i

IMPACT OF CURFEW HOURS ORDINANCES TO COMMUNITY OF BRGY

OLYMPOG: BASIS FOR A PROPOSED ENHANCED COMMUNITY POLICING
PROGRAM

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the College of Criminal Justice
RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES
General Santos City

In Fulfilment of the Requirements in Thesis 2

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

MARVIN B. YPARRAGUIRRE
MARC LOUIS P. ADESER
May 2024
 ii

RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Pioneer Avenue, General Santos City, Philippines
Telephone Number: (083) 301-1927 Telefax: (083) 552-3624
Email: [email protected] Website: www.rmmcmain.edu.ph

APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled “IMPACT OF CURFEW HOURS ORDINANCES TO

COMMUNITY OF BRGY OLYMPOG: BASIS FOR A PROPOSED ENHANCED
COMMUNITY POLICING PROGRAM” in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology, has been examined and is
recommended for acceptance and approval for oral examination.

SALOME ROCACURVA, MA
Adviser
________________________________________________________________

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

GERALDINE D. RODRIGUEZ, EdD, PhD

Chairperson

EMELYN E. ORIAS, M.I.E ENGR. ARCELI P. NAVAL,

MA
Member Member
________________________________________________________________

ACCEPTED and APPROVED in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

the Degree of Bachelor of Elementary Education major in Generalist.

MARNIE J. BESAS, Ph.D.

Dean, College of Criminal Justice
 iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The fulfilment of this study would never be possible without the help of

those people who have willingly contributed much of their efforts. The researcher

would like to express his deepest gratitude to the following people for being part

of this requirement and accomplishment:

To his parents, Juanito S. Jagunos, Jr. and Venus K Ginobatan, who

gave him moral and spiritual support.

To his most dynamic research adviser, Ester B. Facturanan, MA who

shares her knowledge and expertise not only in this subject but also in giving him

guidance in creating his research study.

To his research instructor, Analisa Tongcua-Amada, EdD who guided

him in choosing the right mentor that would really help him make his thesis more

relevant and responsive.

To the validators of the instrument used in this study, for the thorough

evaluation and validation of the questionnaires prior to the actual gathering of the

data. And to his statistician, Micheal A. Amada, PhD, for ascertaining that the

data are well statistically treated and interpreted.

Above all, the researcher would like to thank the Creator, God the Father,

in giving him the opportunity to live on this entire Earth. His guidance, knowledge

and wisdom are the best instruments for the success of this study as well for the

appropriateness of each student’s skills, knowledge and attitudes in doing this

study.

The Researcher
 iv

ABSTRACT

The study aimed to determine the common impact of curfew hours ordinance to

community safety of Barangay Olympog. Its findings may be used as basis in

formulating an intervention program. It used the descriptive-evaluative method

of research involving two hundred (200) persons of legal age of Barangay

Olympog who served as respondents of the study using random sampling

employed by the researcher. The number of respondents was computed based

on Slovin’s formula at 5% margin of error. Weighted mean was the statistical

tool used to interpret the gathered data. Findings of the study revealed that the

impact of curfew hours is often observed. Community Safety Education

Campaigns Program to increase and understanding of curfew ordinances to

promote community safety and foster compliance among residents in Barangay

Olympog..
 v

Keywords: impact of curfew hours ordinance to community safety, intervention

program
 vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Page

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii

ABSTRACT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES vii

DEDICATION viii

Chapter

1 INTRODUCTION 1

Rationale 1

Research Objectives 3

Review of Related Literature 3

Theoretical Framework 13

Significance of the Study 15

Definition of Terms 16

2 METHOD 17

Research Design 17

Research Locale 17

Population and Samples 18

Research Instrument 18

Data Collection 19
 vii

Statistical Tools 19

Ethical Consideration 20

3 RESULT 25

4 DISCUSSION 26

Conclusions
Recommendations

REFERENCES 33

APPENDICES

A Research Questionnaire 38

B Request Letter for Research Instrument Validation 41

C Summary for Validation Ratings 43

D Letters Asking Permission to Conduct Study 46

E Letter to the Respondents 47

F Certificate from a Statistician 48

G Certificate from a Grammarian

49

CURRICULUM VITAE 50
 viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Description Page

1 Level of Self-concept of the Third Year BEED Students. 26

2 Level of Social Competence of the Respondents. 28

3 Proposed Intervention Program from the Findings of the Study 30

 ix

DEDICATION

This research is dedicated to my Almighty Father Jesus Christ, who give me strength,

knowledge and wisdom to do this research.

To my Papa Jun2x, Mama Goodjing and Kay2x who gave me moral and spiritual

support.

To my college circle of friends, for making my college life experience worthwhile and

memorable.

To my adviser, Ester B. Facturanan, MA for her time and effort in making the entire

study worth pursuing.

This study would not be, in any way, possible without you.

Thank you

EJ
 1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Many legislators struggle with crimes and had initiated curfews foryouths

believing that if they can keep young people inside at night, they willhave fewer

problems. With this, curfew had been made possible.

Curfews seen as effective in reducing crime rates and victimization, may

not always work as intended. Research suggests that during curfew hours,

incidents of gun violence can increase. Moreover, having more people around

can actually deter crime by raising the chances of offenders getting caught.

Studies have also shown that curfews do not necessarily lead to a decrease in

juvenile arrests or crime (Gomez, 2016).

In the U.S., youth violence ranks as the second leading cause of death for

those aged 10 to 24, with over 8,000 homicides annually. Similarly, in the

Philippines, enforcing curfews for minors and penalizing their parents/guardians

is seen as a powerful deterrent against juvenile crime, according to Philippine

National Police officials (Johnson & Dalizon, 2018) .

Police authorities also highlighted that an increase number of minorsand

juvenile delinquents accosted for involvement in varied felonies includeillegal

drug trafficking and abuse, robbery-holdup, snatching, theft, homicide and gang

wars. In Las Piñas City, the police and the barangay officials wereordered by the

Mayor to fully implement the ordinance on the curfew of minors.This action was
 2

to ensure that the minors were really protectedby the state against possible

forms of violence and to promote social order (Tabor, 2017).

