Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand

University, Bareilly
Proposed M.Sc. Botany Syllabus in accordance
with New Education Policy 2020
 Members of the Board of Studies

S. N. Name Designation College/ University

1. Dr. Alok Kumar Khare Convener Bareilly College, Bareilly
2. Dr. Jolly Garg Member DAK College, Moradabad
3. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Member GK University, Haridwar
4. Dr. Anamika Tripathi Member Hindu College, Moradabad
5. Dr. G. K. Sharma Member Hindu College, Moradabad
6. Dr. P. B. Tiwari Member S. M. College, Chandausi
7. Dr. H. S. Balyan External Subject Expert CCS University, Meerut
8. Prof. Sandeep Kumar Malik External Subject Expert GBPU, Pantnagar
9. Prof. G. S. Singh Special Invitee IESD, BHU, Varanasi
10. Prof. Lal Ji Singh Special Invitee IGKV, Chhattisgarh
11. Prof. Anil Dwivedi Special Invitee DDGU, Gorakhpur
12. Prof. Vijay Malik Special Invitee CCSU, Meerut
13. Prof. Shyam Pandey Special Invitee LU, Lucknow
14. Prof. Shamsul Hayat Invited Member AMU, Aligarh
15. Dr. Asha Rani Invited Member Bareilly College, Bareilly
16. Dr. Mohd. Javed Ansari Invited Member Hindu College, Moradabad
17. Dr. Neeraj Pal Malik Invited Member Bareilly College, Bareilly
18. Dr. Shalini Saxena Invited Member Bareilly College, Bareilly
19. Mr. Sanjay Singh Invited Member Bareilly College, Bareilly
20. Dr. Gaurav Kumar Invited Member Bareilly College, Bareilly
21. Mr. Ragib Husain Invited Member Bareilly College, Bareilly
22. Mr. Vinay Kumar Singh Invited Member Bareilly College, Bareilly
 Semester wise Titles of the Papers in M.Sc. Botany

Core
Course Compulsory / Teaching
Year Semester Paper Title Credits
Code Elective / Value Hours
Added
BOT- Diversity of Algae, Fungi Core
04 60
701T Lichens and Bryophytes Compulsory
BOT- Diversity of Pteridophytes, Core
702T Gymnosperms and Compulsory 04 60
Palaeobotany
BOT- Plant Systematics and Core
04 60
703T Reproductive Biology Compulsory
BOT- Any one of the following: Core Elective
704T A. Microbiology
First

04 60
B. Economic and
Ethnobotany
BOT- Practical Lab 1 Core
04 60
705P Compulsory
BOT- Industrial Training/ Research Core
RP01 Project/ Survey Compulsory & 04 60
Value Added
MO-01 Industrial Microbiology Minor- Open for
04 60
I other faculty

BOT- Biomolecules and Cell biology Core

04 60
801T Compulsory
BOT- Molecular Biology Core
04 60
802T Compulsory
BOT- Genetics Core
04 60
803T Compulsory
BOT- Any one of the following: Core Elective
Second

804T A. Biostatistics 04 60
B. Plant Anatomy
BOT- Practical Lab 2 Core
04 60
805P Compulsory
BOT- Industrial Training/ Research Core
RP02 Project/ Survey Compulsory & 04 60
Value Added
MO-02 Biofertilizers Minor- Open for
04 60
other faculty

BOT- Plant Physiology Core

04 60
901T Compulsory
BOT- Growth and Developmental Core
Third

04 60
II 902T Biology Compulsory
BOT- Ecology and Evolution Core
04 60
903T Compulsory
BOT- Any one of the following: Core Elective 04 60
 904T A. Plant Breeding and
Intellectual Property
Rights
B. Environmental Issues
and Policies
BOT- Practical Lab 3 Core
04 60
905P Compulsory
BOT- Industrial Training/ Research Core
RP03 Project/ Survey Compulsory & 04 60
Value Added
MO-03 Disaster Management Minor- Open for
04 60
other faculty

BOT- Analytical Techniques in Plant Core

04 60
1001T Science Compulsory
BOT- Biotechnology and Plant Core
04 60
1002T Tissue Culture Compulsory
BOT- Biophysical Chemistry and Core
04 60
1003T Bioenergetics Compulsory
BOT- Any one of the following: Core Elective
Fourth

1004T A. Bioinformatics 04 60
B. Plant Pathology
BOT- Practical Lab 4 Core
04 60
1005P Compulsory
BOT- Industrial Training/ Research Core
RP04 Project/ Survey Compulsory & 04 60
Value Added
MO-04 Biodiversity and Conservation Minor- Open for
04 60
other faculty

SEMESTER: I

SEMESTER: I
Course Code: BOT-701T
Paper Title: Algae, Fungi, Lichens and Bryophytes

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I Introduction and general features of algae: Cell structure, thallus organization 20
and reproduction of Cyanophyta, Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta, Dinophyta,
Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, Cryptophyta and Rhodophyta. Classification as
proposed by R. E. Lee (2008). Algal research in India. Algal culturing
techniques in the laboratory. Algal biofuels: algal biodiesel, bio-ethanol and
biohydrogen production. Algae in global warming: carbon capture by algae.
Algal blooms and Algal Biofertilizers. Algal bioremediation. Bioactive
compounds of algae.
II Introduction and general features of fungi: Myxomycota, Oomycota, 18
Chytidriomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and
 Deuteromycota. Recent trends in the classification of Fungi. Fungal research in
India. Fungal culturing techniques in the laboratory. Heterothallism and
Parasexuality. Economic importance of Fungi.
III Lichen: Thallus structure, classification and reproduction. Collection and 06
identification techniques. Lichen research in India. Economic importance of
lichens.
IV Introduction and general features of Bryophytes. Affinities with Algae and 16
Pteridophytes. Recent classification of Bryophytes. Bryophyte research in
India. Comparative structural organization of gametophyte and sporophyte
among major groups: Marchantiophyta (Liverworts) Anthocerotophyta
(Hornworts), Bryophyta (Mosses). Bryophytes in relation to embryophyte
evolution.

