General Chemistry 1 12

Quarter 2

Lewis Structures of Ions and Compounds

General Chemistry 1 Self-Learning
Module: Lewis Structures of Ions and
Compounds
Overview

This module focuses on helping you understand how to draw and interpret Lewis structures for
ions and compounds. It includes guided steps, examples, and exercises designed to help you
practice and apply what you’ve learned.

Welcome to the General Chemistry 1 Self-Learning Module:

This module has been thoughtfully designed to offer you enjoyable and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace. As you explore the
material, you will engage with the content actively, enabling you to deepen your understanding
of Lewis structures.

Get ready to embark on this learning journey, where you will discover how to represent ions
and compounds effectively using Lewis structures. Let’s make learning chemistry an exciting
experience!

EXPECTATIONS

The module is about the Lewis Structure of Ions and Compounds. After going
through this module, you are expected to:
1. draw the Lewis structure of ions and compounds
2. calculate formal charge
3. understand the importance of Lewis structure in relation to the properties
of the substance

Let's test your understanding of the previous topic.

The element magnesium has an atomic number of 12 and an approximate atomic mass of 24.
Based on what you've learned from the previous class, answer the following questions:

No. of electrons:
____________________________________________

Electron configuration:
____________________________________________

Orbital diagram:
_____________________________________________

Magnetic property:

______________________________________________
 RECAP

Recall the concept of valence electrons by writing the number of valence electrons
of each elements: Atomic
1. Nitrogen Structure:
Protons,
2. Calcium Electrons &
Neutrons
3. Chlorine https://
4. Potassium www.youtube.co
m/watch?
5. Bismuth v=EMDrb2LqL7E

______________________________________________________________

Electron Configuration Another method to find

valence electrons for elements is” the electron
configuration”.
Electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of Introduction
to electron
a molecule or atom in the orbitals (atomic or configuration
molecular). s | AP
Chemistry |
Khan
Academy
https://
www.youtube.co
m/watch?
For more understanding, let’s take an example for electron configuration v=LyFzELsUgBU
&t=2s
Sodium (Na):

The electron configuration for sodium is 1s22s22p63s1, which means that sodium has:
2 electrons in the orbital “1s” Shells,
2 electrons in the orbital “2s” subshells,
6 electrons in the orbital “2p” and orbitals |
1 electron in the orbital “3s” Atomic
structure and
So the sodium total number of electrons is 11 properties |
AP Chemistry
| Khan
Example: “Sodium Na” the number of electrons in the outermost shell “3s” is one. So the number of sodium valence Academy
electrons is one. https://
Note: If the outer shell is full of electrons, in this case the element is called inert and will not react easily with other www.youtube.co
elements. m/watch?
v=26PF9Ctch9Y

Carbon Valence Electrons

The electron configuration for carbon is 1s22s22p2, which
means that carbon has:
2 electrons in the orbital “1s”
2 electrons in the orbital “2s”
2 electron in the orbital “2p”

So the carbon total number of electrons is 6 and it has two shells: one with 2 electrons in the K-
shell or the inner shell in the orbital 1s and other with 4 electrons in the L- shell or the outermost
shell in the orbitals 2s and 2p. Atoms & the
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
By applying the rule “the number of electrons in the outermost shell is equal to the number of valence
electrons, the number of electrons in the outermost shell “2s and 2p orbitals” is 4. So the number of
carbon valence electrons is 4.

VOCABULARY

Valence is the number of electrons an atom should gain or lose to reach the nearest inert gas electron
configuration (noble gas).

Valence electrons: The electrons of an atom stay around the nucleus of the atom
in layers called shells. Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of
an atom and they are the electrons available for forming chemical bonds with other
atoms.
 In your notebook, write down
your answers to each of the
following questions by choosing the
best answer. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

Name: __________________________________ Date: _____________

Pre-Test:
Instructions: Choose the best answer for each question.
______1. What do the dots around an element’s symbol in a Lewis structure represent?

a. Atomic number b. Valence electrons c. Neutrons d. Protons

______2. How many valence electrons does an atom of nitrogen have?
a. 3 b. 5 c. 7 d. 8
______3. Which of the following elements would have four dots around its symbol in a Lewis
structure?
a. Carbon b. Nitrogen c. Oxygen d. Fluorine
_____4. How many electrons does oxygen need to complete its octet?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 6 d. 8
______5. What is the purpose of a Lewis structure?
a. To show the total number of protons and neutrons
b. To represent the number of bonds and lone pairs around atoms in a molecule
c. To indicate atomic mass
d. To display the number of shells in an atom
_____6. Which of the following represents a correct Lewis structure for a molecule of H2?
a. H:
b. H–H
c. H:H
d. H=H
_____7. Which of the following elements does NOT follow the octet rule in a Lewis structure?
a. Carbon b. Oxygen c. Neon d. Hydrogen
_____8. In a Lewis structure, a double bond between two atoms indicates the sharing of:
a. 1 electron b. 2 electrons c. 4 electrons d. 6 electrons
_____9. Which of the following is the correct Lewis structure for H2O?
a. H–O–H b. O–H c. O: d. O:H
_____10. What is the correct Lewis structure for methane (CH4)?
a. C surrounded by 4 H atoms each with a single bond
b. C with double bonds to 4 H atoms
c. C with no bonds to H atoms
d. C surrounded by lone pairs and 2 H atoms

Introduction to Lewis Structure

What Are Lewis Structures?

