8

5 (a) A thermocouple thermometer is used to determine the temperature difference between a

mixture of ice and water and liquid mercury at approximately 600 °C.

Complete Fig. 5.1 with a labelled diagram to show how the thermocouple thermometer can
be used in this way.

mixture of liquid mercury

ice and water at approximately
600 °C

Fig. 5.1

[3]

(b) State two other physical properties that can be used to measure temperature.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) State two benefits of using a thermocouple thermometer instead of a liquid-in-glass

thermometer.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 7]

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8 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows a conducting object A, initially uncharged, held on an insulating stand. The
positively charged rod B is brought close to object A.

charged rod B + conducting

+ object A
+
+
+ insulating stand

Fig. 8.1

(i) On Fig. 8.1, draw the distribution of charges on object A. [2]

(ii) A wire is connected from object A to earth.

State and explain any movement of charge.

statement ..........................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) There is a current in a wire of 0.65 mA for 2.2 minutes.

Calculate the charge that flows.

charge = ........................................................ [3]

[Total: 7]

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4 Fig. 4.1 shows a thermometer.

wire of V wire of
material A material A

ice
cubes
wire of
material B

water at 0 °C water at 100 °C

Fig. 4.1

The voltmeter reading is 5.4 mV.

(a) State the name of this type of thermometer.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Fig. 4.2 shows the same thermometer used to measure the temperature of liquid X.

liquid X

water at 20 °C

Fig. 4.2

With the setup in Fig. 4.2, the voltmeter reading is 1.7 mV.

Calculate the temperature of liquid X measured by the thermometer.

temperature = ......................................................... [2]

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(c) Suggest an application for which this type of thermometer is more suitable than a liquid-in-
glass thermometer.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 4]

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5 (a) (i) Define specific latent heat.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Explain the melting of a solid in terms of molecules and energy.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) An electrical heater is used to heat a liquid to its boiling point. Fig. 5.1 shows the apparatus.

connecting
liquid
wires

heater element container

balance 3800 g

Fig. 5.1

When the liquid is boiling, the heater supplies 1.26 MJ of thermal energy. The mass reading
shown on the balance decreases from 3800 g to 2300 g.

Calculate the specific latent heat of vaporisation of the liquid.

specific latent heat = ......................................................... [3]

(c) State and explain a precaution to improve the accuracy of the value of specific latent heat
calculated in (b).

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 9]
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4 (a) A student carries out an experiment to determine the thermal capacity of a metal block. The
block is heated by an electric heater for 23 minutes. The current in the heater is 3.0 A at a
potential difference (p.d.) of 12 V.
The temperature of the block rises from 20 °C to 70 °C.

Calculate the thermal capacity of the block.

thermal capacity = ........................................................ [4]

(b) 1. Two metal spheres of different diameters are heated to 900 °C in a hot oven. The two
spheres are removed from the oven.

State and explain any difference in the initial rates of emission of radiation of thermal energy
between the two spheres.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2. One hot sphere is now heated in a hotter oven.

State and explain any effect on the rate of emission of radiation of thermal energy from that
sphere when it is removed from the hotter oven.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 7]

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4 Fig. 4.1 shows a liquid-in-glass thermometer without a temperature scale.

The liquid inside the thermometer has a melting point of –39 °C.

Fig. 4.1

(a) Describe simple experiments to mark the positions of the fixed points on this liquid-in-glass
thermometer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(b) A scientist is measuring temperatures at the South Pole. These temperatures have a minimum
value of –90 °C.

State why the liquid used in the thermometer in Fig. 4.1 would not be suitable for this scientist.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) State a design change that:

(i) increases the sensitivity of a liquid-in-glass thermometer

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) increases the range of a liquid-in-glass thermometer.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) State the property of the liquid which ensures that the scale on a liquid-in-glass thermometer
is linear.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 8]

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7 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows two magnets and the gap between the N pole of one magnet and the S pole of
the other magnet.

Fig. 7.1

On Fig. 7.1, draw three lines to show the pattern and direction of the magnetic field in the
gap. [2]

(b) (i) Fig. 7.2 is a repeat of Fig. 7.1 showing the two magnets.

On Fig. 7.2, draw the position of a plotting compass needle when it comes to rest in the
gap between the N pole and the S pole.

Fig. 7.2 [1]

(ii) Explain why the needle comes to rest in this position.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Describe a method of demagnetising a bar magnet.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 7]
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10 (a) Fig. 10.1 shows the potential difference–current graph for a circuit component K.