Suggested Readings:

1. Bold, H.C. and Wynne, M. J. (1985). Introduction to the algae; Structure and reproduction.
Prentice Hall, Englewood cliffs, New Jersey.
2. Cavers, F. (1976). The inter relationships of the bryophyte. S.R. Technic, Ashok Rajpath, Patna.
3. Chapman, V.J. and Chapman D.J. (1975). The algae. 2nd Edition, Mac. Millan Publ. Inc. New
York.
4. Chopra, R. N., and Kumar, P. K. (1988). Biology of Bryophytes. John Wiley and Sons, New York
(NY).
5. Desikachary, T.V. (1959). Cyanophyta. ICAR, New Delhi.
6. Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D. G. and Jahns, H. M. (1995). Algae: An introduction to Phycology.
Cambridge University Press, UK.
7. Kashyap, S. R. (1929). Liverworts of the Western Himalayas and the Punjab Plain. Part1, Chronica
Botanica, New Delhi.
8. Kashyap, S. R. (1932). Liverworts of the western Himalayas and the Panjab plain (illustrated).
Part 2, The Chronica Botanica, New Delhi.
9. Puri, P. (1981). Bryophytes: Morphology, Growth and Differentiation. Atmaram and Sons, New
Delhi.
10. Prescott, G. W. (1969). The algae: A review. Nelson, London.
11. Round, F.E. (1981). The Ecology of Algae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

SEMESTER: I
Course Code: BOT-702T
Paper Title: Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Palaeobotany

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I Introduction and general features of Pteridophytes. Affinities with Bryophytes 18
and Gymnosperms. Classification of Pteridophytes as proposed by Smith et al.
2006. Pteridophyte research in India. Comparative account of morphology,
anatomy and reproduction among important members of Psilotopsida,
Equisetopsida, Marattiopsida and Polypodiopsida. Development of leaf and
vascular system in Pteridophytes. Steps in seed evolution. Apogamy,
Apospory and Parthenogenesis in Pteridophytes.
II Introduction and general features of Gymnosperms. Affinities with 18
Pteridophytes and Angiosperms. Classification as proposed by Sporne (1965).
Comparative account of Pteridospermales, Bennettitales, Pentoxylales,
Cycadales, Cordaitales, Coniferales, Taxales, Ginkgoales and Gnetales. Ovule
 and seed development in Gymnosperms. Advance features and position of
Gnetales among Seed Plants. Economic importance of Gymnosperms.
III Introduction to fossils, types of fossilization and methods in study of fossils. 18
Fossil record of Algae, Bryophyte, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and
Angiosperms. Palaeobotany researches in India. Recent trends in the study of
fossils. Geological Time Scale. Importance of fossils in studying evolution of
plants. Speciation in the fossil record, a case study on diatom Rhizosolenia.
IV Important and useful databases of Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes and 06
Gymnosperms. Features and use of nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast
regions in classifying non-flowering plants. Origin of angiosperms.

Suggested Readings:

1. Agashe, S. N. (1995). Palaeobotany. Oxford and IBH Publ. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Arnold, A. C. (2005). An Introduction to Palaeobotany. Agrobios (India), Jodhpur.
3. Bhatnagar, S. P. and Moitra, A. (1996). Gymnosperms. New Age International, New Delhi.
4. Biswas, C. and Johri, B. M. (1997). Gymnosperms. Narosa Publishers, New Delhi.
5. Parihar, N.S. (1976). Biology and morphology of the Pteridophytes. Central Book Depot.
6. Rashid, A. (1999). An Introduction to Pteridophyta. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
7. Ramanujan, C.K.G. (1970). Indian Gymnosperms in time and space. Today &Tomorrow ‘s
Printers & Publishers.
8. Sporne, K.R. (1965). Morphology of Gymnosperms. Hutchinson University Library.
9. Sporne, K.R. (1986). The morphology of Pteridophytes. Hutchinson University Press, London.

SEMESTER: I
Course Code: BOT-703T
Paper Title: Plant Systematics and Reproductive Biology

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I Need for scientific names, development of botanical code, contents of 20
botanical code, Ranks and endings provided by the ICN, Typification
(Holotype, Isotype, Paratype, Syntype, Lectotype, Neotype), Author citation,
Publication of Names, Principle of Priority, PhyloCode. Outline of
classification of Angiosperms as proposed by Bentham and Hooker. APG
classification system: Basal living angiosperm, Monocots and Eudicots.
Phylogenetic relationships of major angiosperm clades.
II Special features of important families: Monocots (Commelinaceae, 15
Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Orchidaceae), Eudicots (Magnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae,
Papaveraceae, Brassicaceae, Malvaceae, Oxalidaceae, Rutaceae, Fabaceae,
Rosaceae, Lythraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae, Rubiaceae, Asteraceae,
Apocynaceae, Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae, Acanthaceae, Scrophulariaceae,
Lamiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Cannabaceae, Moraceae).
III Herbarium preparation and use, Virtual Herbarium, Roles of a Botanical 10
Garden, Floras, Journals, Taxonomic Keys, DNA Barcoding. Chemotaxonomy,
Embryology and Palynology Sieve-tube plastids in relation to taxonomy.
Possible ancestors of Angiosperms.
IV Stamen and Carpel evolution. Microsporogenesis and Megasporogenesis. 15
Embryo sac and its types. Pollination and Fertilization. Embryo and
Endosperm development. Placentation and its types. Types of fruits. Seed
germination. Dormancy.
Suggested Readings:

1. Singh, G. (2012). Plant Systematics: Theory and Practice. Oxford & IBH Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
3rdedition. 29
2. Jeffrey, C. (1982). An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
3. Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A., Stevens, P.F. (2002). Plant Systematics-A Phylogenetic
Approach. Sinauer Associates Inc., U.S.A. 2nd edition.
4. Maheshwari, J.K. (1963). Flora of Delhi. CSIR, New Delhi. 5. Radford, A.E. (1986). Fundamentals of
Plant Systematics. Harper and Row, New York
5. Bhojwani, S.S. and Bhatnagar, S.P. (2011). The Embryology of Angiosperms, Vikas Publishing
House. Delhi. 5th edition.
6. Shivanna, K.R. (2003). Pollen Biology and Biotechnology. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Delhi.
7. Raghavan, V. (2000). Developmental Biology of Flowering plants, Springer, Netherlands.
8. Johri, B.M. (1984). Embryology of Angiosperms, Springer-Verlag, Netherlands.

SEMESTER: I
Course Code: BOT-704T-A
Paper Title: Microbiology

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I Introduction and general characteristics of Viruses, Classification of plant 20
viruses. Isolation, purification and characterization of viruses. Replication,
transmission of viruses, economic importance, symptomatology of plant
viruses. Virus-induced cell transformation, virus-induced cancer.
Cyanobacteria, Viroids, Prions. Archaebacteria and Eubacteria: General
account, ultrastructure, nutrition and reproduction, economic importance.
Plasmids and their characteristics. 16s r-DNA sequencing.
II Agricultural Microbiology: Agriculturally important microorganisms, 10
Biological nitrogen fixation, Mycorrhizae, Plant diseases and their biocontrol.
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Weed and Pest Biocontrol.
III Environmental Microbiology: Microbes and quality of environment. Microbial 15
degradation of pesticides and hydrocarbons. Biodegradation of the
agricultural residues. Bioremediation of contaminated soils and water.
Microbes in nanotechnology. Biosensors, Biogas Production.
IV Food and Industrial Microbiology: Fermentation, fermenter design and 15
growth processes. Food spoilage. Microbes in recovery of metal (bioleaching)
and oil. Cell and enzyme immobilization. Microbial enzymes of industrial
interest. Single Cell Protein. Vaccines.