Lewis structures, or electron-dot structures, are visual models that show how atoms bond in
molecules and compounds by representing:

 Valence Electrons: Shown as dots around an element symbol.

 Bonds: Shown as lines connecting atoms (each line represents a pair of shared electrons).

Why Use Lewis Structures?

 They help us predict how atoms will bond.

 They reveal how atoms achieve stable electron configurations, often an octet (8 electrons
around an atom).

Key Term

Octet Rule: Most atoms form bonds to have 8 electrons in their outer shell, creating a stable
arrangement.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Octet Rule is a key concept in chemistry, proposed by American chemist Gilbert Lewis. It
explains that atoms combine to reach a stable electron configuration, similar to that of the noble
gases, known for their chemical inertness. This stability is reached when atoms become
isoelectronic with a noble gas—meaning they attain the same electron configuration by either
losing, gaining, or sharing electrons.

When atoms form compounds, they adjust their electron arrangement so that each atom is
surrounded by eight valence electrons. This is the essence of the Octet Rule, where atoms
achieve stability by filling or emptying their outermost shell to mimic noble gases. The electrons
involved in these interactions are called valence electrons. Found in the atom's outermost shell
(the shell with the highest principal quantum number n), these valence electrons play a crucial
role in determining the element's reactivity.

To represent this behavior visually, chemists use Lewis electron-dot symbols or Lewis
structures. These symbols show the valence electrons as dots around the atomic symbol, making
it easier to track electron transfer or sharing in bonds. By following the Octet Rule and using
Lewis structures, we can predict how elements are likely to interact and form stable compounds.

Lewis structures, also known as Lewis dot diagrams, are a way to represent the valence
electrons of atoms within a molecule. They help visualize how atoms bond together to form
compounds and ions. Understanding Lewis structures is crucial for predicting the shape,
reactivity, and properties of molecules.

Lewis Symbol-. It is a symbol in which electrons in the valence shell of an atom are
represented by dots placed around the symbol of the element. Each dot represents one
electron.

In order for you to write the Lewis Symbol of an atom, you must first identify the
number of valence electron of that atom. In the previous lesson, you learned that you
can identify the number of valence electron of an element by writing its electron
configuration first. Aside from that, you can use the periodic table in identifying the
number of valence electrons.
How to Identify the Number of Electrons Available for Bonding using the
Periodic Table
Step 1: Identify the group that the element belongs to.
Step 2: Find how many valence electrons the group we identified in Step 1 has.
The electrons available for bonding are the valence electrons. So, we need to find
the number of valence electrons of the element if we want to find how many
electrons are available for bonding. For Group 1, 2, and 13-18, the elements in a
group have the same number of valence electrons. At this time, we concern
ourselves only with the valence electrons of the main group in the periodic table,
saving the transition metals for later.
Starting at Group 1 with 1 valence electron, the number of valence electrons
increases by 1 as we move from left to right, from Group 1 to Group 18, but
skipping the transition metals in Group 3-12. As a result, the elements in Group
2 have 2 valence electrons. Following this trend, the elements in Group
13 have 3 valence electrons and the elements in Group 18 have 8
valence electrons. In many periodic tables, the groups 1, 2, and Remember that the periodic
table method for finding the
13-18 are accompanied by another set of labels. They are valence electrons can’t be
labeled 1A through 8A to indicate the total number of valence used with the transition metals
electrons in these groups. which are located in groups no
(3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12)
because the atomic structure
of these elements is different
and needs a special method to
calculate their valence
electrons.

https://study.com/skill/learn/how-to-identify-the-number-of-electrons-available-for-bonding-using-the-periodic-table-explanation.html

Periodic Table Group Valence Electrons

Group 1 (I) – Alkali metals 1
Group 2 (II) – Alkaline earth metals 2
Group 13 (III) – Boron group 3
Group 14 (IV) – Carbon group 4
Group 15 (V) – Nitrogen group 5
Group 16 (VI) – Oxygen group 6
Group 17 (VII) – Halogens 7
Group 18 (VIII or 0)- Noble gasses
(Except Helium, which has 2 valence electrons)

https://praxilabs.com/en/blog/2023/02/22/find-valence-electrons/
Importance of Lewis Structures
1. Visual Representation: They provide a clear visual representation of the arrangement of
electrons in a molecule.
2. Predicting Molecular Geometry: By using Lewis structures, one can predict the three-
dimensional shapes of molecules using the VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion)
theory.
3. Understanding Bonding: They illustrate how atoms share or transfer electrons to achieve
stability, which is essential for understanding chemical reactions.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pertab/perlewis.html

Writing a Lewis Structure:

Step 1: Calculate Total Valence Electrons

Determine the number of valence electrons (outermost electrons) for each

atom in the molecule or ion.