Similar action was taken by Dagupan City in implementing its long-

standing ordinance that imposes curfew for minors to ensure safety at

alltimes .However, in the City of Baguio, its curfew ordinance that bans minors

inpublic places between 7 in the evening until in 5 in the morning was amended:9

in the evening until 4 in the morning. This amendment was made inaddressing

the need of minors to conduct research in internet cafes for schoolwork

( Manahan & Sembrano, 2017).

In the City of General Santos , curfew had been implemented particularly

on minors. Ordinance No. 18, series of 2017, sets the curfew or “safekeeping

hours” for minors in the city from 10 p.m. to 4 a.m.This has been made because

of the belief that it deter crimes, avoidvictimization and even provide guidance for

the youngster against potentialharms. The claim may be true or not; hence, this

prompted the researchers to determine the impact of implementation of curfew

hours ordinance to the community safety specifically one of the barangay, the

barangay Olympog which can be the bases for proposing a n enhance

community program.

Research Objectives

This study aims to determine the impact of curfew hours’ ordinance to

community safety of Barangay Olympog, bases for a proposed enhanced

community policing program aims.

 3

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following objectives:

1. To determine the common impact of curfew hours ordinance to

community safety of Barangay Olympog.

2. To determine what enhanced community policy program can be

proposed.

Review of Related Literature

This section presents the review of related literature the researchers have

read from books, magazines and other non print materials that help them in the

organization of the ideas related to their study.

The word "curfew," which has been in use since the fourteenth century,

comes from the Anglo-French word "coverfeu," which meaning to cover life.

Curfews were first known to be enforced in the Philippines on September 21,

1972, after the declaration of martial law by former President Ferdinand E.

Marcos through Proclamation 1081. The proclamation imposed military rule

along with a suspension of civil liberties. Martial Law, according to Marcos,

safeguards the welfare of his compatriots from the grave threats posed by

Christian vigilantes and Filipino Muslim groups that jeopardized national security

during the regime. Martial Law is a calculated legal defense of the constitution

and its provisions (Pia et al., 2023).

In addition, curfew, is an order specifying a time during which certain

regulationsapply, is required to maintain the peace and order situation of a

certain community, lessen victimization and criminality as most of the subject

personsunder curfew hours must return to and stay in their homes. Such an
 4

ordermay be issued by public authorities but also by the head of a household

tothose living in the household in order as to stay out of trouble,

betteradministration of time, minimal sleep deprivation, and increased focus

inschool (Hoffard, 2018)

Furthermore, a curfew is an order that establishes a time frame for which

rules are favorable. It is common among citizens to ask on the services delivered

aby the governmentand assess the effectiveness as well as the benefits of the

programs, projects and even proposed bill that will directly affect the

community.The country has the responsibility of preserving the welfare of its

people. It is by practicing and performing what the law stated to protect the

community and the countryfor the common good of everyone. People should also

understand that the governmenthas the right to impose what do they think is

good for many vice versa, the governmentshould hear his people of the effects of

their actions toward the mainstream of their decisions (Apduhan et al., 2019).

It is common among citizens to ask on the services delivered by the

governmentand assess the effectiveness as well as the benefits of the programs,

projects and even proposed bill that will directly affect the community.The country

has the responsibility of preserving the welfare of its people. It is by practicing

and performing what the law stated to protect the community and the countryfor

the common good of everyone. People should also understand that the

governmenthas the right to impose what do they think is good for many vice

versa, the governmentshould hear his people of the effects of their actions

toward the mainstream of their decisions. In Davao City, where a curfew

 5

ordinance is in force, police officers and barangay officers patrol the city, ' rescue

' children, and carry them to the care of the Children's Concerns Office of the

Quick Response Team (Domingo, 2016).

In the study of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as cited in the study of

psychological science , Safety needs in Maslow's hierarchy refer to the need for

security and protection. When people have their physiological needs for food and

watermet, their safety needs dominate their behavior. These needs have to do

with their natural desire for a predictable, orderly world that is somewhat within

man’s control. Safety needs in today's world can manifest themselves as job

security, savings accounts,insurance policies, financial security, and health and

well-being (Molina, 2017)

Juvenile Curfews Law is set by state and local governments. These are

intended to restrict the hours during which minors are allowed to be out in public.

After the designated time, anyone under 18 years of age is prohibited from being

on the streets or patronizing a business. The purpose of juvenile curfew laws is

to prevent criminal activity and protect the health and welfare of minors. The

pattern of evidence suggests that juvenile curfews are ineffective at reducing crime

and victimization. The average effect on juvenile crime during curfew hours was

slightly positive - that is a slight increase in crime - and close to zero for crime during

all hours. Both effects were not significant (The Campbell Collaboration,2016).

Emergency curfew refers to times of crisis, catastrophe, or natural

disaster, the government may choose to enact emergency curfews that set

restrictions for all citizens. Some historical reasons for emergency curfews have
 6

included hurricanes, blizzards, wildfires, public riots, and dangerous fugitives.

When an emergency curfew is put into place, the local government typically

specifies certain conditions. For instance, citizens may still be permitted to travel

to and from critical job duties or for emergency reasons (Knowles ,2011).

Moreover, the the value of curfews, which keep kids off the streets and

lower crime and loitering. When curfews are enforced, minors are required to

stay indoors or be accompanied by an adult or legal guardian. Curfew often

requires minors to stay indoors, regardless of where they are. Adherence to the

ordinance or resolution issued by their city of residence is mandatory for minors.

Curfew laws may differ from one city or barrio to the next, but the benefits of

imposing curfews on minors outweigh the drawbacks (Morgan, 2017).

Curfew ordinances are widely praised, but little researched, enforcement

mechanism that local police departments can use to combat juvenile

delinquency. Youths were also not furnished by enough information about what

curfew is, and what curfew does. As to the perception of the youths to the

programs given by the barangay officials to those who violate the said curfew

ordinance, as to the data gathered by the researcher, the programs given or

offered doesn’t even work as a deterrence for the youths aren’t afraid of the

potential pain they will be incurring because the barangay officials do not give

sanctions to the apprehended violators. Instead of acting as deterrence it was

just taken for granted by the offenders (Carpio, 2020)

 7

A study found out that, Many cities and towns have a curfew law in place

to prevent teenagersfrom being out at certain times, typically spanning the late

hours of the nightor school hours during the day. Any teenager caught out after

curfew can facea fine or even jail time, depending upon the specific laws of the

town. In thepresent study, youth crime is a major and growing problem, often

involvingboth drugs and violence. Imposing youth curfews can help to solve

these problems, as they keep young people off the street, and therefore out

oftrouble, and prevent them from congregating in the hours of darkness

(Kline,2011).