Suggested readings:

1. Pelezar, M.I. and Reid, R.D. (1993). Microbiology McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, 5th
Edition.
2. Atlas, M. Ronald (1995). Principles of Microbiology, 1st Edition, Mosby-Year Book, Inc, Missouri,
U.S.A.
3. Block, J.G. (1999). Microbiology Principles and Explorations, 4th Edition John Wiley and Sons Inc.
4. Frazier, W.C. (1988). Food Microbiology, McGraw Hill Inc. 4th Edition.
5. Prescott, L.M., Harley J.P., Klein D. A. (2005). Microbiology, McGraw Hill, India. 6th edition
 SEMESTER: I
Course Code: BOT-704T-B
Paper Title: Economic and Ethnobotany

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I Cereals: Wheat Rice and millets. Legumes: General account, importance to 20
man and ecosystem. Sugars & Starches: Morphology and processing of
sugarcane, products and by-products of sugarcane industry. Potato –
morphology, propagation & uses. Spices: Listing of important spices, their
family and part used, economic importance with special reference to fennel,
saffron, clove and black pepper.
II Beverages: Tea, Coffee (morphology, processing & uses). Oils & Fats: General 10
description, classification, extraction, their uses and health implications
groundnut, coconut, linseed and Brassica and Coconut (Botanical name,
family & uses) Essential Oils: General account, extraction methods,
comparison with fatty oils & their uses.
III Natural Rubber: Para-rubber: tapping, processing and uses. Drug-yielding 10
plants: Therapeutic and habit-forming drugs with special reference to
Cinchona, Digitalis, Papaver and Cannabis. Timber plants: General account
with special reference to teak and pine. Fibers: Classification based on the
origin of fibers, Cotton and Jute (morphology, extraction and uses).
IV Ethnobotany: Plants used by the tribals (Food plants, intoxicants and 20
beverages, Resins and oils and miscellaneous uses. Significance of the
following plants in ethno botanical practices: Azadiractha indica, Ocimum
sanctum, Vitex negundo, Gloriosa superba, Tribulus terrestris, Pongamia pinnata,
Cassia auriculata, Indigofera tinctoria. Role of ethnobotany in modern medicine
with special example: Rauvolfia sepentina, Trichopus zeylanicus, Artemisia,
Withania.

Suggested readings:

1. Kochhar, S.L. (2012). Economic Botany in Tropics, MacMillan & Co. New Delhi, India.
2. Wickens, G.E. (2001). Economic Botany: Principles & Practices. Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Netherlands.
3. Chrispeels, M.J. and Sadava, D.E. (2003). Plants, Genes and Agriculture. Jones & Bartlett
Publishers.
4. S.K. Jain, Manual of Ethnobotany, Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, 1995.
5. S.K. Jain (ed.) Glimpses of Indian. Ethnobotany, Oxford and I B H, New Delhi – 1981
6. Lone, F. A., Khan, M., & Buth, G. M. (2020). Palaeoethnobotany: plants and ancient man in
Kashmir. CRC Press.
7. S.K. Jain (ed.) (1989). Methods and approaches in ethnobotany. Society of ethnobotanists,
Lucknow, India.
8. S.K. Jain, (1990). Contributions of Indian ethnobotany. Scientific publishers, Jodhpur.
9. Colton C.M. (1997). Ethnobotany – Principles and applications. John Wiley and sons.
 SEMESTER: I
Course Code: BOT-705P
Paper Title: Practical Lab 1

Practical will be based on all the courses of Semester I.

SEMESTER: I
Course Code: MO-01
Paper Title: Industrial Microbiology

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I Exploitation of microorganisms and their products, screening, strain 15
development strategies, immobilization methods, fermentation media, raw
material used in media production, antifoaming agents, buffers, downstream
processing.
II Fermentation equipment and its uses, fermenter design, Types of fermenters 15
and fermentations- single, batch, continuous, multiple, surface, submerged
and solid state.
III Industrial products from microorganisms- antibiotics: production of 15
penicillin, streptomycin. Interferons, vaccines, hormones, vitamins.
IV Enzymes from microbes: amylase, protease. Organic acids: citric acid, acetic 15
acid, amino acids: glutamic acid, lysine. Production of alcoholic beverages:
bear and wine, biofuels: ethanol, methane, biogas.

Suggested Readings:

1. Pelzar, M.J. Jr., Chen E.C. S., Krieg, N.R. (2010). Microbiology: An application based approach. Tata
McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., Delhi.
2. Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R., Case. C.L. (2007). Microbiology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San
Francisco, U.S.A. 9th edition.
3. Frazier, W.C. (1988) Food Microbiology, McGraw Hill Inc. 4th Edition.
4. Prescott, L.M., Harley J.P., Klein D. A. (2005). Microbiology, McGraw Hill, India. 6th edition

SEMESTER: II

SEMESTER: II
Course Code: BOT-801T
Paper Title: Biomolecules and Cell Biology

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I Carbohydrate, Lipids and Amino acid: Classification, Structure and properties 15
of some important carbohydrates, lipids and amino acid and their significance
to plants.
II Protein structure and Enzymes: Hierarchical structure of proteins; folding; 15
degradation; Application of principles of thermodynamics in biology; Enzyme
classification, Physiochemical nature, enzyme kinetics and regulation of
enzymatic activity. Brief overview of various signal transduction pathways.
 III Structure and function of Plant Cell Wall and Cell Membrane; Nucleosome 15
and Chromosomal Packaging Structure of nuclear Envelope, Nuclear pore
complex. Cell division and cell cycle (Mitosis and meiosis, their regulation,
steps in cell cycle, regulation and control of cell cycle.
IV Protein sorting: Organelle biogenesis and protein secretion, synthesis and 15
targeting, of mitochondria, chloroplast, peroxisomal proteins, translational
modification in the ER. Intracellular traffic, vesicular traffic in the secretary
pathway, protein sorting in the Golgi, traffic in the endocytic pathway,
exocytosis. Trafficking between nucleus and cytoplasm: Protein and RNA
transport.