 For anions (negatively charged ions): Add electrons equal to the negative
charge. Lewis Diagrams
Made Easy: How
 For cations (positively charged ions): Subtract electrons equal to the positive to Draw Lewis
charge. Dot Structures
https://
Example: For CO₂, carbon has 4 valence electrons, and each oxygen has 6. www.youtube.co
Total = 4+6+6=16 valence electrons. m/watch?
v=cIuXl7o6mAw
Step 2: Write the Skeleton Structure

 Arrange the atoms with the least electronegative atom (except hydrogen) in the center.
 Connect each bonded pair of atoms with a single bond (a line or pair of electron dots).

Example: In CO₂, carbon is less electronegative than oxygen, so place it in the center
with single bonds to each oxygen: O—C—O.

Step 3: Assign Octets Around Peripheral Atoms

 Distribute electrons to surrounding atoms (except hydrogen) so each gets an octet (8

electrons around it).
 Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to be stable.

Example: For CO₂, assign 6 more electrons (3 pairs) to each oxygen atom to give them
octets.

Step 4: Place Remaining Electrons on the Central Atom

 After surrounding atoms have their octets, place any leftover electrons on the central
atom.

Example: In CO₂, after assigning octets to oxygen atoms, if any electrons remain, place
them on the central carbon atom.

Step 5: Form Multiple Bonds if Necessary

 If the central atom has fewer than 8 electrons after all others have octets, create double
or triple bonds.
 Move electron pairs from surrounding atoms to share with the central atom.
 Common atoms for multiple bonds include carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and
sulfur (S).

Example: In CO₂, carbon only has 4 electrons after assigning octets to both oxygens, so
create two double bonds (C=O) to satisfy the octet rule for carbon.

Additional Notes on Lewis Symbols

  Electron-dot notation is used to show valence electrons as dots around atomic symbols.
 Place one dot on each side of the atomic symbol before pairing up to represent all valence
electrons.

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

 Some elements can achieve stability with fewer than eight valence electrons. For
example:
o Helium (He): Has only 2 valence electrons but is stable as a noble gas.
o Hydrogen (H): Can form bonds but has a maximum of 2 electrons in its valence
shell.
o Example with Ammonia (NH₃):
 Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons, while each hydrogen has 1. Hydrogen
can only form a single bond due to its two-electron maximum.

OCTET RULE

 All atoms, except the Group 8 need to achieve 8 electrons in the outer shell
 In order to do these, atoms have two choices; ie. To loose electrons or to gain
electrons
 Atoms in Group 1-3 will loose or donate their electrons when they react
 Atoms in Group 5-7 will accept or gain their electrons when they react

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Let’s Practice with Simple Molecules

 Valence Electrons: Only valence electrons interact to form bonds between atoms. These
electrons are found in the outermost shell and determine an element's reactivity.
 Octet Rule: Atoms tend to form compounds in such a way that they have eight electrons in
their valence shell, which is achieved through sharing, gaining, or losing electrons.
 Lewis Structure Representation: An octet is represented as four pairs of valence
electrons around the element symbol.

Using the steps above, draw the Lewis structures for the following molecules and ions:

 H₂O (Water)

In your notebook, draw the

Lewis structures for the following
 CH₄ (Methane) molecules by following the steps
you've learned.

 CO₂ (Carbon Dioxide)

 NH₃ (Ammonia)
  O₂ (Oxygen gas)

Ionic Bonds

An ionic bond is the electrostatic force that holds oppositely charged ions together.

 Formation: Ionic bonds typically form between metals and nonmetals due to the transfer
of valence electrons. For instance:

The formation of the ionic compound, LiF, can be represented using the Lewis dot symbols.
The two ions, Li+ and F-, now attract each other to form LiF.

The two ions, Li+ and F-,

now attract each other to
form LiF.
Ionic bonds are formed due
to the electrostatic
attraction between positive
and
negative ions. Positive and
negative ions are formed
from the transfer of valence
electron from one atom of
an element to the valence
shell of atom of some other
element. Closely observe
the transfer of electrons
that in turn formed ionic
bond
between these elements:
The two ions, Li+ and F-, now attract each other to form LiF.

