity to services and dense living conditions. On the other hand, they
can become hotspots for pollution, waste creation, and greenhouse gas emissions.
The environmental costs of urban growth are numerous. Urbanization, on the other
hand, can provide chances for more sustainable lives by promoting efficient land
use, sustainable transportation, and technological innovation ( Bera et Al., 2023).

Change in Socio-cultural Values

The majority of modernization projects are linked to the basic change from
traditional to modern society. This change is associated with strong macro-social
stresses that appear as a result of reducing the role of the traditional society and
intentional transformation, including modernization projects. Other macro-social
conditions of realization of modernization projects are also connected with this
issue (Andreeva et al., 2017).

Innovation and Creativity by Technological Development

Modernisation promotes innovation by stimulating the creation of new products,

services, and business models. This invention has the potential to generate economic
growth by opening up new markets and offering possibilities for entrepreneurs. The
modernization of the economy is a process of qualitative transformation of socio-
economic relations, which results in a new, more technologically advanced level of
production, changes in the principles of exchange and distribution of benefits, and
changes in consumption standards (Vikulin, 2017). Modernization of the economy,
 Sharma : Forms of Modernization and its Impact on... 213

defined as one of the primary strategic goals of the state's socioeconomic policy,
includes overcoming the commodity nature of the national economy and enhancing
its competitiveness through the adoption of new technology (Hamidullaeva, 2014).

Job Creation

While modernization may cause job displacement in some industries, it also

generates new job opportunities in developing sectors. For example, the expansion of
technology and digital sectors has created a demand for talented individuals in fields
such as software development, data analysis, and digital marketing. Labor mobility
has been an important and essential feature of economic and social development
throughout the human history. In 2006, migrant workers in the industrial countries
sent home more than $300 billion, nearly three times the $104 billion received as
foreign aid by the developing countries (Shrestha, 2006).

Improved Standard of Living

Modernization frequently improves people's living conditions by providing

improved access to healthcare, education, housing, and other important services.
Rising salaries and increased economic possibilities can help people escape poverty
and foster social mobility. The overseas migration and remittances have been
instrumental in poverty alleviation as well as for improving the living standards
of the people (Seddon et al., 1999 & Shrestha, 2004). Modernization facilitates
people to understand culture, tradition, customs, education system, health facility
and economic condition (Pradhan, 2022).

Global Competitiveness

Countries can increase their global competitiveness by upgrading their economies.

This might lead to increased commerce, foreign investment, and access to new
technology and knowledge, all of which are necessary for long-term economic
success. Over the last three decades, globalization processes have modified the
demand for new professional competencies it creates competitive environment even
in the domestic market. Medium scale and small scale and even large scale national
companies cannot compete with multinational corporation (Pradhan, 2022).
214 Journal of APF Command and Staff College (2024) 7:1, 199-218

Conclusion

Modernization is bringing about change economically and culturally in the global

south, which represents Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The development of all
the countries in the south will reflect the patterns of development in the north. This
perspective argued that the economic and political factors that had been important
for explaining the rapid development of the countries in the north. It is the forms
of new economic policy that were effectively applied by global south countries and
international organizations .

The country's economy and culture are dynamic and influenced by developed
countries policies and trends of development and culture as well. This type of effect
or change is influenced by information technology, education, political ideology,
infrastructure development, and charismatic leadership. So that the economy and
culture of the global south are continuously influenced by developed countries, i.e.,
the global north, and converted to modernization from traditional.

The impact of modernization can be studied from both positive and negative
perspective. From a positive perspective, modernization creates opportunities for
the worldwide economy based on productivity and quality. It helps to increase the
rate of infrastructure development, reduce inequalities, maintain quality education,
digitalize, and improve health care facilities, reduce geographical distance, old
agriculture tools replaced by modern technology, scientific innovation, a change in
family structure, the elimination of social crime. Likewise, there are some negative
impacts on modernization. Western bias, cultural resistance, and the introduction of
colonialism and neocolonialism do not breakdown the economic disparities of poor
countries; corrupt and self-seeking cultures established in global south countries
increase the promotion of false needs, etc.

Although it has both a negative and positive impact on the economy, every country
should be aware of the opportunity for modernization at the right time and be able
to reduce or eliminate the negative impact of modernization.
 Sharma : Forms of Modernization and its Impact on... 215

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