When following curfews, teens tend to stay out of trouble morebecause

criminal activity or high-risk behavior is more likely to occur later inthe evening

when parental supervision is not present. Curfews help teens tobecome used to

setting a schedule which they routinely follow, and becomeable to develop

important time management skills which they will carry outinto adulthood. Being

able to manage time effectively is useful in a variety ofsituations including school,

work, and personal relationships .Setting curfews also help teens to be able to

get to sleep at a decent time,which leads to subsequent focus and wakefulness

in school, this couldultimately even lead to better grades (Anderson, 2016).

While it may sound like a common sense idea to get kids home and off the

streets at night, researchers say that there is no evidence that curfews reduce

crime. Crime has always been a problem in the neighborhood, but this year

people in the community have noticed a dramatic spike in violence, especially

from juveniles. For kids and teens, participation in community-based programs or

 8

after-school activities has been shown to reduce the likelihood of criminal

behavior (Bates, 2022).

In addition, a study examines the effects of curfew laws on youth crime

rates using panel data from cities and counties. It finds that revised curfew laws

led to statistically significant decreases in burglary, larceny, and simple assault

arrests, but not in homicide rates. It found that revised curfew laws were

associated with statistically significant decreases in burglary, larceny, and simple

assault arrests, but only in the county data. Homicide rates did not change in

either counties or cities, and new curfew laws were not followed by reductions in

crime (McDowall,2000).

Parents often have curfews because they themselves cannot

sleeppeacefully until they know all their children are home safely, and at the

sameparents are exhausted and cannot stay up too late waiting for their kids to

gethome.Another study, focuses on the impact of curfews on road safety in an

urban setting during the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper investigates the impact

of curfews on road safety in an urban setting during COVID-19. It shows that

curfews lead to reductions in crashes during curfew hours, but these reductions

can be offset by an increase in crashes before the curfew hours (Bedoya et, al.

2023)

Citizens' responses to curfews depend on their group alignment. Citizens

aligned with the government are more likely to interpret curfews as serving their

interests and reward the governing parties. On the other hand, citizens aligned
 9

with the insurgent movement are likely to interpret curfews as targeted and

disengage from politics. The authors conducted a survey in Turkey, before and

during curfews, to gather data on citizens' political preferences. The findings

show that when exposed to curfews, Turks generally increase their support for

the governing party. However, Kurds do not increase their support for the

governing party or the opposition. This paper found that people who are aligned

with the government are more likely to interpret state actions as serving their

interests and reward the governing parties as a result, while those aligned with

an insurgent movement are likely to view these same actions as targeted and

disengage from politics (Aksoy et. Al., 2022).

Moreover, gun violence is an important problem across the United States.

However, the impact of government policies on the frequency and location of

gunfire has been difficult to test due to limited data. The data that do exist suffer

from broad and non-random underreporting. Juvenile curfews are a common, but

extremely controversial, policy used in cities across the United States. Their goal

is to reduce violent crime by keeping would-be offenders and victims indoors, but

removing bystanders and witnesses from the streets could reduce their deterrent

effect on street crime (Carr et al., 2014).

Among non-pharmaceutical interventions, individual movement restrictions

have been among the most impactful methods for controlling COVID-19 case

growth. While nighttime curfews to control COVID-19 case growth have been

implemented in certain regions and cities, few studies have examined their

impacts on mobility or COVID-19 incidence. In the second wave of COVID-19,

 10

Canadas two largest and adjacent provinces implemented lockdown restrictions

with (Quebec) and without (Ontario) a nighttime curfew, providing a natural

experiment to study the association between curfews and mobility (Ghasemi et

al., 2021).

This further aid in raising their children with boundaries and structure, and

the way parenting style should be. It will makethem feel that values are well

placed and are reinforced that makes theprocess of raising a teenager simpler

and more constructive for both parties Likewise, for the safety for teenagers, it is

quite risky to leaveteenagers driving or hanging out late. In fact, driving at night

should posegreat danger compared to traveling during daytime. More so, they

are keptaway from temptation to use drugs, sexual abuse, and violence (Kline,

2015).

Furthermore, on prevention against juvenile delinquency, once kids areout

of their homes late at night, they will be no longer protected under thefamily

environment. With this, they are more vulnerable to crimes and othercriminal

acts. It was also mentioned of disadvantages and it included beingoppressive

parenting, false security, hindrance to maturity and job opportunityissues. The

imposition of curfew for teenagers will disable the ability of kidsgetting involved in

the management of the home. Similarly, in the control of parents, keeping

teenagers at parent’s care while they are underage will enable them to set

boundaries in life. This is oneof the reasons why teenagers under 18 are called

dependents or minors dueto the need of mature people or fully grown individuals

to look after them (Wilson et al., 2016).

 11

Similarly, when it comes to false security, sometimes curfews are used as

instruments by parents and authorities in curbing juvenile delinquency. Attimes,

parents impose curfew that teenagers should observe to avoid beingpunished.

For this reason, it can restrict them from asserting, learning, and negotiating with

parents to deal with what the real world can offer. Theybecome less adaptable

and may get culture shocked if raised under curfewlaw (Kline, 2015).

Furthermore, for job opportunity issues, most teenagers who aim to work

during graveyard shifts are not given the opportunity because of curfew.In fact, it

discriminates young people to do a living in order to support theirfamilies and

themselves. The effects of COVID-19-related lockdowns on deterioration of

mental health and use of exercise to remediate such effects has been well

documented in numerous populations. However, it remains unknown how

lockdown restrictions impacted individuals differently and who was more likely to

change their exercise behavior and experience negative well-being ( Timme et

al., 2022).

Curfew laws have been challenged on the reason that they are

unconstitutional: violations of freedom of speech, equal protection and

dueprocess, freedom of movement, rights of parents to rear their children,

andthat the youths are mostly not adjudicated delinquents Curfew laws are

community-based attempts to help parents supervisetheir children. Curfew is an

order specifying a time throughout that positive rules apply. The main purpose of

the study is to determine the effect of the curfew hour implementation as to the

perception of Barangay Official, Barangay Police, and Police Officer of Nasipit,

 12

Agusan del Norte. A descriptive correlational research design was used in this

study. The respondents of this study were the Barangay Police, Philippine

National Police (Apduhan, 2019).