Ionic bonds are formed due to the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions.
Positive and negative ions are formed from the transfer of valence electron from one atom of an
element to the valence shell of atom of some other element. Closely observe the transfer of
electrons that in turn formed ionic bond between these elements:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lewis Diagrams for Compound Formation

The formation of many common compounds can
be visualized with the use of Lewis symbols and
Lewis diagrams. In a Lewis symbol, the inner
closed shells of electrons can be considered as
included in chemical symbol for the element, and
the outer shell or valence electrons are
represented by dots. The dots are placed in four
groups of one or two electrons each, with 8
electrons representing a closed shell or noble gas
configuration. Lewis diagrams are useful for
visualizing both ionic and covalent bonds.

In the idealized ionic bond, one atom gives up an

electron to the other, forming positive and
negative ions.
 The conditions for bonds are that the total charge is zero and that each atom must have a noble
gas electron configuration

In the idealized covalent bond, two atoms share a pair of electrons, closing the shell for each of
them.

notebook
What are the unbonded electrons?
A. Central Atom B. Lone Pairs C. Formula Type D. Bonding Pairs
The atoms share a pair of electrons, and that pair is referred to as a bonding pair.
The
Whatpairs
areofthe
electrons
bondingwhich do not participate in the bond have traditionally been
electrons?
called "lone
A. Central pairs".
Atom A single
B. Lone bond
Pairs C. can be
Formula represented
Type D. Bondingby the two dots of the
Pairs
bonding pair, or by a single line which represents that pair. The single line
representation for a bond is commonly used in drawing Lewis structures for
molecules.

Lewis Diagrams for Multiple Bonds

Lewis symbols and Lewis diagrams can be used to describe multiple bonds, but
further information must be supplied to account for the three dimensional
geometry of the resulting molecules.

For multiple single bonds, the procedure is

similar that for a single bond.
A single bond can be represented by the two dots of the bonding pair, or by a single line which
represents that pair. The single line representation for a bond is commonly used in drawing
Lewis structures for molecules.

The Lewis structures are useful for visualization, but do not reveal the bent structure for water
(105°), the pyramidal shape for ammonia, or the tetrahedral geometry of the methane molecule.

The Lewis diagrams can also help visualize double and

triple bonds.

_________________________________________________

Examples of
Lewis
Structures
Example 1:
Water (H₂O)

1. Count Valence
Electrons:
- Hydrogen (H): 1 ×
2=2
- Oxygen (O): 6
- Total: 2 + 6 = 8
electrons

2. Draw the Structure:

- Place O in the center and bond it to two H atoms.
 - Distribute the remaining electrons: O has 4 electrons left,
which form two lone pairs.
Basic Rules
H
\ for Drawing
O Lewis
/
H Structures
Example 2: Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) 1. Count Valence
Electrons: Determine
1. Count Valence Electrons: the total number of
- Carbon (C): 4 valence electrons from
- Oxygen (O): 6 × 2 = 12 all atoms in the
- Total: 4 + 12 = 16 electrons molecule or ion.
2. Determine the
2. Draw the Structure: Central Atom: Usually,
- Place C in the center and bond it to two O atoms. the least electronegative
- Form double bonds to satisfy the octet rule. atom is placed in the
center.
3. Draw Single Bonds:
O=C=O Connect the central
atom to surrounding
atoms with single bonds
(each bond represents 2
Example 3: Ammonium Ion (NH₄⁺) electrons).
4. Distribute
Remaining Electrons:
1. Count Valence Electrons: Place remaining valence
- Nitrogen (N): 5 electrons around the
- Hydrogen (H): 1 × 4 = 4 outer atoms to complete
- Charge: -1 (remove 1 electron) their octets (or duets for
- Total: 5 + 4 - 1 = 8 electrons hydrogen).
5. Form Multiple
2. Draw the Structure: Bonds if Necessary: If
- Place N in the center and bond it to four H atoms. there are not enough
- All electrons are used, and the positive charge is accounted electrons to complete
for. the octets, form double
or triple bonds by
H sharing electron pairs
| between atoms.
H--N--H 6. Check for Formal
| Charges: Ensure that
H the formal charges on all
atoms are minimized to
______________________________________________________________
Lewis structures are a fundamental concept in chemistry that allows students to visualize the
arrangement of atoms and electrons in molecules and ions. By mastering the rules for drawing
these structures, students can gain insights into molecular geometry, bonding, and reactivity,
which are essential for further studies in chemistry.

notebook
Reflection

In your notebook, write a short paragraph reflecting on the importance of understanding Lewis
structures for scientists. Think about how these structures help predict molecular properties and
behaviors, and why this might be useful in scientific fields like chemistry, biology, and materials
science. Use specific examples if possible to illustrate your thoughts.

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lewis structures are a fundamental concept in chemistry that allows students to visualize the
arrangement of atoms and electrons in molecules and ions. By mastering the rules for drawing
these structures, students can gain insights into molecular geometry, bonding, and reactivity,
which are essential for further studies in chemistry.