Suggested Readings:

1. Campbell, M.K. (2012). Biochemistry, 7th ed., Published by Cengage Learning.

2. Campbell, P.N. and Smith, A.D. (2011). Biochemistry Illustrated, 4th ed., Published by Churchill
Livingstone.
3. Tymoczko, J.L., Berg, J.M. and Stryer, L. (2012). Biochemistry: A short course, 2nd ed., W. H.
Freeman.
4. Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L. and Stryer, L. (2011). Biochemistry, W.H. Freeman and Company.
5. Nelson, D.L. and Cox M.M. (2008). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th Edition., W.H.
Freeman and Company.
6. Karp, G. (2010). Cell Biology, John Wiley & Sons, U.S.A. 6th edition.
7. Hardin, J., Becker, G., Skliensmith, L.J. (2012). Becker’s World of the Cell, Pearson Education Inc.
U.S.A. 8th edition.
8. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. 2009 The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 5th edition. ASM Press &
Sunderland, Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates, MA.
9. Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin. J. and Bertoni, G. P. 2009 The World of the Cell. 7th edition.
Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco

SEMESTER: II
Course Code: BOT-802T
Paper Title: Molecular Biology

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I DNA replication, repair and recombination (Unit of replication, enzymes 15
involved, replication origin and replication fork, fidelity of replication,
extrachromosomal replicons, DNA damage and repair mechanisms,
homologous and site-specific recombination).
II RNA synthesis and processing (transcription factors and machinery, formation 15
of initiation complex, transcription activator and repressor, RNA polymerases,
capping, elongation, and termination, RNA processing, RNA editing, splicing,
and polyadenylation, structure and function of different types of RNA, RNA
transport).
III Protein synthesis and processing (Ribosome, formation of initiation complex, 15
initiation factors and their regulation, elongation and elongation factors,
termination, genetic code, aminoacylation of tRNA, tRNA-identity, aminoacyl
tRNA synthetase, and translational proof-reading, translational inhibitors,
Post- translational modification of proteins).
IV Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level (regulating the 15
expression of phages, viruses, prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes, role of
chromatin in gene expression and gene silencing).
Suggested Readings:

1. Watson J.D., Baker, T.A., Bell, S.P., Gann, A., Levine, M., Losick, R. (2007). Molecular Biology of
the Gene, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, CSHL Press, New York, U.S.A. 6th edition.
2. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2010). Principles of Genetics. John Wiley and Sons Inc., U.S.A.
5th edition.
3. Klug, W.S., Cummings, M.R., Spencer, C.A. (2009). Concepts of Genetics. Benjamin Cummings.
U.S.A. 9th edition.
4. Russell, P. J. (2010). Genetics- A Molecular Approach. Benjamin Cummings, U.S.A. 3rd edition.
5. Griffiths, A.J.F., Wessler, S.R., Carroll, S.B., Doebley, J. (2010). Introduction to Genetic Analysis.
W. H. Freeman and Co., U.S.A. 10th edition.

SEMESTER: II
Course Code: BOT-803T
Paper Title: Genetics

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I Mendelian genetics and its extensions: Codominance, incomplete dominance, 15
gene interactions, pleiotropy, phenocopy, linkage and crossing over, sex
linkage, sex limited and sex influenced characters. Quantitative inheritance:
Concept of gene effects (additive, dominance, over–dominance and epistasis);
polygenes and quantitative trait loci (QTL).
II Mutations and mutagenic agents: Types, causes and detection, mutant types – 15
lethal, conditional, biochemical, loss of function, gain of function, germinal
verses somatic mutants, insertional mutagenesis. Structural and numerical
alterations of chromosomes: Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation,
ploidy and their genetic implications. Practical application of mutation in crop
improvement.
III Microbial genetics: Methods of genetic transfers – transformation, conjugation, 15
transduction and sexduction, mapping genes by interrupted mating, fine
structure analysis of genes.
IV Extrachromosomal inheritance: Criteria for extra chromosomal inheritance; 15
plastid inheritance in Mirabilis, iojap in corn, Kappa particles in Paramecium,
coiling in snails, brief idea of mitochondrial (male sterility in plants) and
chloroplast genetics, paternal inheritance.

Suggested Readings:

1. Gardner, E.J., Simmons, M.J., Snustad, D.P. (1991). Principles of Genetics, John Wiley & sons,
India. 8th edition.
2. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2010). Principles of Genetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., India. 5th
edition.
3. Klug, W.S., Cummings, M.R., Spencer, C.A. (2012). Concepts of Genetics. Benjamin Cummings,
U.S.A. 10th edition.
4. Griffiths, A.J.F., Wessler, S.R., Carroll, S.B., Doebley, J. (2010). Introduction to Genetic Analysis. W.
H. Freeman and Co., U.S.A. 10th edition.
 SEMESTER: II
Course Code: BOT-804T-A
Paper Title: Biostatistics

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I Introduction of Biostatistics. Collection and Classification of data: Sampling 15
and types of sampling methods. Presentation of Data: Tabular, Graphical, Line
Diagrams, Frequency Polygon, Frequency Curve, Scatter or Dot Diagram, Bar
Diagrams, Pie Chart. Measures of central tendency - Mean, median, mode.
Measures of dispersion: Range, standard error, standard deviation, co-efficient
of variations.
II Probability: Sum rule, Product rule and Binomial expansion. Probability 15
distribution: Normal, Binomial and Poisson. Kurtosis. Correlation and
Regression: Types of correlation (linear, non-linear, positive and negative),
difference between correlation and regression.
III Analysis of variance (ANOVA): Summary of steps involved in ANOVA. Test 15
of hypothesis and tests of significance: Student’s t-Test, Chi-square test, F-test.
Introduction to life table. Parametric and Non-parametric test.
IV Experimental Designs: Introduction, Observational Investigation, Steps in 15
Methodology and Designing, Guidelines on Methodology, Experimental
Investigation, Use of Computers.

Suggested Readings:

1. Danniel, W.W., (1987). Biostatistics. New York, John Wiley Sons.

2. Sundarrao, P.S.S and Richards, J. (2012). An introduction to Biostatistics, 5th edition.
3. Selvin, S., (1991). Statistical Analysis of epidemiological data, New York University Press.
4. Bishop, O.N. (1966). The Principles of Modern Biology: Statistics for Biology. Houghton Mifflin
Company, Boston.
5. Freedman, P. (2017). The Principles of scientific research. New York, Pergamon Press.
6. Campbell, R.C. (1998). Statistics for Biologists. Cambridge University Press.

SEMESTER: II
Course Code: BOT-804T-B
Paper Title: Plant Anatomy

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I Plant Tissues: Classification; Simple and complex tissues; cytodifferentiation 10
of tracheary elements and sieve elements; Pits and plasmodesmata; Wall
ingrowths and transfer cells, adcrustation and incrustation, Ergastic
substances.
II Stem: Organization of shoot apex (Apical cell theory, Histogen theory, Tunica 20
Corpus theory, continuing meristematic residue, cytohistological zonation);
Types of vascular bundles; Structure of dicot and monocot stem. Leaf:
Structure of dicot and monocot leaf, Kranz anatomy. Root: Organization of
root apex (Apical cell theory, Histogen theory, Korper-Kappe theory);
Quiescent center; Root cap; Structure of dicot and monocot root; Endodermis,
exodermis and origin of lateral root.
III Vascular Cambium: Structure, function and seasonal activity of cambium; 20
 Secondary growth in root and stem. Wood: Axially and radially oriented
elements; Types of rays and axial parenchyma; Cyclic aspects and reaction
wood; Sapwood and heartwood; Ring and diffuse porous wood; Early and
late wood, tyloses; dendrochronology. Periderm: Development and
composition of periderm, rhytidome and lenticels.
IV Adaptive and Protective Systems: Epidermal tissue system, cuticle, 10
epicuticular waxes, trichomes (uni-and multicellular, glandular and
nonglandular, two examples of each), stomata (classification); Adcrustation
and incrustation; Anatomical adaptations of xerophytes and hydrophytes.
Secretory System: Hydathodes, cavities, lithocysts and laticifers.