Curfew regulations have the power to influence the geography of crime, as

demonstrated and other authors in the literature. Curfew hours and other

temporal and spatial restrictions have been linked to a decline in crime events,

especially in urban areas. The research highlights the efficacy of focused

deterrent tactics, which is consistent with the reasoning for Barangay Olympog's

curfew hours law (Hipp et al., 2017).

An article found that although curfews have no statistically significant

effect on the criminal behaviour of young adults, they do have a negative effect

on young adults' criminal behavior and their arrests. It to determine the impact of

juvenile curfews on the criminal activities of young adults. Using individual-level

data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth – Geocode (NLSY) data set

and estimating an economic model of crime for young adults, this study finds that

although curfews have no statistically significant effect on the criminal behaviour

of young adults, they do have a negative effect on the arrests of young adults.

These results differ somewhat from the results of prior studies but lend support to

community officials who believe that curfews are an effective tool in combating

juvenile crime ( Guis, 2011).

Furthermore, the expanded community policing program that is being

proposed is in line with the ideas that are supported by modern scholars. Building
 13

credibility and trust via community-focused policing is emphasized as a critical

component of effective crime prevention. The body of research highlights the

necessity of a cooperative strategy that includes community members in

decision-making and establishes open lines of communication between law

enforcement and the public. Hence with this, it is really important to implement a

data-driven crime prevention strategies such as community policing program

which aims to analyze crime data to identify patterns and tailor strategies to

address specific safety challenges (Lum & Koper, 2017; Rosenbaum, 2018).

It is crucial to examine both sets of effects since curfew regulations have

the potential to considered as making up two therapies, each of which is

applicable to a distinct age range. The first course of action, or the statutory

course of action, is to be subject to a ticket for violating the curfew, one, brief

incarceration, or any other legally mandated penalty recommended for minors

who violate curfews. This therapy alone impacts those young people. according

to the official curfew age. The second course of action, known as statistical

discrimination, involves lowering the requirements for probable cause as a

outcome of a person's perceived youth (Kline, 2011).

Curfew laws may differ from one city or barrio to the next, but the benefits

of imposing curfews on minors outweigh the drawbacks. In a related study

conducted in 2018, students from Central Mindanao University found that curfew

implementation was an effective tool in reducing a variety of juvenile crimes and

is a tool to aid in the deterrence of youthful offenders. The study was titled "The
 14

impact of curfew en-forcement on juvenile crimes in Dologon, Maramag,

Bukidnon (Pia, 2023).

The review of related literature provides valuable insights into the impact

of curfew hours ordinances on community safety, particularly in urban settings

like Barangay Olympog. Several studies have highlighted the potential benefits of

curfew ordinances in reducing crime rates and enhancing public safety by limiting

opportunities for criminal activities during late hours. The city of Fernandopolis,

located in the countryside of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, imposed a juvenile

curfew in 2005. This decision was not made at the municipal or state level, but in

a courtroom. Subsequently, other municipalities in the state of Sao Paulo

decided to adopt a juvenile curfew. To assess the effect of the curfew on

reducing crime, this paper uses the difference‐in‐differences estimation to

compare its impact, relative to municipalities that did not adopt a curfew (Carazza

et al., 2020).

However, while existing research offers some understanding of the effects

of curfew ordinances, there remains a notable research gap concerning the

specific dynamics of such ordinances within the context of Barangay Olympog.

Despite the growing interest in community policing programs, there is limited

empirical evidence on the effectiveness of curfew ordinances as part of a broader

strategy to enhance community safety in this particular locality

Synthesis
 15

Furthermore, the existing literature primarily focuses on quantitative

measures such as crime statistics, often overlooking qualitative aspects such as

community perceptions, experiences, and the effectiveness of enforcement

mechanisms. Thus, there is a need for more comprehensive research that not

only evaluates the impact of curfew ordinances on crime rates but also considers

the broader social and cultural dynamics within Barangay Olympog.

Additionally, while some studies have examined the implementation of

community policing programs in other contexts, there is a lack of research

specifically exploring the feasibility and effectiveness of such programs in

conjunction with curfew ordinances in Barangay Olympog. This gap underscores

the importance of conducting empirical studies that assess the potential

synergies between curfew ordinances and community policing initiatives to

address the unique safety challenges faced by the community.

In conclusion, the review of related literature highlights the need for further

research to fill existing gaps in understanding the impact of curfew hours

ordinances on community safety in Barangay Olympog. Addressing these gaps

will not only contribute to the existing body of knowledge but also provide

valuable insights for the development of a proposed enhanced community

policing program tailored to the specific needs and dynamics of the community.

Theoretical Framemork

The theoretical framework for examining the impact of the curfew hours

ordinance on community safety in Barangay Olympog and proposing an

 16

enhanced community policing program is constructed upon key criminological

theories. Sampson and Raudenbush's (2001) collective efficacy theory provides

a foundation, emphasizing the importance of shared norms and social cohesion

in fostering community safety (Cullen & Wilcox, 2010).

Cohen and Felson's (1979) Routine Activity Theory informs the

understanding of how the curfew disrupts the convergence of motivated

offenders, suitable targets, and capable guardians during specific hours, thereby

reducing criminal opportunities (Miro, 2014)..

Lum and Koper's (2017) research on data-driven decision-making in

policing supports the framework's emphasis on crime analysis and tailored

strategies. The proposed enhanced community policing program aligns with the

principles of Community-Oriented Policing as outlined by Trojanowicz and

Bucqueroux (1990), focusing on collaboration, problem-solving, and community

engagement. This theoretical synthesis, incorporating insights from these

authoritative sources, establishes a comprehensive framework for

comprehending the impact of the curfew ordinance and proposing proactive

community policing strategies in Barangay Olympog.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 shows the impact of curfew hours ordinance to community safety

of Barangay Olympog, General Santos City as independent variable. While,

bases on a proposed enhanced community policing program as dependent

 17

variable. It defines the relevant variables for the study and maps out how they

might relate to each other (Charlesworth, 2022).