Name: __________________________ Date: ________________

Grade/Section: ___________________

Worksheet
Lewis Structures

Drawing Individual Atoms

1. Draw the Lewis dot structure for the following elements:

- Carbon (C)

- Nitrogen (N)

- Oxygen (O)
 - Fluorine (F)

2. Using the elements you drew in Activity 1, create Lewis dot structures for the following
molecules:

- Methane (CH₄)

- Ammonia (NH₃)

- Water (H₂O)

- Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)

Part 1: Counting Valence Electrons

For each of the following molecules or ions, count the total number of valence electrons. Show your
calculations.

1. Water (H₂O)
o Valence Electrons from H: ______
o Valence Electrons from O: ______
o Total Valence Electrons: ______
2. Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)
o Valence Electrons from C: ______
o Valence Electrons from O: ______
o Total Valence Electrons: ______
3. Ammonium Ion (NH₄⁺)
o Valence Electrons from N: ______
o Valence Electrons from H: ______
o Charge Adjustment (add/subtract): ______
o Total Valence Electrons: ______

Part 2: Draw the Lewis Structures

4. BF₃ (Boron Trifluoride)

o Valence Electrons: ________
o Lewis Structure:

5. H₂CO (Formaldehyde)
o Valence Electrons: _______
o Lewis Structure:

6. O₃ (Ozone)
o Valence Electrons: _____
o Lewis Structure:
 7. C₂H₄ (Ethylene)
o Valence Electrons: ______
o Lewis Structure:

Part 3: Answer the Following Questions

8. What is the Octet Rule? Explain in your own words.

9. Which atom in the water molecule is the central atom, and why?

10. What is the significance of lone pairs in Lewis structures?

Submission

 Due Date: November 12, 2024 Time: 8:40 A.M

Name: ______________________________ Date: _________

QUIZ

True or False: Instructions: Read the statements carefully then write TRUE if the statement is
correct and write FALSE if it is wrong.

_____1. A Lewis structure represents the arrangement of electrons in a molecule.

_____2. In a Lewis structure, each atom's valence electrons are represented as dots
around
the element's symbol.
_____3. Lone pairs of electrons are depicted as single dots in Lewis structures.
_____4. A double bond in a Lewis structure is represented by two lines connecting two
atoms.
_____5. Lewis structures can only represent ionic compounds.
_____6. The octet rule states that atoms tend to form bonds in order to have eight
electrons
 in their outer shell.
_____7. Hydrogen can form a maximum of three bonds according to its Lewis structure.
_____8. The central atom in a Lewis structure is usually the least electronegative atom.
_____9. In Lewis structures, all atoms must have a complete octet, including hydrogen.
_____10. Resonance structures can be used to represent molecules where the electron
arrangement cannot be represented by a single Lewis structure.

Instructions: Choose the best answer for each question.

______1. What do the dots around an element’s symbol in a Lewis structure represent?

a. Atomic number b. Valence electrons c. Neutrons d. Protons

______2. How many valence electrons does an atom of nitrogen have?
a. 3 b. 5 c. 7 d. 8
______3. Which of the following elements would have four dots around its symbol in a Lewis
structure?
a. Carbon b. Nitrogen c. Oxygen d. Fluorine
_____4. How many electrons does oxygen need to complete its octet?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 6 d. 8
_____5. What is the purpose of a Lewis structure?
a. To show the total number of protons and neutrons
b. To represent the number of bonds and lone pairs around atoms in a molecule
c. To indicate atomic mass
d. To display the number of shells in an atom
_____6. Which of the following represents a correct Lewis structure for a molecule of H2?
a. H: b. H–H c. H:H d. H=H
_____7. Which of the following elements does NOT follow the octet rule in a Lewis structure?
a. Carbon b. Oxygen c. Neon d. Hydrogen
_____8. In a Lewis structure, a double bond between two atoms indicates the sharing of:
a. 1 electron b. 2 electrons c. 4 electrons d. 6 electrons
_____9. Which of the following is the correct Lewis structure for H2O?
a. H–O–H b. O–H c. O: d. O:H
_____10. What is the correct Lewis structure for methane (CH4)?
a. C surrounded by 4 H atoms each with a single bond
b. C with double bonds to 4 H atoms
c. C with no bonds to H atoms
d. C surrounded by lone pairs and 2 H atoms

Submission
 Due Date: November 12, 2024 Time: 8:40 A.M

Resources:

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/molecule-shapes/latest/molecule-shapes_all.html

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Chemical/lewis.html#c1

https://study.com/skill/learn/how-to-identify-the-number-of-electrons-available-for-bonding-using-
the-periodic-table-explanation.html

Introduction to electron configurations | AP Chemistry | Khan Academy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LyFzELsUgBU&t=2s
Introduction to electron configurations | AP Chemistry | Khan Academy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LyFzELsUgBU&t=2s

Shells, subshells, and orbitals | Atomic structure and properties | AP Chemistry |

Khan Academy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26PF9Ctch9Y

Atoms & the Periodic Table (old version)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jGxqXLFPOsM

VSEPR Theory and Molecular Geometry

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9-JjyAEqnU

Lewis Dot Structures

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sk7W2VgbhOg

VSEPR Theory: Introduction

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxebQZUVvTg

General Chemistry 1 12
 QUARTER 2
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

Introduction to Molecular Geometry

Molecular geometry refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms within a molecule.