Suggested Readings
1. Dickison, W.C. (2000). Integrative Plant Anatomy. Harcourt Academic Press, USA.
2. Fahn, A. (1974). Plant Anatomy. Pergmon Press, USA.
3. Mauseth, J.D. (1988). Plant Anatomy. The Benjammin/Cummings Publisher, USA.
4. Esau, K. (1977). Anatomy of Seed Plants. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Delhi.

SEMESTER: II
Course Code: BOT-805P
Paper Title: Practical Lab 2

Practical will be based on all the courses of Semester II.

SEMESTER: II
Course Code: MO-02
Paper Title: Biofertilizers

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I General account about the microbes and plants used as biofertilizer: 18
Rhizobium (isolation, identification, mass multiplication, carrier based
inoculants, Actinorrhizal symbiosis).
II Azospirillum: isolation and mass multiplication – carrier based inoculant, 18
associative effect of different microorganisms. Azotobacter: classification,
characteristics – crop response to Azotobacter inoculum, maintenance and mass
multiplication.
III Cyanobacteria (blue green algae), Azolla and Anabaena azollae association, 18
nitrogen fixation, factors affecting growth, blue green algae and Azolla in rice
cultivation. Mycorrhizal association, types of mycorrhizal association,
taxonomy, occurrence and distribution, phosphorus nutrition, growth and
yield – colonization of VAM – isolation and inoculum production of VAM,
and its influence on growth and yield of crop plants.
IV Organic farming – Green manuring and organic fertilizers, Recycling of 06
biodegradable municipal, agricultural and Industrial wastes – biocompost
making methods, types and method of vermicomposting – field Application.

Suggested Readings:

1. Dubey, R.C., (2005). A Text book of Biotechnology S. Chand & Co, New Delhi.
2. Kumaresan, V. (2005). Biotechnology, Saras Publications, New Delhi.
3. John Jothi Prakash, E. (2004). Outlines of Plant Biotechnology. Emkay -Publication, New Delhi.
4. Sathe, T.V. (2004). Vermiculture and Organic Farming. Daya publishers.
5. Subha Rao, N.S. (2000). Soil Microbiology, Oxford & IBH Publishers, New Delhi.
6. Vayas, S.C., Vayas, S. and Modi, H.A. (1998). Bio-fertilizers and organic Farming. Akta Prakashan,
Nadiad.

SEMESTER: III

SEMESTER: III
Course Code: BOT-901T
Paper Title: Plant Physiology

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I Photosynthesis - Light harvesting complexes; mechanisms of electron 20
transport; photoprotective mechanisms; CO2 fixation-C3, C4 and CAM
pathways. Respiration and photorespiration – Citric acid cycle; plant
mitochondrial electron transport and ATP synthesis; alternate oxidase;
photorespiratory pathway. Nitrogen metabolism - Nitrate and ammonium
assimilation; amino acid biosynthesis.
II Sensory photobiology - Structure, function and mechanisms of action of 10
phytochromes, cryptochromes and phototropins; stomatal movement;
photoperiodism and biological clocks.
III Water, solute transport and photoassimilate translocation – uptake, transport 15
and translocation of water, ions, solutes and macromolecules from soil,
through cells, across membranes, through xylem and phloem; transpiration;
mechanisms of loading and unloading of photoassimilates.
IV Secondary metabolites - Biosynthesis of terpenes, phenols and nitrogenous 15
compounds and their roles. Stress physiology – Responses of plants to biotic
(pathogen and insects) and abiotic (water, temperature and salt) stresses.

Suggested Readings

1. Hopkins, W.G. and Huner, A. (2008). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley and Sons. U.
S.A. 4th edition.
2. Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., MØller, I.M. and Murphy, A (2015). Plant Physiology and Development.
Sinauer Associates Inc. USA. 6th edition.
3. Bajracharya D. (1999). Experiments in Plant Physiology-A Laboratory Manual. Narosa
Publishing House, New Delhi.
 SEMESTER: III
Course Code: BOT-902T
Paper Title: Growth and Developmental Biology

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I Plant hormones – Biosynthesis, storage, breakdown and transport; 20
physiological effects and mechanisms of action. Morphogenesis and
organogenesis in plants: Organization of shoot and root apical meristem;
shoot and root development.
II Development of flower: Transition to flowering - vegetative to reproductive 12
evocation, floral homeotic mutations in Arabidopsis, Antirrhinum and
Petunia, axis development in flower, gender expression in monoecious and
dioecious plants. Control of floral identity (ABC Model).
III Developmental biology of male and female gametophytes: Regulation of anther 18
and ovule development, microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis,
megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis, male sterility- mechanisms and
applications, pollen embryogenesis. Pollen-pistil interaction: In vivo and in
vitro pollen germination, pollen tube growth and guidance, double
fertilization, self-compatibility mechanisms.
IV Embryogenesis, seed and fruit development: Polarity during embryogenesis, 10
pattern mutants, in vitro fertilization, endosperm development, apomixis,
polyembryony, somatic embryogenesis. Developmental mechanisms and
applications.

Suggested Readings:

1. Hopkins, W.G. and Huner, A. (2008). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley and Sons. U.
S.A. 4th edition.
2. Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., MØller, I.M. and Murphy, A (2015). Plant Physiology and Development.
Sinauer Associates Inc. USA. 6th edition
3. Bob B. Buchanan (2015). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants.

SEMESTER: III
Course Code: BOT-903T
Paper Title: Ecology and Evolution

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I The Environment: Abiotic and biotic environment 15
Habitat and Niche: Concept of habitat and niche; niche width and overlap;
fundamental and realized niche; resource partitioning; character displacement.
Population Ecology: Characteristics of a population; population growth
curves; population regulation; life history strategies (r and K selection)
II Species Interactions: Types of interactions, interspecific competition, 15
herbivory, carnivory, pollination, symbiosis. Community Ecology: Nature of
communities; community structure and attributes; levels of species diversity
and its measurement; edges and ecotones. Ecological Succession: Types;
mechanisms; changes involved in succession; concept of climax.
III Ecosystem Ecology: Ecosystem structure; ecosystem function; energy flow and 15
mineral cycling (C, N, P); primary production and decomposition; structure
 and function of some Indian ecosystems: terrestrial (forest, grassland) and
aquatic (fresh water, marine, estuarine). Biogeography: Major terrestrial
biomes; concept of endemism, botanical zones of India.
IV Population Genetics: Gene and Allele frequency, hardy Weinberg law, Forces 15
of evolution: Genetic drift – Sampling error; Mutation. Migration/Gene Flow.
Speciation: Reproductive isolation. Species concepts and processes of
speciation. Drivers of speciation. allopathy and sympatry, Adaptive Radiation.
Geological time scale.