Input Process Output

Conduct survey
Bases for a
with the use if
Impact of Curfew proposed
questionnaire to
Hours Ordinance enhanced
determine the
for Community community
impact and
Safety policy
address the
program
problem
 18

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Significance of the Study

This study is exceptionally important because it looks into how Barangay

Olympog's curfew hours ordinance affects community safety and suggests

improving community policing initiatives. Knowing how well the curfew works

gives residents and local authorities important information that helps them make

well-informed decisions about safety precautions. With its focus on active

community involvement, the enhanced community policing program that is being

proposed has the potential to empower locals and promote a sense of shared

responsibility for safety. Additionally, the study advances scholarly understanding

of crime prevention tactics and informs evidence-based policies that strike a

balance between community involvement, safety, and general well-being in

Barangay Olympog.

Definition of Terms
 19

In order to have a clear understanding of the different terms in this study,

the following terms were operationally defined:

Impact of Curfew Hours Ordinance. Operationally, it is defined as a set

of guidelines established by a local government or other authority that

establishes the hours during which specific actions or movements are restricted

or forbidden in a given area. As what describes in the study, curfews usually

specify the hours during which people, particularly children, must remain indoors

or restrict their presence in public areas.

Community Safety. Operationally, this is a collective state of well-being

and security within a community, where residents can live without significant fear

of crime, violence, or other threats to their physical and mental health. It involves

creating an environment where people feel protected, and their basic needs are

met, fostering a sense of trust and cooperation among community members.

Enhanced Community Policing Program. Operationally, a

comprehensive strategy that involves increased collaboration between law

enforcement agencies and community stakeholders. It includes proactive crime

prevention measures, community engagement initiatives, and the utilization of

data-driven approaches to address local concerns and enhance overall safety

and well-being.
 20

Chapter 2

METHOD

This chapter provides an in-depth investigation of the research

design, research location, population and sample, research instruments, data

collection methods, statistical tools, and ethical considerations.

Research Design

The research design for this study will be the descriptive survey method of

research. Descriptive survey method of research is a widely used approach in

social science research to gather information about a population's characteristics,

attitudes, beliefs, opinions, or behaviors. This method involves collecting data

from a sample of individuals through the administration of surveys,

questionnaires, or interviews. The primary goal of descriptive surveys is to

accurately describe the features of a population or phenomenon under study

without necessarily establishing causal relationships. Researchers use this

 21

method to obtain a snapshot of the current state of affairs, trends, or patterns

within a specific group or community (Mouton,2018).

It is typically involves selecting a representative sample from the target

population and administering standardized instruments to collect data. These

instruments may include closed-ended questions, Likert scales, or rating scales

designed to measure various constructs of interest. Researchers analyze the

collected data using statistical techniques such as frequencies, percentages,

means, and standard deviations to summarize and describe the characteristics of

the population. Descriptive surveys are valuable for exploring the prevalence of

certain phenomena, identifying trends over time, or comparing different groups

within a population( Babbie ,2018).

Research Locale

This study will be established in Barangay Olympog, which is situated in

General Santos City, Southern Philippines. Olympog stands as one of the 26

barangays within the city, recognized for its proactive engagement in community

affairs. Notably, it is regarded as an active barangay that promptly responds to

and prioritizes concerns regarding road safety for all users. This commitment is

underscored by its concerted efforts to maintain peace and order through the

vigilant presence of tanods (local peacekeepers) and robust social services.

Furthermore, Olympog places a strong emphasis on the holistic development of

children and youth, indicating a focus on nurturing the next generation for a

sustainable future.
 22

The impact of the curfew hours ordinance on the community safety of

Barangay Olympog serves as a pertinent subject for investigation. Such research

can provide valuable insights for the development of an enhanced community

policing program. By understanding the effectiveness of existing measures and

identifying areas for improvement, policymakers can tailor strategies to further

enhance the safety and well-being of the community.

Population and Sample

The study aims to investigate the effects of implementing curfew hours on

the overall safety and security of the community within Barangay Olympog.

Utilizing a random sampling technique, the study intends to gather insights from

a diverse group of individuals comprising at least 200 persons of legal age. This

sample pool will include parents, barangay officials, and other community

members who have firsthand experiences or perspectives on the enforcement of

curfew ordinances. By employing random sampling, the study seeks to ensure a

representative selection of participants, thus enhancing the validity and reliability

of the findings. Through in-depth interviews, surveys, and possibly focus group

discussions, the study endeavors to uncover nuanced insights into the perceived

impact of curfew regulations on community safety, as well as to identify potential

areas for improvement in the existing policing strategies within Barangay

Olympog.
 23

Research Instrument

A structured questionnaire will be created by the researchers to serve as

the research tool. The questionnaire will undergo series of validation from the 3

experts for its validity before it will be used as an instrument. The questionnaire

will be pre-tested on some people of the barangay to ensure clarity and validity.

The questionnaire is consist of a 10-item questions that talks about the impact of

curfew hour ordinance. A five point Likert scale will be used in rating the

questionnaire ranging from; 5-strongly agree, 4-agree, 3-moderately agree. 2

disagree and 1-strongly disagree.

Data Collection

Data will be gathered using self-administered questionnaires distributed to

the citizen of Barangay Olympog in General Santos City. The researchers will

collaborate with Barangay Olympog authorities headed by the Baranagy Captain

to secure authorization for data collecting. Prior to completing the questionnaire,

participants will be provided with information regarding the study's objective and

their consent will be requested. The researchers will conduct the survey in a

face to face manner so that prior questions or clarifications from the respondents

will be answered right immeidately. After the survey, the data will be gathered ,

tallied and the result will be given to a statistician for the analysis and

interpretation of the result.

Statistical Tool
 24

The gathered data will be examined utilizing the weighted mean in order to

determine the common impact of curfew hour ordinance.

Calculating the weighted average involves multiplying each data point by

its weight and summing those products. Then sum the weights for all data points.

Finally, divide the weight*value products by the sum of the weights. Voila, you’ve

calculated the weighted mean.

Ethical Consideration

There is major ethical consideration that has distinct implications for this

quantitative research. These issues and concerns might come out basically from

the methodology that was involved in this study. The ethical challenges that were

applicable in this research concern were the issues of the proper operation on

the study, confidentiality and anonymity. This study followed the standards of the

RMMC Ethics and Review Committee for the guidelines of ethical consideration

particularly in addressing the population and data such as, but not limited to:

Voluntary Participation. The participants were granted the option to

participate without any plan of repercussion or reparations or loss of benefits.

