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MODERN PHYSICS QUESTIONS

Class 12 - Physics
Time Allowed: 6 hours and 6 minutes Maximum Marks: 92

Section A
1. C, Si, and Ge have the same lattice structure. Why is C insulator while Si and Ge intrinsic semiconductors? [2]

2. Suppose a pure Si crystal has 5 × 1028 atoms m–3. It is doped by 1 ppm concentration of pentavalent As. [1]

Calculate the number of electrons and holes. Given that ni = 1.5 × 1016 m–3.

3. Can we take one slab of p-type semiconductor and physically join it to another n-type semiconductor to get p-n [1]
junction?
4. The V-I characteristic of a silicon diode is as shown in the figure. Calculate the resistance of the diode at [2]
a. ID = 15 mA and

b. VD = -10V

5. In an n-type silicon, which of the following statement is true: [1]

a) Holes are minority carriers and pentavalent b) Electrons are minority carriers and
atoms are the dopants. pentavalent atoms are the dopants.

c) Electrons are majority carriers and trivalent d) Holes are majority carriers and trivalent
atoms are the dopants. atoms are the dopants.
6. Which of the statements is true for p-type semiconductors? [1]

a) Electrons are minority carriers and b) Electrons are majority carriers and trivalent
pentavalent atoms are the dopants. atoms are the dopants.

c) Holes are majority carriers and trivalent d) Holes are minority carriers and pentavalent
atoms are the dopants. atoms are the dopants.
7. Carbon, silicon and germanium have four valence electrons each. These are characterized by valence and [1]
conduction bands separated by energy band gap respectively equal to (Eg)C, (Eg)Si and (Eg)Ge. Which of the
following statements is true?

a) (Eg)C = (Eg)Si = (Eg)Ge b) (Eg)C < (Eg)Ge < (Eg)Si

c) (Eg)Si < (Eg)Ge < (Eg)C d) (Eg)C > (Eg)Si > (Eg)Ge

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 8. In an unbiased p-n junction, holes diffuse from the p-region to n-region because: [1]

a) all of these b) they move across the junction by the

potential difference

c) hole concentration in p-region is more as d) free electrons in the n-region attract them
compared to n-region
9. When a forward bias is applied to a p-n junction, it [1]

a) reduces the majority carrier current to zero b) lowers the potential barrier

c) free electrons and holes move away from d) raises the potential barrier
the juction
10. In half wave rectification, what is the output frequency if the input frequency is 50 Hz. What is the output [2]
frequency of a full wave rectifier for the same input frequency.
Section B
11. Given the mass of iron nucleus as 55.85u and A = 56, find the nuclear density? [1]
12. Calculate the energy equivalent of 1 g of substance. [1]
13. Answer the following questions: [5]
a. Are the equations of nuclear reactions ‘balanced’ in the sense a chemical equation (e.g., 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O)

is? If not, in what sense are they balanced on both sides?

b. If both the number of protons and the number of neutrons are conserved in each nuclear reaction, in what
way is mass converted into energy (or vice-versa) in a nuclear reaction?
c. A general impression exists that mass-energy interconversion takes place only in nuclear reaction and never
in chemical reaction. This is strictly speaking, incorrect. Explain.
14. Find the energy equivalent of one atomic mass unit, first in Joules and then in MeV. Using this, express the mass [2]
defect of 16
8
O in MeV/c2.
15. Obtain the binding energy (in MeV) of a nitrogen nucleus ( 14
7
N) , given m( 14
7
N) = 14.00307 u [3]
16. Obtain the binding energy of the nuclei 56
26
Fe and 209
83
Bi in units of MeV from the following data: [3]
m( 56
26
Fe ) = 55.934939 u
m( 209
83
Bi ) = 208.980388 u
17. A given coin has a mass of 3.0 g. Calculate the nuclear energy that would be required to separate all the neutrons [2]
and protons from each other. For simplicity assume that the coin is entirely made of 63
29
Cu atoms ( of mass
62.92960 u)
18. Obtain approximately the ratio of the nuclear radii of the gold isotope 197
79
Au and the silver isotope 107
47
Ag . [1]
19. The Q value of a nuclear reaction A + b → C + d is defined by Q = [mA + mb – mC – md]c2 where the masses [2]

refer to the respective nuclei. Determine from the given data the Q-value of the following reactions and state
whether the reactions are exothermic or endothermic.
i. 1
1
H+
3
1
H →
2
1
H+
2
1
H

ii. 12
6
C +
12
6
C →
20
10
Ne +
4
2
He

Atomic masses are given to be

m( 2
1
H) = 2.014102 u
m( 3
1
H) = 3.016049 u

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 m( 12
6
C ) = 12.000000 u
m( 20
10
Ne ) = 19.992439 u
20. Suppose, we think of fission of a 56
26
Fe nucleus into two equal fragments, 28
13
Al . Is the fission energetically [2]
possible? Argue by working out Q of the process. Given m ( 56
26
Fe ) = 55.93494 u and m ( 28
13
Al ) = 27.98191 u.
Section C
21. In Rutherford’s nuclear model of the atom, the nucleus (radius about 10–15 m) is analogous to the sun about [2]

which the electron move in orbit (radius ≈ 10–10 m) like the earth orbits around the sun. If the dimensions of the
solar system had the same proportions as those of the atom, would the earth be closer to or farther away from the
sun than actually, it is? The radius of the earth’s orbit is about 1.5 × 1011 m. The radius of the sun is taken as 7