Suggested Readings:

1. Odum, E.P. (2005). Fundamentals of ecology. Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 5th
edition.
2. Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P., Gupta, S. (2006). Ecology Environment and Resource Conservation.
Anamaya Publications, New Delhi, India.
3. Ambast, R.S. & Ambast N.K. (2022). A Textbook of Plant Ecology. CBS Publisher & Distributors
Pvt Ltd. 1t6th Ed.
4. Sharma, P.D. (2010). Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India. 8th edition.
5. Pratima Kapur and S. R. Govil (2004). Experimental Plant Ecology. CBS Publishers &
Distributors Pvt Ltd, India
6. Govil S. R. & Tripathi, B. D. (2001). Water Pollution: An Experimental Approach. CBS
Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd, India
7. Wilkinson, D.M. (2007). Fundamental Processes in Ecology: An Earth Systems Approach.
Oxford University Press. U.S.A.
8. Kormondy, E.J. (1996). Concepts of ecology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, India. 4th edition.
9. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2010). Principles of Genetics. John Wiley and Sons Inc.,
U.S.A. 5th edition

SEMESTER: III
Course Code: BOT-904T-A
Paper Title: Plant Breeding and Intellectual Property Right

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I Plant breeding and crop improvement: Objectives and scope of plant 15
breeding, hybridization in self- and cross-pollinated crops, genetic basis of
inbreeding depression and heterosis, breeding for disease and insect
resistance, transgenes and transgenic plants.
II Alien gene transfer through chromosome: Transfer of gene through individual 15
chromosome characterization and utility of alien addition and substitution
lines. Physical and genetic mapping using molecular markers. Crop varieties:
Identification, release and notification of crop varieties, institutions involved
in release of varieties.
III IPR in India and world (WTO (TRIPS, WIPO). Patents: Objectives, Rights, 15
Patent Act 1970 and its amendments. Procedure of obtaining patents,
Infringement. Copyrights: Introduction, Works protected under copyright
law, Rights, Infringement. Trademarks: Objectives, Types, Rights, Protection
of goodwill, Infringement.
IV Geographical Indications: Objectives, Justification, International Position, 15
Multilateral Treaties, National Level, Indian Position. Protection of Plant
Varieties: Plant Varieties Protection-Objectives, Justification, International
Position, Plant varieties protection in India. Rights of farmers, Breeders and
 Researchers. National gene bank, Benefit sharing. Protection of Plant Varieties
and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001. Biotechnology and Intellectual Property Rights.

Suggested Readings:

1. Allard, R.W. (1960). Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley, New York
2. Chopra, V.L. (2000). Plant Breeding: Theory and Practice 2nd Ed. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
3. Frey, K. J. (1966). Plant Breeding. The Iowa State University Press, Ames.
4. Frey, K. J. (1982). Plant Breeding II. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
5. Welsh, J. R. (1981). Fundamentals of Plant Genetics and Breeding. John Wiley and Sons, New
York.
6. Singh B. D. (2007). Plant Breeding. Kalyani Publishers. Ludhiana.
7. Nithyananda, K V. (2019). Intellectual Property Rights: Protection and Management. India, IN:
Cengage Learning India Private Limited.
8. Neeraj, P., & Khusdeep, D. (2014). Intellectual Property Rights. India, IN: PHI learning Private
Limited.
9. Ahuja, V K. (2017). Law relating to Intellectual Property Rights. India, IN: Lexis Nexis.

SEMESTER: III
Course Code: BOT-904T-B
Paper Title: Environmental Issues and Policies

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I Environmental Pollution: Causes and effects of air, water, soil, noise, 15
radioactive pollution; Basic pollution abatement practices and technologies.
Global Change: Global land cover and land use change; Multiple impacts of
land use change; Causes, effects and mitigation strategies for global climate
change and stratospheric ozone loss.
II Biotic Invasions: Extent and mechanisms of biological invasions; Ecological 15
and economic impacts; Management strategies. Loss of Biodiversity: Threats
and pattern of biodiversity loss; Natural and anthropogenic causes; IUCN
threat categories, Red data books; Conservation and restoration of
biodiversity, Biodiversity act.
III Global Water Crisis: Distribution, withdrawal and consumption patterns; 15
Causes and effects of water crisis; Water conservation approaches. Global
Energy Crisis: Sources of energy supply; Current potential and future
prospects of energy sources; Energy crisis; Energy conservation strategies.
IV Challenges of Urbanization: Trends of urbanization; Environmental impact of 15
urbanization; Concept of green cities. National Policies on Environment:
National Forest Policy; National Water Policy; National Energy Policy;
National Action Plan on Climate Change; National Biodiversity Action Plan.

Suggested Readings:

1. George Tchobanoglous, Frank Burton QC, Metcalf and Eddy Inc. (1991). Wastewater Engineering:
Treatment, Disposal and Reuse. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
2. A. K. De, (1990). Environmental Chemistry, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
3. Dennis Allsopp, Kenneth Seal, Christine. C. Gaylarde, (1986). Introduction to Biodeterioration.
Hodder Arnold H&S.
4. Baaker, K.H. and Herson, D.S., (1994). Bioremediation, McGraw-Hill Inc., New York.
5. Nuzhat Ahmed, Fouad M. Qureshi and Obaid Y. Khan, (2006). Industrial and Environmental
Biotechnology, Horizon Press.
6. Paul. A, Rochelle, (2001). Environmental Molecular Biology, Horizon Press.
7. Jadhav H.V. and Bhosale, V.M. (2006). Himalaya Environmental Protection and Laws, Himalaya
Publishing House.

SEMESTER: III
Course Code: BOT-905P
Paper Title: Practical Lab 3

Practical will be based on all the courses of Semester III.

SEMESTER: III
Course Code: MO-03
Paper Title: Disaster Management

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I Introduction to Disasters Concepts, and definitions of Disaster, Hazard, 15
Vulnerability, Resilience, Risks. Disasters: Classification, natural hazards and
Man-made disasters, Causes, Impacts (including social, economic, political,
environmental, health, psychosocial, etc.) Global trends in disasters, urban
disasters and climatic change.
II Approaches to Disaster Risk reduction Disaster management cycle-Phases, 15
Culture of safety prevention, mitigation and preparedness community based
DRR, Role of NDMA, NDRE, NIDM, STATE DM in disaster Management.
III Disasters and Development: Impact of Development projects such as doms, 15
embankments changes in Land-use etc., Climate Change Relevance of
indigenous knowledge and local resources.
IV Disaster Risk Management in India Hazard and Vulnerability profile of India, 15
Components of Disaster Relief Water, Food. Sanitation, Shelter, Health, Waste
Management Institutional arrangements (Mitigation, Response and
Preparedness, DM Act and Policy).