Therefore, after the purpose and the benefits of the study were shown to the

participating person, the rights of the participant to provide the body of

knowledge were carefully measured and foresighted upon. In this study, the

participants were not forced to be part of the study. They are free to withdraw

their participation when they feel uncomfortable during the conduct of the study.
 25

Privacy and confidentiality. Participants have the right to privacy that

should not be violated without informed consent to conform to the existing Data

Privacy Act 2012, an act protecting the fundamental human right of privacy. .

One way of observing privacy and confidentiality in this quantitative research is to

give options to the respondents of not indicating their name on the survey

questionnaire. Besides, confidentiality and privacy were attained by not

publishing the demographic data of the informants such as the age, gender,

occupation, employment, disease if there is any. Hence, their identity was kept

as confidential for safety purposes. Even their responses to the items in the

survey questionnaire were held and considered as confidential.

Informed consent process. The prospective research respondents were

fully informed about the objectives, methods and benefits of the research as

comprehensively as possible within the framework of the study. The consent of

the respondents was obtained indicating that their participation was asked on a

voluntary basis. This was done in written form stating all the important details to

be disclosed to the participants and the manner that the survey was conducted.

The respondents were asked to affix their signature on the inform consent form

confirming that the respondents voluntarily agree to participate in the survey.

Since the respondents were consenting adults, there was no need to ask for

parent’s consent. The names of the respondents did not appear in the survey

questionnaire and their answers were held confidentially and that the participants

were fully aware that they can withdraw at any time from participating in the

study.
 26

Furthermore, any data that the researcher gathered were protected and

the release of any information would follow through a strict informed consent

process. The participants would have a sense of control over their personal

information to lessen their fear that the data or information would be used in any

other unintended manner.

Chapter 3

RESULTS

This chapter presents the findings and discussions of the data gathered

from the survey conducted by the researcher involving two hundred (200)

residence of Barangay Olympog who served as respondents of the study.

Impact of Curfew Hours Ordinance to Community Safety of Barangay

Olympog

As shown in Table 1 shows the responses of the 200 respondents

surveyed about how the curfew hours ordinance impacts the community safety of

Barangay Olympog residents. With a general mean of 4.01 which means the
 27

effects are often observed, it showed a positive image of how the implementation

of curfew hours ordinance impacts the residents of Barangay Olympog.

One notable finding of the impact of the implementation of the curfew hour

ordinance is the high mean in some indicators such as it facilitates better

utilization of law enforcement resources in addressing community safety

concerns, provides a safer environment for children and adolescents to grow and

to develop, encourage the residents to be more vigilant and proactive in reporting

suspicious activities, and promotes healthier nighttime routines and sleep habits

among residents. These elements illustrate curfew regulations' numerous

advantages, which extend beyond simply restricting evening activity.

In addition, the residents of Barangay Olympog often believe that the

implementation of the said ordinance contributes to a more peaceful and

harmonious living environment for residents; it effectively addresses concerns

related to underage drinking and substance abuse; it helps law enforcement

authorities in Barangay Olympog better manage and control public safety issues;

it positively contributes to community safety where it effectively reduces

instances of crime and violence; and it promotes a sense of order and discipline

among the youth in Barangay Olympog.

Although averages show encouraging trends, there are areas that can still

be improved. The lowest mean score for fostering a stronger sense of community

cohesion among residents of Barangay Olympog suggests that there may be

room for enhancing community engagement and involvement in the

implementation and enforcement of these ordinances.

 28

Generally, the results of this study provide vital insights into how curfew

regulations affect the security in Barangay Olympog. These findings not only

demonstrate that the regulations assist reduce crime and improve overall safety,

but they also highlight the need of integrating resident opinion when making

suggestions to create or enforce them. This study's findings are valuable for

improving the local population's quality of life.

Table 1
Item Mean Description

The implementation of curfew hours in Barangay

1 Olympog positively contributes to community safety where
4.03 Often
it effectively reduces instances of crime and violence
The curfew hours ordinances encourage the residents of
2 Barangay Olympog to be more vigilant and proactive in 4.15 Often
reporting suspicious activities.

3 The curfew hours ordinances promotes a sense of order 3.98 Often

and discipline among the youth in Barangay Olympog.

The Curfew hour’s ordinance helps law enforcement

4 authorities in Barangay Olympog better manage and
4.02 Often
control public safety issues.

The curfew hours ordinances fosters a stronger sense of

5 community cohesion among residents of Barangay
3.68 Often
Olympog.
 29

The Curfew hours ordinances provides a safer

6 environment for children and adolescents to grow and to
4.15 Often
develop in Barangay Olympog.

The curfew hours ordinances effectively addresses

7 concerns related to underage drinking and substance
3.79 Often
abuse in Barangay Olympog.

The curfew hours ordinances promotes healthier

8 nighttime routines and sleep habits among residents of
4.14 Often
Barangay Olympog.

The curfew hours ordinances facilitates better utilization of

9 law enforcement resources in addressing community
4.25 Always
safety concerns in Barangay Olympog.

The curfew hours ordinances contributes to a more

10 peaceful and harmonious living environment for residents
3.97 Often
of Barangay Olympog
Weighted Mean 4.01 Often
The Impact of Curfew Hours Ordinance to Community Safety of Barangay
Olympog
 30

Proposed Intervention Program

This section presents the ideas and concepts for the proposed

intervention program.

I. TITLE:

The program will be called “COSEC Program: Community Safety Education

Campaigns Program”

II. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION:

This program is made according to the results of the gathered data from

the residence of Barangay Olympog. This program aims to increase

awareness and understanding of the curfew ordinances within the community

of Barangay Olympog.

III. RATIONALE:

The COSEC Program is designed to raise awareness and understanding

of curfew ordinances. By educating residents about the purpose and benefits

of these ordinances, we aim to promote a safer community environment,

prevent crime, and foster positive living development.