Understanding molecular geometry is crucial in chemistry as it influences various properties of
substances, including reactivity, polarity, phase of matter, color, magnetism, and biological
activity.

Key Concepts

VSEPR
Theory:
Introduction
1. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory:
- VSEPR theory is the primary model used to predict the geometry of molecules. It states that
electron pairs around a central atom will arrange themselves as far apart as possible to
minimize repulsion.
- This theory helps in predicting the shapes of molecules based on the number of bonding
pairs (shared between atoms) and lone pairs (not shared, localized on the central atom) of
electrons.

2. Bond Angles:
- The angles between adjacent lines of atoms in a molecule. These angles are influenced by
the geometry of the molecule and the repulsion between electron pairs. For example, in a
tetrahedral geometry, the bond angles are approximately 109.5°.

3. Types of Molecular Shapes:

- Linear: Molecules with two atoms or three atoms with no lone pairs on the central atom.
Example: CO₂ (carbon dioxide).
- Trigonal Planar: Molecules with three bonding pairs and no lone pairs. Example: BF₃
(boron trifluoride).
- Tetrahedral: Molecules with four bonding pairs. Example: CH₄ (methane).
- Trigonal Bipyramidal: Molecules with five bonding pairs. Example: PCl₅ (phosphorus
pentachloride).
- Octahedral: Molecules with six bonding pairs. Example: SF₆ (sulfur hexafluoride).

____________________________________________________________________________
Let’s Explore: Understanding Lewis Structures and Molecular Shapes

Using the Simulation:

 Building Molecules: Use the tool to select different atoms (like H, O, C, N) and drag
them into the workspace to form molecules.
 Viewing Lewis Structures: Although the simulation primarily focuses on molecular
geometry, you can use the knowledge of valence electrons and bonding to visualize how
the bonds are formed and the electron arrangements.
 Experiment with Different Molecules: Create different molecules to see how their
shapes and structures change. You can add or remove bonds to observe the effects on
molecular geometry.

____________________________________________________________________________

Importance of Molecular Geometry

Understanding molecular geometry is vital for several reasons:

- Chemical Reactivity: The shape of a molecule can determine how it interacts with other
molecules. For instance, enzymes in biological systems are highly specific to their substrates
due to their geometric compatibility.

- Polarity: The geometry of a molecule affects its polarity, which in turn influences its solubility
and interactions with other molecules. For example, water (H₂O) has a bent shape, making it
polar, which is essential for its solvent properties.

- Biological Activity: Many biological molecules, such as hormones and drugs, function based
on their shapes. The fit between a drug and its target receptor can be compared to a key fitting
into a lock.

Examples of Molecular Geometry

Here are some common molecules and their geometries:

Molecul Geometry Bond

e Angles Molecular
Geometry Made
Easy: VSEPR
CO₂ Linear 180°
Theory and How
BF₃ Trigonal Planar 120° to Determine the

CH₄ Tetrahedral 109.5° Shape of a

Molecule
PCl₅ Trigonal 90° and https://
Bipyramidal 120°

SF₆ Octahedral 90°

Molecular geometry is a fundamental concept in chemistry that helps explain the behavior and properties
of molecules. By understanding the shapes and angles of molecules, students can gain insights into
chemical reactions, molecular interactions, and the functionality of biological systems.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lewis Structures: Represent how atoms bond but only show 2D arrangements of molecules, not
the 3D structure.

 3D Arrangement: Defined by the relative positions of atoms and lone pairs around a central
atom, resembling geometric figures.

VSEPR Theory (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory):

 States that molecules adjust their shape so that valence electron pairs (bonding and lone
pairs) are as far apart as possible.
 Based on the principle that negatively charged electrons repel each other.

 Molecular Geometry: Dependent on the total number of groups surrounding the central
atom, which include:

 Bonding pairs (atoms attached to the central atom)

 Lone pairs (non-bonding pairs of electrons on the central atom)
 Steps to Determine Molecular Shape:

1. Draw the Lewis structure of the molecule.

2. Count the number of electron groups (bonding and lone pairs).
3. Identify the electron-group geometry.
4. Determine the molecular geometry based on the arrangement of the atoms and lone pairs.

 VSEPR Notation: Represented as AXE (or ABE), where:

 A: Central atom
 X: Number of bonded atoms
 E: Number of lone pairs on the central atom

Below is the summary of the electron-group and different molecular geometries.

Let’s have an example. Determine the molecular geometry of H2O.