Suggested Reading:

1. David, A. (2000). Introduction in Confronting Catastrophe. Oxford University Press.

2. Andharia, J. (2008). Vulnerability in Disaster Discourse. JTCDM, Tata Institute of Social
Sciences.
3. Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I., Wisner, B. (1997). At Risk Natural Hazards, Peoples
Vulnerability and Disasters, Routledge.
4. Damon, C. P. (2007). Introduction to International Disaster Management.
5. Nick, C. (1991). Disaster Management: A Disaster Manager's Handbook. Asian Development
Bank, Manila Philippines.
 SEMESTER: IV

SEMESTER: IV
Course Code: BOT-1001T
Paper Title: Analytical Techniques in Plant Science

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I Imaging and related techniques: Principles of microscopy; Light microscopy; 15
Fluorescence microscopy; Confocal microscopy; Use of fluorochromes: (a)
Flow cytometry (FACS); (b) Applications of fluorescence microscopy:
Chromosome banding, FISH, chromosome painting; Transmission and
Scanning electron microscopy – sample preparation for electron microscopy,
cryofixation, negative staining, shadow casting, freeze fracture, freeze etching.
II Cell fractionation: Centrifugation: Differential and density gradient 15
centrifugation, sucrose density gradient, CsCl2gradient, analytical
centrifugation, ultracentrifugation, marker enzymes. Radioisotopes: Use in
biological research, auto-radiography, pulse chase experiment.
III Spectrophotometry: Principle and its application in biological research. 15
Chromatography: Principle; Paper chromatography; Column
chromatography, TLC, GLC, HPLC, Ion-exchange chromatography; Molecular
sieve chromatography; Affinity chromatography. PCR and its Types.
IV Mass spectrometry; X-ray diffraction; X-ray crystallography; Characterization 15
of proteins and nucleic acids; Electrophoresis: AGE, PAGE, SDS-PAGE. RNA
Interference, Antisense RNA Technology, miRNA and Gene silencing.

Suggested Readings:

1. Plummer, D.T. (1996). An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing

Co. Ltd. New Delhi. 3rd edition.
2. Ruzin, S.E. (1999). Plant Microtechnique and Microscopy, Oxford University Press, New York.
U.S.A.
3. Ausubel, F., Brent, R., Kingston, R. E., Moore, D.D., Seidman, J.G., Smith, J.A., Struhl, K. (1995).
Short Protocols in Molecular Biology. John Wiley & Sons. 3rd edition.
4. Zar, J.H. (2012). Biostatistical Analysis. Pearson Publication. U.S.A. 4th edition

SEMESTER: IV
Course Code: BOT-1002T
Paper Title: Biotechnology and Plant Tissue Culture

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I Recombinant DNA technology, basic concept in genetic engineering, tool and 15
techniques of recombinant DNA technology. Enzymes in genetic engineering.
Restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, Polymerase, exonucleases, endonucleases,
restriction endonucleases, S I nucleases, DNA ligases, reverse transcriptase
and alkaline phosphatase. etc. Cloning vehicles: Plasmids, Cosmids, Lambda
phage, Charon phage, shuttle vectors, 2µ DNA plasmids, yeast plasmids, M13
vector. Transposons, Primary vectors and plasmids - expression vectors.
 II Selection of genes, Gene libraries, Genomic and cDNA library - Gene transfer 15
methods, Genetic organization of Ti plasmids, Ti plasmid mediated transfer -
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, DNA mediated transfer. Calcium phosphate, PEG,
DEAE, via liposomes - Microinjection - Macroinjection, microprojectile, and
electroporation, - Selection of clones, marker and reporter genes in screening
methods. Hybridizations - colony, Southern, Northern, Western Blotting.
Elementary Knowledge of next generation sequencing.
III Introduction to Plant Tissue culture, Terms and definitions, Tools and 15
techniques of plant tissue culture. Culture media, culture media preparation
and sterilization, callus and suspension cultures. Organ Culture and
Protoplast culture. Protoplast-Isolation regeneration and Viability test,
Somatic hybridization and methods of protoplast fusion- chemical.
Techniques and applications of somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of
plants, anther, pollen, ovule, endosperm, hairy root cultures.
IV Cell/callus line selection for resistance to herbicide, stress and diseases. Role 15
of tissue culture in rapid clonal propagation, production of pathogen - free
plants and synthetic seeds. Plant transformation: Methods of gene transfer in
plants. Agrobacterium and CaMV mediated gene transfer; direct gene transfer
using PEG, micro injection, electroporation, microprojectile (biolistics)
method, liposome mediated DNA delivery. Transgenic plants for crop
improvement: Maize, Rice, Wheat, Cotton, Brinjal and Tomato.

Suggested Readings:

1. Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K., (1996). Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice. Elsevier
Science. Amsterdam. The Netherlands.
2. Glick, B.R., Pasternak, J.J. (2003). Molecular Biotechnology- Principles and Applications of
recombinant DNA. ASM Press, Washington.
3. Bhojwani, S.S. and Bhatnagar, S.P. (2011). The Embryology of Angiosperms. Vikas Publication
House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 5th edition.
4. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2010). Principles of Genetics. John Wiley and Sons, U.K. 5th
edition.
5. Stewart, C.N. Jr. (2008). Plant Biotechnology & Genetics: Principles, Techniques and
Applications. John Wiley & Sons Inc. U.S.A.

SEMESTER: IV
Course Code: BOT-1003T
Paper Title: Biophysical Chemistry and Bioenergetics

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I Solution: Normality, molarity and molality of the solution, ppm and percent 10
solutions, colligative properties of electrolyte solution: the Donnan effect.
II Acid and Bases: Definition of acid and base, acid-base properties of water, 10
concept of pH and pKa, acid (amino acids) and base titration, diprotic and
polyprotic acids, preparing a buffer solution with specific pH, dissociation of
amino acid, isoelectric point, titration of protein.
III Bioenergetics: Concept of free energy, standard free energy, determination of 20
∆G for a reaction. Relationship between equilibrium constant and standard
free energy change, biological standard state & standard free energy change in
coupled reactions, Gibbs energy of biological membrane transport. Biological
 oxidation-reduction reactions, redox potentials, relation between standard
reduction potentials & free energy change. High energy phosphate
compounds: introduction, phosphate group transfer, free energy of hydrolysis
of ATP and sugar phosphates along with reasons for high ∆G.
IV Kinetics of biochemical reaction: Biochemical equilibrium and protein ligand 20
binding mechanism. Kinetics of zero & first order reactions. Classification of
multi substrate reactions with examples of each class. Derivation of the rate of
expression for Ping Pong, random & ordered Bi-Bi mechanisms, denaturation
and renaturation kinetics of DNA and protein, Cot curve.

