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NAME : KHAIRNAR SUMIT ARJUN
CLASS: 12 A
INDEX
Content Page No.
Certificate Z
Acknowled ement 3
Introduction 4
Princi le 5
A ratus 5
Construction 6
Block Dia ram 7
Circuit Dia ram 8
Theor 9
Workin 10
A lications 11
Advanta es 1
Disadvanta es 13
Conclusion 14
Biblio ra 15
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Khairnar Sumit Arjun
of class XII A and having
Roll no. _ _ _ _, of Army Public School
Oevlali has successfully and satisfactorily
completed the investigatory project work of
-- physics under guidance of Mrs. J aya
Chaudhuri Ma'am during the year
~ 2022 - 2023
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~ ACKNOWLEDG EMENT
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In the accomplishment of this project
~ successfully many people have the best
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owed upon their blessings and the heart
pledged support, this time I am utilizing to
~ thank all the people who have been
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I concerned with my project
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[Link] like to thanks Principal Mrs. Medha
~ Gode and my teacher of physics Mrs. Jaya
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9
Choudhary whose valuable guidance has
~ been the once who had helped me to patch
this project and make it great success. Her
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suggestions and her instructions has served
j9 as the major contribut· n towards the
~ completion the project
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INTRODUCTION
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Rain Alarm Project is a simple but very useful project that
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detects Rain Water and automatically triggers an alarm or
~ buzzer.
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~ Water is a basic need in every one's life. Saving water and
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proper usage of water is very important.
J-lere is an easy project which will give the alarm when there
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is rain, so that we can make some actions for rain water
harvesting and also save the rain water for using it later.
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With the help of saving this rain water through rain water
harvesting, we can increase the levels of underground water
by using underwater recharge technique.
Rain water detector will detect the rain and make an alert:
rain water detector is used in the irrigation field, home
automation, communication, automobiles etc.
J-lere is the simple and reliable rcuit of rain water
detector which can be co ructed at low cost. In this
project, we have desi d simple Rain Alarm Circuit, which,
upon detecting rai will activate a buzzer. Based on
the buzzer, we n take necessary action.
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'w Principle:
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The working of the rain sensor is pretty straightforward.
The probe with series of exposed copper traces, together
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I acts as a variable resistor whose resistance varies
ri-. according to the amount of water on its surface.
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This resistance is inversely proportional to the amount of
water:
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• The more water on the surf ace means better
conductivity and will result in a lower resistance.
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• The less water on the surface means poor conductivity
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and will result in a higher resistance.
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The sensor produces an output voltage according to the
resistance, which by measuring we can determine whether
it's raining or not.
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~ APJ!aratus :
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I Wooden Board
Wires
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l Battery
I• NPNTr
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I• Buzzer
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I Soldering Iron
~ Solder
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1
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~ Construction
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~ 1. First, connect the battery to its connector.
~ 2. Paste that battery and a buzzer in the wooden sheet.
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tw 3. Now, take a transistor and bend its two outer strings as
shown in the picture.
4. Connect one string of transistor with battery connector
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wire using a soldering iron.
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5. Now, connect the second transistor string with the one
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wire of the buzzer.
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6. Connect wires in and secure them with electric tape.
~ 7. Now, connect the Buzzer wire with one LED wire and one
~ Battery wire with another LED wire.
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8. Now connect the left wire with the probe.
9. Connect another wire with the left third string of the
transistor.
10. Connect another end with the probe.
11. Connect a switch with wire between battery wire. Switch
it on.
12. Now, when you spray some water on th robe, the
~ circuit will get completed and will ear a buzzer sound.
~ 13. The sound will show the wor • g of the rain detector
~ alarm.
~ 14. Finally, the rain det tor alarm project is ready for use.
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Bloc k Diag ram
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Sensor
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~ Rain Sensor Alarm Circuit
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RAIN_SENSOR
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Theory
Initially, when there is no rain outside, the circuit will be open
and so no current will flow so the transistor will be off then the
speaker will not beep.
When it rains outside and water is in contact with the probe
(sensor) the circuit will be closed as water is a conductor of
electricity, some current will pass throw the base of NPN
~ transistor and this will turn it on and let current flow throw its
emitter.