IV. OBJECTIVES:

This Community Engagement Program attempts to:

1. Increase awareness and understanding of curfew ordinances to

promote community safety and foster compliance among residents

in Barangay Olympog.
 31

V. PLAN OF ACTION

Proposed Intervention Program from the findings of the Study

Title: “Community Safety Education Campaigns Program”

Key Resource Program Objective MOVs Key Time Budge Inst. Success
Area Person/ frame t Support Indicator
s

The COSEC: To Copy of Baranga Year 30,000 Provision 80% - 90%

respondents increase Interventi y round per AY of venue of residence

Communit
awareness on Olympog and of Barangay
fosters a y Safety
and Program, Council budget for Olympog
stronger sense Education
understan Pictorials (Committ the have
of community Campaign
ding of , etc. ee on conduct successfully
cohesion s Program
curfew Peace of the attended the
among
ordinances and program program.
residents of to promote Order),

Barangay community
Sanggun
Olypmpog safety and
iang
foster
Kabataa
complianc
n of
e among
Brgy.
residents
Olympog
in

Barangay

Olympog
 32

Chapter 4

DISCUSSION

This chapter summarizes the findings and formulates recommendations

based on the gathered data for the study.

This chapter summarizes the findings and formulates recommendations

based on the gathered data for the study.

The impact of the curfew hour ordinance stands as a significant milestone,

as evidenced by its multifaceted impact across various domains. By imposing

structured curfew hours, law enforcement agencies are empowered to

strategically deploy their personnel and assets, thereby enhancing their ability to

address and mitigate potential risks and threats to public safety.

In this study, it was found out that curfew hours’ ordinances facilitate

better utilization of law enforcement resources in addressing community safety

concerns in Barangay Olympog because by establishing clear parameters for

when minors should be off the streets and safely at home, these ordinances

enable law enforcement agencies to focus their efforts and allocate resources

more effectively during critical periods of vulnerability, such as late at night or

early in the morning.

The study supports these findings the impact of curfew hour ordinances in

Barangay Olympog empowers law enforcement officials to proactively patrol and

monitor areas where minors are likely to congregate, thereby deterring potential

criminal activity and promoting a safer environment for all residents. As to the

perception of youths towards the programs provided by barangay officials for

 33

those who breach the curfew ordinance, it appears that these programs do not

serve as an effective deterrent. The data collected suggests that the youths do

not fear the potential consequences they may face because the barangay

officials do not impose sanctions on apprehended violators. Instead of deterring

them, the offenders seem to disregard the programs, viewing them as

insignificant (Carpio, 2020).

Adhering to curfews tends to steer teenagers away from trouble because

the likelihood of engaging in criminal activities or risky behavior increases later in

the evening, especially when parental supervision diminishes. Imposing youth

curfews can help to solve these problems, as they keep young people off the

street, and therefore out oftrouble, and prevent them from congregating in the

hours of darkness (Kline,2011).

The findings offer the curfew hours’ ordinances encourage the residents of

Barangay Olympog to be more vigilant and proactive in reporting suspicious

activities. Curfews play a crucial role in instilling a sense of discipline by helping

teens establish and adhere to a routine, thereby fostering the development of

essential time management skills that they will carry into adulthood. Furthermore,

the enforcement of curfews aids teenagers in maintaining a healthy sleep

schedule, promoting improved focus and alertness in school. This, in turn, may

translate into enhanced academic performance, potentially resulting in better

grades (Anderson, 2016).

Moreover, the curfew hours’ ordinances promote healthier nighttime

routines and sleep habits among residents of Barangay Olympog, that this also
 34

connected to the prevention against juvenile delinquency, once kids areout of

their homes late at night, they will be no longer protected under the family

environment. With this, they are more vulnerable to crimes and other criminal

acts. It was also mentioned of disadvantages and it included being oppressive

parenting, false security, hindrance to maturity and job opportunityissues. The

imposition of curfew for teenagers will disable the ability of kidsgetting involved in

the management of the home. Similarly, in the control of parents, keeping

teenagers at parent’s care while they are underage will enable them to set

boundaries in life. This is oneof the reasons why teenagers under 18 are called

dependents or minors due to the need of mature people or fully grown individuals

to look after them (Wilson et al., 2016).

The impact of curfew regulations on the spatial distribution of crime is

evident, as supported by various scholars in the literature. Both curfew hours and

other limitations on time and space have been associated with a decrease in

criminal incidents, particularly within urban settings. This research underscores

the effectiveness of targeted deterrent strategies, aligning with the rationale

behind Barangay Olympog's implementation of curfew laws (Hipp et al., 2017).

Moreover, it is suggested by emphasizing the establishment of credibility

and trust through community-focused policing emerges as a pivotal element in

effective crime prevention strategies. Extensive research underscores the

significance of a collaborative approach that actively involves community

members in decision-making processes and fosters transparent communication

channels between law enforcement agencies and the public. Consequently, the
 35

implementation of data-driven crime prevention strategies, such as the

community policing program, assumes paramount importance. Such initiatives

aim to meticulously analyze crime data to discern patterns and tailor

interventions to address specific safety concerns (Lum & Koper, 2017;

Rosenbaum, 2018).

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were made:

The common impact of curfew hours’ ordinances observes often

because it facilitates better utilization of law enforcement resources in

addressing community safety concerns and to be more vigilant and proactive in

reporting suspicious activities.

Since the respondents observes the common impact curfew hours’

ordinances fosters a stronger sense of community cohesion among residents of

Barangay Olympog, COSEC Program: Community Safety Education

Campaigns Program is proposed to promote a safer community environment,

prevent crime, and foster positive youth development.

Recommendations

From the conclusions made for the study, the following recommendations

were sought:

Through regular community meetings and collaboration with local

organizations and leaders, community involvement and participation in the

development and enforcement of curfew ordinances can be achieved. This may

help improve community cohesion.

 36

Make sure curfew ordinances are always and fairly followed by police

officers. To make this happen, officers may get enough training, clear

communication of expectations, and engagement of residents in finding answers

to their concerns and building trust.

Create awareness amongst members of the public about the rationale and

advantages of having curfew bylaws. Enforcers may employ different avenues of

communication; including social media, and provisions of education during

community gathering.
 37

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Carr, J. B., & Doleac, J. L. (2014). Keep the kids inside: juvenile curfews, bad
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Cullen, F. T., & Wilcox, P. (2010). Sampson, robert j.: collective efficacy
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Ghasemi, A., Daneman, N., Berry, I., Sa, B., Soucy, J. R., Sturrock, S. L., &
Brown, K. A. (2021). Impact of a nighttime curfew on overnight mobility.
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 40

APPENDIX A
RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES
Pioneer Avenue, General Santos City
Tel No. (083) 3348 Fax No. (083) 301 1927
www.rmmcmain.edu.ph

RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE

IMPACT OF CURFEW HOURS ORDINANCES TO COMMUNITY OF

BRGY OLYMPOG: BASIS FOR A PROPOSED ENHANCED COMMUNITY
POLICING PROGRAM

Name: (Optional) ____________________________________ Date: ________

Direction: Below are the questions designed to measure the levels of your
self-concepts and social-competence. Kindly rate each item by check (/) marking
on the number based on the scale given below that corresponds to your answer.