Suggested Readings:

1. L. Stryer, (2002). Biochemistry, 5th Edition, Freeman &Co. New York.

2. D.L. Nelson and M.M. Cox, Lehninger (2002). Principles of Biochemistry 3rd Edition. McMillan
North Publication.
3. D. Voet, J. G. Voet, Biochemistry 3rd Edition (2004), Wiley International Publication.

SEMESTER: IV
Course Code: BOT-1004T-A
Paper Title: Bioinformatics

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I Introduction to Bioinformatics: Introduction, Branches of Bioinformatics, Aim, 10
Scope and Research areas of Bioinformatics. Databases in Bioinformatics:
Introduction, Biological Databases, Classification format of Biological
Databases, Biological Database Retrieval System.
II Biological Sequence Databases: National Center for Biotechnology Information 20
(NCBI): Tools and Databases of NCBI, Database Retrieval Tool, Sequence
Submission to NCBI, Basic local alignment search tool (BLAST), Nucleotide
Database, Protein Database, Gene Expression Database. EMBL Nucleotide
Sequence Database (EMBL-Bank): Introduction, Sequence Retrieval, Sequence
Submission to EMBL, Sequence analysis tools. DNA Data Bank of Japan
(DDBJ): Introduction, Resources at DDBJ, Data Submission at DDBJ. Protein
Information Resource (PIR): About PIR, Resources of PIR, Databases of PIR,
Data Retrieval in PIR. Swiss-Prot: Introduction and Salient Features.
III Alignment of sequences: Introduction to sequence analysis, models for 15
sequence analysis (local, global, end free space alignment and gap penalty),
Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA), MSA by CLUSTALW, Scoring Matrices,
Percent Accepted Mutation (PAM), Blocks of Amino Acid Substitution Matrix
(BLOSUM). Molecular Phylogeny: Methods of Phylogeny, Software for
Phylogenetic Analyses, Consistency of Molecular Phylogenetic Prediction.
IV Databases used in agricultural biotechnology. Applications of Bioinformatics: 15
Structural Bioinformatics in Drug Discovery, Quantitative structure-activity
relationship (QSAR) techniques in Drug Design, Microbial genome
applications, Crop improvement.

Suggested Readings:

1. Ghosh Z. and Bibekanand M. (2008). Bioinformatics: Principles and Applications. Oxford

University Press.
2. Pevsner J. (2009) Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics. II Edition. Wiley-Blackwell.
3. Campbell A. M., Heyer L. J. (2006) Discovering Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics. _II
Edition. Benjamin Cummings

SEMESTER: IV
Course Code: BOT-1004T-B
Paper Title: Plant Pathology

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I Defense mechanisms of plants against infection: Preexisting structural and 15
chemical defense, induced structural and chemical defense, hypersensitive
reaction, role of phytoalexins and other phenolic compounds. Management of
plant diseases: Cultural, chemical, biological, biopesticides, breeding for
resistant varieties, plant quarantine, integrated pest management. Post-harvest
pathology: Fungal deterioration of food commodities, mycotoxins and health
hazards, control measures.
II Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology: Altered metabolism of plants 20
under biotic and abiotic stresses. Molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis:
recognition phenomenon, penetration, invasion, primary disease determinant.
Enzymes and toxins in relation to plant disease. Mechanisms of resistance.
Phytoalexins. PR proteins. Antiviral proteins. SAR. HR and active oxygen
radicals. Tissue culture. Somaclonal variation and somatic hybridization.
Elementary genetic engineering. Management of pathogens through satellite,
antisense - RNA. Ribozymes, coat protein, hypovirulence cross
protection/useful genes and promoter technology biosafety and bioethics.
III Study of plant diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes and 15
mycoplasma like organisms: Wart disease of potato, blight of colocasia, downy
mildew of cucurbits, stem gall of coriander, peach leaf curl, ergot of bajra,
smut of sugarcane, Karnal bunt of wheat, linseed rust, Tikka disease of
groundnut, red rot of sugarcane, Panama disease (Fusarium wilt) of banana,
bacterial blight of rice, leaf curl of tomato, yellow vein mosaic of bhindi,
mosaic of sugarcane, potato spindle tuber mosaic, ear cockles of wheat, grassy
shoot of sugarcane, phylloidy of sesamum, Citrus greening
IV Management of Plant diseases: General principles of plant quarantine. 10
Sanitary and phytosanitary issues under WTO, TRIPS and PRA. Production of
disease free seeds and planting materials. Seed certification. Chemical nature
and classification of fungicides and antibiotics: their bioassay and
compatibility with other agricultural chemicals; resistance to fungicides/
antibiotics; effect on environment.

Suggested Readings:

1. Agrios, G.N. (1997). Plant Pathology, 4th edition, Academic Press, U.K.
2. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W., Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology, John Wiley & Sons
(Asia) Singapore. 4th edition.
3. Webster, J. and Weber, R. (2007). Introduction to Fungi, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge. 3rd edition.
4. Sethi, I.K. and Walia, S.K. (2011). Text book of Fungi and Their Allies, Macmillan Publishers
India Ltd.
5. Sharma, P.D. (2011). Plant Pathology, Rastogi Publication, Meerut, India.
 SEMESTER: IV
Course Code: BOT-1005P
Paper Title: Practical Lab 4

Practical will be based on all the courses of Semester IV.

SEMESTER: IV
Course Code: MO-04
Paper Title: Biodiversity and Conservation

Unit Syllabus Teaching

Hours
I Introduction to biodiversity: Levels of biodiversity: Genetic, species, 15
community and ecosystem
II Magnitude and distribution: Diversity gradients and related hypotheses, 20
methods for biodiversity monitoring, megadiversity zones and hot spots
Biodiversity and ecosystem functions: Concepts and models.
III Biodiversity and ecosystem services: Provisioning, regulating, supporting 15
and cultural. Threats to biodiversity: Causes of biodiversity loss, species
extinction, vulnerability of species to extinction, IUCN threat categories, Red
data book.
IV Strategies for biodiversity conservation: Principles of biodiversity 10
conservation, in-situ and ex-situ conservation strategies; Biodiversity act

Suggested Readings:

1. Primack, (2014). Essentials of Conservation Biology, 6th ed. Sinauer.

2. Groom, (2005). Principles of Conservation Biology, 3rd ed. Sinauer.
3. van Dyke (2008). Conservation Biology, 2nd ed. Springer.
4. Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P., Gupta, S. (2006). Ecology Environment and Resource Conservation.
Anamaya Publications, New Delhi, India.