× 108 m.
22. In a Geiger-Marsden experiment, what is the distance of closest approach to the nucleus of a 7.7 MeV [3]
α− particle before it comes momentarily to rest and reverses its direction?
23. It is found experimentally that 13.6 eV energy is required to separate a hydrogen atom into a proton and an [3]
electron. Compute the orbital radius and the velocity of the electron in a hydrogen atom.
24. According to the classical electromagnetic theory, calculate the initial frequency of the light emitted by the [2]
electron revolving around a proton in hydrogen atom.
25. Fill in the blanks: [1]
The size of the atom in Thomson’s model is ________ the atomic size in Rutherford’s model. (much greater
than/no different from/much less than.)
26. Fill in the blanks: [1]
In the ground state of ________ electrons are in stable equilibrium, while in ________ electrons always
experience a net force. (Thomson’s model/ Rutherford’s model.)
27. Fill in the blanks: [1]
A classical atom based on ________ is doomed to collapse. (Thomson’s model/ Rutherford’s model.)
28. Fill in the blanks: [1]
An atom has a nearly continuous mass distribution in a ________ but has a highly non-uniform mass
distribution in ________ (Thomson’s model/ Rutherford’s model.)
29. Fill in the blanks: [1]
The positively charged part of the atom possesses most of the mass in ________. (Rutherford’s
model/Thomson models/both the models)
30. Suppose you are given a chance to repeat the alpha particle scattering experiment using a thin sheet of solid [2]
hydrogen in place of the gold foil. (Hydrogen is a solid at temperatures below 14 K). What results do you
expect?
31. A difference of 2.3 eV separates two energy levels in an atom. What is the frequency of radiation emitted when [1]
the atom make a transition from the upper level to the lower level?
32. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. What are the kinetic and potential energies of the electron [1]
in this state?
33. A hydrogen atom initially in the ground level absorbs a photon, which excites it to the n = 4 level. Determine the [2]
wavelength and frequency of photon.
34. a. Using the Bohr's model, calculate the speed of the electron in a hydrogen atom in the n = 1, 2 and 3 levels. [3]
b. Calculate the orbital period in each of these levels.
[3]

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35. The radius of the innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3 × 10-11 m. What are the radii of the n = 2
and n = 3 orbits?
36. A 12.5 eV electron beam is used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at room temperature. What series of wavelengths [2]
will be emitted?
37. In accordance with the Bohr’s model, find the quantum number that characterizes the earth’s revolution around [2]
the sun in an orbit of radius 1.5 × 1011 m with orbital speed 3 × 104 m/s. (Mass of earth = 6.0 × 1024 kg.)
Section D

38. Monochromatic light of frequency 6.0 × 1014 Hz is produced by a laser. The power emitted is 2.0 × 10-3 W. [2]

a. What is the energy of a photon in the light beam?

b. How many photons per second, on an average, are emitted by the source?
39. The work function of caesium is 2.14 eV. Find [3]
a. the threshold frequency for caesium, and
b. the wavelength of the incident light if the photocurrent is brought to zero by a stopping potential of 0.60 V.
40. What is the de Broglie wavelength associated with [2]

a. an electron moving with a speed of 5.4 × 106 m/s, and

b. a ball of mass 150 g traveling at 30.0 m/s?
41. Find the [2]
a. maximum frequency, and
b. minimum wavelength of X-rays produced by 30 kV electrons.
42. The work function of caesium metal is 2.14 eV. When light of frequency 6 × 10 14
Hz is incident on the metal [2]
surface, photoemission of electrons occurs. What is the
a. maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons,
b. stopping potential, and
c. maximum speed of the emitted photoelectrons?
43. The photoelectric cut-off voltage in a certain experiment is 1.5 V. What is the maximum kinetic energy of [1]
photoelectrons emitted?
44. Monochromatic light of wavelength 632.8 nm is produced by a helium neon laser. The power emitted is 9.42 [3]
mW.
a. Find the energy and momentum of each photon in the light beam.
b. How many photons per second, on the average, arrive at a target irradiated by this beam? (Assume the beam
to have uniform cross-section which is less than the target area), and
c. How fast does a hydrogen atom have to travel in order to have the same momentum as that of the photon?
45. In an experiment on photoelectric effect, the slope of the cut-off voltage versus frequency of incident light is [1]
found to be 4.12 × 10 −15
V s . Calculate the value of Planck's constant.
46. The threshold frequency for a certain metal is 3.3 × 10 14
Hz . If light of frequency 8.2 × 10 14
Hz is incident on [1]
the metal, predict the cut-off voltage for the photoelectric emission.
47. The work function for a certain metal is 4.2 eV. Will this metal give photoelectric emission for incident radiation [1]
of wavelength 330 nm?
48. Light of frequency 7.21 × 10 14
Hz is incident on a metal surface. Electrons with a maximum speed of [2]
5
6.0 × 10 m/s are ejected from the surface. What is the threshold frequency for photoemission of electrons?

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49. What is the de Broglie wavelength of [3]
a. a bullet of mass 0.040 kg travelling at the speed of 1.0 km/s,
b. a ball of mass 0.060 kg moving at a speed of 1.0 m/s, and

c. a dust particle of mass 1.0 × 10-9 kg drifting with a speed of 2.2 m/s?
50. Light of wavelength 488 nm is produced by an argon laser which is used in the photoelectric effect. When light [2]
from this spectral line is incident on the emitter, the stopping (cutoff) potential of photoelectrons is 0.38 V. Find
the work function of the material from which the emitter is made.
51. Show that the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation equal to the de Broglie wavelength of its quantum [1]
(photon).

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