SCALE DESCRIPTION

5 Strongly Agree

4 Agree

3 Moderately Agree

2 Disagree

1 Strongly Disagree
 41

ITEM 5 4 3 2 1
1. The implementation of curfew hours
in Barangay Olympog positively
contributes to community safety
where it effectively reduces instances
of crime and violence

2. The curfew hours ordinances

encourage the residents of Barangay
Olympog to be more vigilant and
proactive in reporting suspicious
activities.

3. The curfew hours ordinances promotes

a sense of order and discipline among the
youth in Barangay Olympog.

4. The Curfew hour’s ordinance helps law

enforcement authorities in Barangay
Olympog better manage and control
public safety issues.

5. The curfew hours ordinances fosters a

stronger sense of community cohesion
among residents of Barangay Olympog.

6. The Curfew hours ordinances provides

a safer environment for children and
adolescents to grow and to develop in
Barangay Olympog.

7. The curfew hours ordinances

effectively addresses concerns related to
underage drinking and substance abuse
in Barangay Olympog.

8. The curfew hours ordinances promotes

healthier nighttime routines and sleep
habits among residents of Barangay
Olympog.

9. The curfew hours ordinances facilitates

better utilization of law enforcement
resources in addressing community
safety concerns in Barangay Olympog.

10. The curfew hours ordinances

 42

contributes to a more peaceful and

harmonious living environment for
residents of Barangay Olympog

APPENDIX B

RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES

Pioneer Avenue, General Santos City
Tel No. (083) 3348 Fax No. (083) 301 1927
www.rmmcmain.edu.ph
QUESTIONNAIRE VALIDATION SHEETS

March 01, 2024

___________________
___________________
Sir/Maam;
Greetings of Peace!
The undersigned is a Bachelor of Elementary Education student presently We,
3rd year Criminology students of Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges,
presently conducting research entitled IMPACT OF CURFEW HOURS
ORDINANCES TO COMMUNITY OF BRGY OLYMPOG. BASIS FOR A
PROPOSED ENHANCED COMMUNITY POLICING PROGRAM ” as an
academic requirement leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Criminology under the College of Criminal Justice for the School year 2023-2024.

In this connection, we would like to request your expertise to validate our

instrument to be used in our study. We would be very grateful for your positive
response. Your participation will pave the way for the success of this research
work.

Thank you very much and may the good Lord bless you always.

Respectfully yours,

MARVIN B. YPARRAGUIRRE
MARC LOUIS P. ADESER
 43

Researcher

Noted by:

SALOME ROCACURVA, MA
Adviser

Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges

Pioneer Avenue, General Santos City
Tel No. (083) 3348 Fax No. (083) 301 1927
www.rmmcmain.edu.ph
______________________________________________________________

VALIDATION RATING SHEET OF EXPERT VALIDATORS

For evaluator: Please check the appropriate box for your rating

point equivalent: 5- Excellent 3- Good 1- Poor

4- Very Good 2- Fair
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1

1. Clarity of directions and items. The vocabulary level,

languages structure and conceptual level of respondents.
The test directions and items are written in clear and
understandable manner.
2. Presentation/Organization of items. The items are
presented and organized in logical manner.
3. Suitability of items. The manner of items appropriately
represented the substance of the conditions, knowledge,
perception and attitudes that are supposed to be measured.

4. Adequateness items per category. The items represent

the coverage of the research and equality. The number of
question per area is respectively enough of the question
needed of the research.
5. Attainment of the purpose. The instrument as a whole
fulfils the objectives of which was constructed.
 44

6.Objectivity. Each item requires only specific answer of

measures only behavior and no aspect of the questionnaire
suggest bias of the researcher.
7. Scale and evaluation rating system. Scale adapted is
appropriate for items.

APPENDIX C
Summary of the Validation Ratings
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1

1. Clarity of directions and items. The vocabulary level,

languages structure and conceptual level of respondents.
The test directions and items are written in clear and
understandable manner.
2. Presentation/Organization of items. The items are
presented and organized in logical manner.
3. Suitability of items. The manner of items appropriately
represented the substance of the conditions, knowledge,
perception and attitudes that are supposed to be measured.

4. Adequateness items per category. The items represent

the coverage of the research and equality. The number of
question per area is respectively enough of the question
needed of the research.
5. Attainment of the purpose. The instrument as a whole
fulfils the objectives of which was constructed.
6.Objectivity. Each item requires only specific answer of
measures only behavior and no aspect of the questionnaire
suggest bias of the researcher.
7. Scale and evaluation rating system. Scale adapted is
appropriate for items.
 45

APPENDIX D
LETTER OF PERMISSION TO CONDUCT STUDY
Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges
Pioneer Avenue, General Santos City
Tel No. (083) 3348 Fax No. (083) 301 1927
www.rmmcmain.edu.ph
______________________________________________________________
March 01, 2024

Hon. Rey P. Cardeño

Punong Barangay
Brgy. Olympog, General Santos City

Dear Hon. Cardeño

Magandang GenSan!

We, 3rd year Criminology students of Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges,

presently conducting research entitled IMPACT OF CURFEW HOURS
ORDINANCES TO COMMUNITY OF BRGY OLYMPOG. BASIS FOR A
PROPOSED ENHANCED COMMUNITY POLICING PROGRAM” as an
academic requirement leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Criminology under the College of Criminal Justice for the School year 2023-2024.

In this connection, we are requesting your good office to allow them to conduct a
study among the chosen respondents in this school.

Rest assured that whatever information you will provide be treated confidentiality.

Thank you very much and may the good Lord bless you always.

Respectfully yours,

MR. MARVIN B YPARRAGUIRRE

 46

MR. MARC LOUIS P. ADESER MARNIE J. BESAS, Ph.D.

Researchers Dean, College of Criminal Justice

Noted by:

SALOME ROCACURVA
Adviser