Determine the Molecular Geometry of H₂O (Water)

1. Step 1: Draw the Lewis Structure

o The Lewis structure for H₂O shows the oxygen atom bonded to two hydrogen
atoms, with two lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom.
2. Step 2: Count the Number of Electron Groups
o In H₂O, there are four electron groups:
 2 bonding pairs (O-H bonds)
 2 lone pairs on the oxygen atom
3. Step 3: Name the Electron-Group Geometry
o Since there are four electron groups around the central oxygen atom, the electron-
group geometry is tetrahedral.
4. Step 4: Determine the Molecular Geometry
o Given that H₂O has two lone pairs, the molecular geometry is bent (or V-
shaped). The presence of the lone pairs affects the arrangement of the bonded
atoms, resulting in the bent shape.
Identifying Molecular Geometry Using VSEPR Notation

After drawing the Lewis structure of a compound, you can identify its molecular geometry using
the VSEPR notation (AXE notation).

Example 1: H₂O (Water)

 Lewis Structure: H₂O has 2 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs.

 VSEPR Notation: AX₂E₂ (where A is the central atom, X represents bonding pairs, and
E represents lone pairs).
 Molecular Geometry: The molecular geometry for H₂O with this notation is bent.

Example 2: NH₃ (Ammonia)

 Lewis Structure:
o NH₃ has 3 bonding pairs (N-H bonds) and 1 lone pair on the nitrogen atom.
 VSEPR Notation: AX₃E (3 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair).
 Molecular Geometry: The molecular geometry for NH₃ with this notation is trigonal
pyramidal.

Visual Representation of Bonds

 Bond Representation:
o Solid Line: Indicates a bond in the plane of the page.
o Wedge (Solid Black): Indicates a bond coming toward you.
o Dashed Wedge: Indicates a bond extending back behind the plane.

Importance of Molecular Geometry

Understanding the molecular geometry of compounds is crucial for predicting and explaining
their physical and chemical properties. One significant property affected by molecular geometry
is polarity. Additionally, molecular geometry is essential in understanding the shapes and
functions of more complex biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA. The shapes of these
molecules are vital for their roles and functions in biological systems.

Name: ___________________________________ Date_________________

ACTIVITIES:

Activity 1: Fill in the Blanks

Fill in the blanks with the correct term or phrase to complete each statement.

1. The _______________of a compound provides a 2D representation of how atoms are

bonded.
2. The molecular geometries of a compound in 3D space can be explained by
____________.
 3. The geometry of a molecule depends on the number of groups surrounding the
__________.
4. In the VSEPR model, electron groups can be classified as either ___________or
__________.
5. A model with four electron groups assumes a _____________electron-group geometry.

Analyzing Lewis Structures

Instructions:
1. Draw the Lewis structure for each molecule listed below.
2. Identify the molecular shape using VSEPR Theory.
3. Specify the bond angles.

Molecule Lewis Molecular Shape Bond

Structure Angles

1. CO₂

2. BF₃

3. NH₃

4. H₂O

5. SO₂

General Chemistry 1
 QUARTER 2
POLARITY OF MOLECULES

General Chemistry 1 – Polarity of

Molecules

Objective:
Determine the polarity of simple molecules

Introduction to Molecular Polarity

Molecular polarity is a fundamental concept in chemistry that describes the distribution of

electrical charge over the atoms in a molecule. Understanding polarity is essential for redicting
the behavior of molecules in various chemical reactions and interactions. This module will cover
the types of bonds, the concept of electronegativity, and how molecular geometry influences
polarity.

Polarity in chemistry refers to the distribution of electrical charge over the atoms joined
by the bond. A molecule is considered polar if it has a net dipole moment due to the
presence of polar bonds, which occur when there is an unequal sharing of electrons
between atoms. This unequal sharing is often a result of differences in electronegativity,
which is the ability of an atom to attract electrons in a bond.
Types of Chemical Bonds
1. Covalent Bonds
Covalent bonds are formed when two non-metal atoms share electrons. The sharing of
electrons allows each atom to achieve a full outer shell, resulting in a stable molecule. Covalent
bonds can be classified based on their polarity:

- Nonpolar Covalent Bonds: Electrons are shared equally between the two atoms. This
typically occurs when the two atoms have similar electronegativity values. An example of a
nonpolar covalent bond is the bond between two chlorine atoms (Cl₂).

- Polar Covalent Bonds: Electrons are shared unequally due to a difference in electronegativity
between the two atoms. This results in a slight charge imbalance, creating a dipole moment. An
example is the bond between hydrogen and chlorine (HCl), where chlorine is more
electronegative than hydrogen.