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t On the other side, current is flowing from the battery to the
emitter of the PNP transistor so it will be turned on and
~ current flow from emitter to the collector to the speaker and
an oscillation is created in the circuit thus, it will start beeping.
t'
rti In the speaker, there is an inductive coil that causes the motion
in one direction and because of that the induced current will be
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produced, which is in opposite direction to the flow of the
t' current. The form of the induced c ·ent is a pulse.
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The induced current will f lo rough the capacitor, resistor
and makes the NPN tra stor off to reach to the previous
ft state.
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This process wi be repeated again and again since there is a
water in the robe.
~ To sum , when the rain falls on the probe the current will flow
t' in he ircuit through the components and make the speaker
~ vibrates and gives a tone.
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Working
• The rain sensors are fixed on plastic plate with a
small distance between them.
• When switch P is closed, current flows through
the speaker and an audible note is produced and
the alarm gets on.
• When water is removed from the probe, alarm
turns off.
• When a rain alarm is set up according to circuit
diagram and is connected to input D-C source
then it starts working.
• When there is no water droplet the circuit
doesn't gests complete so rl_9,£'11rrent flows in it
and speaker doesn't pr uces sound.
• But as soon as r • starts, water drop comes in
contact with e probe due to which the circuit
gets com ted and speaker starts producing
sound.
D
Applications
• When it rains, this sensor is connected to the
irrigation system and serves as a water control
unit, shutting down the system.
• This sensor protects the interior of a vehicle
•from rain and allows the wipers to operate
normally.
• This sensor is used to trigger a rain blower over
the air inlet, clear water droplets from the rT\ylar
wrap, and keep the air in the waveguides
pressurized and dry in special satellite
communication antennas.
• With the aid of a rainwater detector, we can
automatically save rainwater in a normal home.
• The rainwater detector i 1s case can detect
rain and assist in tu 1ng on the equipment that
will automatical collect and store rainwater for
various pur ses.
• It is ev possible to do this when it is raining
chem· als. This is a frequent occurrence in
m ufacturing areas.
d
Advantages
1. Conserve Water There is a lot of water that you can save
by using a rain sensor. The conserved water can be used in
other essential purposes such as fighting fire.
2. Prevent Disease Damage and Nutrient Loss Over-
watering prevent the roots of your plants from reaching
deep into the ground making your plants vulnerable to
disease.
3. Save Money on Fertilizer: A rain sensor prevents you
from overwatering your plants and lawn. When a plant is
overwatered, the nutrients from the turf washaway into the
drainage system. Rain sensor effectively prevents our lawn
irrigation system from overwatering our lawn and plants.
4. Increase the Life-span of Irrigation System: Using a rain
sensor prevents unnecessary wear and tear of lawn
irrigation system since it minimiz he amount of time that
our lawn irrigation is in opera ·on.
5. Prevent Groundwater. nd Waterways Pollution: A lawn
irrigation system e ,pped with a rain sensor minimizes
wasteful runoffs ch as pesticides, fertilizer and sediments
from reachin aterways.
Disadva ntages
1. It doesn't tell about the speed of the rain which is
f alien on the roof.
2. It will send signal or the led will be glowing until
the detector becomes wet.
3. It something is over that then the detector will
not work until it gets wet.
4. There are so many problems that you will face
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when you will make this rcuit.
C o n c lu s io n
To conclude thi s sensor wil l de tec t rai n
I an d so un d a
buzzer, indicating tha t ac tio n wil l be tak
en in the
fut ure . The rai nw ate r de tec tio n alarm sys
tem can be
used in bo th res ide nti al and commercial
se ttin gs . It
ale rts users to the presence of rai nfa ll
an d rai n when
it is for ec as ted to fal l. It is ac tiv ate d by
even the
tin ies t dro p of wa ter , allowing the us er
ple nty of
tim e to reclaim the ir belongings, co ve r
windows, and,
in some sit ua tio ns , pre pa re to co lle ct rai
nw ate r.
When ap pro pri ate ly positioned to ca tch
the fir st se t
of raindrops, the device can pro tec t ob
jec ts dry ing in
the sun I rain fro m inva • g homes, busin
esses, an d
silos, among oth er
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Bibliography
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I • https:/ /[Link]
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'
• https:/ /[Link]
• • https:/ /[Link]
•• • https:/ /[Link]
• • https:/ /[Link]
•• • [Link]
I • NCERT Physics B Class 12
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