Polar vs. Nonpolar Molecules:

- Polar Molecules: Molecules that have a significant difference in electronegativity
between the bonded atoms, resulting in a dipole moment. For example, water (H₂O) is a
polar molecule because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, creating a partial
negative charge near the oxygen atom and a partial positive charge near the hydrogen
atoms.
- Nonpolar Molecules: Molecules that have an even distribution of charge and no
2.dipole
Ionicmoment.
Bonds This can occur when atoms in a molecule have similar electronegativities
or when the molecular geometry allows for the cancellation of dipoles. An example of a
nonpolar molecule is methane (CH₄), where the carbon and hydrogen atoms have similar
electronegativities,
Examples and Nonpolar
of Polar and the symmetrical shape cancels out any dipoles.
Molecules

Molecule Type Explanation

Water (H₂O) Polar Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, creating

a dipole moment.

Ammonia (NH₃) Polar Nitrogen is more electronegative than hydrogen,

resulting in a net dipole.

Carbon Dioxide Nonpol Although it has polar bonds, the linear shape allows for
(CO₂) ar dipole cancellation.

Methane (CH₄) Nonpol Symmetrical shape and similar electronegativities result

ar in no net dipole.

Ethanol Polar The hydroxyl (-OH) group creates a significant dipole

(C₂H₅OH) moment.

2. Ionic Bond
Ionic bonds form when there is a significant difference in electronegativity between two atoms,
typically between a metal and a non-metal. In this case, one atom completely transfers its
electrons to another, resulting in the formation of charged ions. For example, sodium (Na) and
chlorine (Cl) form sodium chloride (NaCl) through ionic bonding.

Electronegativity

Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond. It

plays a crucial role in determining the polarity of a bond.

Key Points about Electronegativity:

- Electronegativity values increase from left to right across a period in the periodic table and
decrease from top to bottom in a group.
- The difference in electronegativity between two bonded atoms helps predict the type of bond:
- Nonpolar Covalent Bond: Electronegativity difference < 0.4
- Polar Covalent Bond: Electronegativity difference between 0.4 and 1.7
- Ionic Bond: Electronegativity difference > 1.7

Example Calculation:
For the bond between calcium (Ca) and chlorine (Cl):
- Electronegativity of Ca: 1.0
- Electronegativity of Cl: 3.0
- Difference: |1.0 - 3.0| = 2.0 → Ionic bond

For the bond between hydrogen (H) and chlorine (Cl):

- Electronegativity of H: 2.1
- Electronegativity of Cl: 3.0
- Difference: |2.1 - 3.0| = 0.9 → Polar covalent bond

- Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract and hold onto

electrons. The more electronegative an atom, the more strongly it attracts electrons.
- Common electronegativity values (on the Pauling scale):
- Fluorine (F): 4.0
- Oxygen (O): 3.5
- Nitrogen (N): 3.0
 - Carbon (C): 2.5
- Hydrogen (H): 2.1

Molecular Geometry and Polarity

The shape of a molecule significantly affects its overall polarity. The Valence Shell Electron Pair
Repulsion (VSEPR) theory helps predict the molecular geometry based on the arrangement of
electron pairs around the central atom.

Common Molecular Shapes:

1. Linear: 180° bond angle (e.g., CO₂)
2. Trigonal Planar: 120° bond angle (e.g., BF₃)
3. Tetrahedral: 109.5° bond angle (e.g., CH₄)
4. Trigonal Bipyramidal: 90° and 120° bond angles (e.g., PCl₅)
5. Octahedral: 90° bond angles (e.g., SF₆)

Determining Molecular Polarity:

- Nonpolar Molecules: Symmetrical shape, even distribution of charge (e.g., CCl₄).
- Polar Molecules: Asymmetrical shape, uneven distribution of charge (e.g., H₂O).

_______________________________
Molecular Geometry:
- The shape of a molecule plays a crucial role in determining its polarity. For instance,
molecules with a symmetrical geometry (like carbon dioxide, CO₂) may be nonpolar
despite having polar bonds, as the dipoles cancel each other out.

Importance of Polarity

Understanding polarity is crucial in various fields, including:

- Biochemistry: The polarity of molecules affects biological processes, such as the

solubility of substances in water, which is essential for biochemical reactions.
- Pharmaceuticals: Drug design often considers the polarity of molecules to ensure
proper absorption and interaction within the body.
- Environmental Science: Polarity influences the behavior of pollutants in water and soil,
affecting their transport and degradation.
Resources:
Polarity of Molecules: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8vLXEOL6aM

Name: ______________________________________ Date:_________

ACTIVITIES:

I. Electronegativity Values
Using the periodic table, identify the electronegativity values for the following elements:

Element Electronegativity Value

Hydrogen
(H)

Chlorine (Cl)

Calcium (Ca)

Oxygen (O)

Nitrogen (N)

II. Molecular Shapes

Using the VSEPR theory, determine the molecular geometry for the following compounds.
Indicate whether the molecule is polar or nonpolar.
 Compound Central Number of Number of Molecular Polar/Nonpolar
Atom Bonding Pairs Lone Pairs Geometry

Water (H₂O)

Carbon Dioxide
(CO₂)

Ammonia
(NH₃)