10.0

8.0
potential difference / V
6.0

4.0

2.0

0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
current / mA

Fig. 10.1

Calculate the resistance of component K when the current in it is 4.0 mA.

resistance = ......................................................... [2]

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(b) Fig. 10.2 shows a circuit containing component K.

component K
point X

resistor R

Fig. 10.2

At low temperature, component K has a much greater resistance than resistor R.

At high temperature, component K has a much smaller resistance than resistor R.

State and explain the effect on the lamp when the temperature changes from very low to very
high.

Refer to the voltage at point X in your explanation.

statement ..................................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(c) State the name of component K.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 7]

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5 (a) (i) State two ways in which evaporation is different from boiling.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Give one example of a change of state which does not involve boiling or evaporation.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The graph in Fig. 5.1 shows the variation of temperature with time for a substance that is
initially liquid.

temperature

A
B

time

Fig. 5.1

(i) State what is taking place at points A, B and C. You should say what changes of state, if
any, are taking place.

point A ...............................................................................................................................

point B ................................................................................................................................

point C ...............................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Suggest why the graph is steeper at point C than at point A.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 7]

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9 Fig. 9.1 shows a graph of current against potential difference (p.d.) for a filament lamp.

0.80

current / A

0.60

0.40

0.20

0
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
p.d. / V

Fig. 9.1

(a) State what happens to the resistance of the filament of the lamp as the p.d. changes

(i) from 0 V to 1.0 V,

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) from 1.0 V to 8.0 V.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) At normal brightness, the p.d. across the lamp is 8.0 V.

Calculate, for normal brightness,

(i) the resistance of the lamp,

resistance = ...........................................................[3]

(ii) the power of the lamp.

power = ...........................................................[2]

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(c) Five of these lamps, operating at normal brightness, are connected in parallel to a power
supply.

power supply

Fig. 9.2

Determine

(i) the electromotive force (e.m.f.) of the power supply,

e.m.f. = ...........................................................[1]

(ii) the current from the power supply.

current = ...........................................................[1]

[Total: 9]

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2 A student determines the resistance of a resistance wire.

Fig. 2.1 shows the circuit he uses.

power supply

l resistance
wire
B
sliding
contact C
V

Fig. 2.1

(a)
• The student places the sliding contact C on the resistance wire at a distance l = 10.0 cm
from B.

• Record, in the first row of Table 2.1, the potential difference V across the length
l = 10.0 cm of resistance wire, as shown on the voltmeter in Fig. 2.2.

1 2 0.4 0.6
0.2 0.8

0 3 0 1.0
V A

Fig. 2.2 Fig. 2.3

• Record, in the first row of Table 2.1, the current I in the circuit as shown in Fig. 2.3.

• Complete the column headings in Table 2.1.

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Table 2.1

l/ V/ I/
10.0
30.0 0.7 0.30
50.0 1.1 0.27
70.0 1.5 0.28
90.0 2.1 0.29
[3]

(b) The student repeats the procedure using l = 30.0 cm, 50.0 cm, 70.0 cm and 90.0 cm. The
readings are shown in Table 2.1.

Plot a graph of V / V (y-axis) against l / cm (x-axis). Start both axes at the origin (0,0).

[4]

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(c) (i) Write a conclusion about the value of the current I in the circuit as the position of the
sliding contact C is changed.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Justify your conclusion by reference to your results.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Using the graph, determine the potential difference VL when the length l = 60.0 cm.

Show clearly on the graph how you obtained your result.

VL = ..................................................... [2]

[Total: 11]

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2 A student investigates the resistances of a resistor and a lamp.

Fig. 2.1 shows the first circuit arrangement.

power supply

Fig. 2.1

(a) She records VS, the potential difference (p.d.) across the resistor R, and the current IS in the
circuit. The meters are shown in Fig. 2.2 and Fig. 2.3.

(i) Write down the readings. Include the units for potential difference, current or resistance
where appropriate in all parts of the question.

3 4 5 6 7 0.4 0.6
2 8 0.2 0.8
1 9
0 10 0 1.0
V A

Fig. 2.2 Fig. 2.3

VS = ..........................................................

IS = ..........................................................
[2]

VS
(ii) Calculate RS, the resistance of resistor R, using the equation RS = .
IS

RS = .................................................... [2]

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(b) The student replaces the resistor with the lamp. She records VL the potential difference
across the lamp and the current IL in the circuit.

1.7
VL= ..........................................................

0.35
IL = ..........................................................

VL
Calculate RL, the resistance of the lamp, using the equation RL = .
IL

RL = .................................................... [2]

(c) The student connects the resistor R in series with the lamp. She connects the voltmeter to
record VC, the potential difference across the series combination of the resistor and the lamp.
Draw the circuit diagram for this arrangement.

[2]

(d) The student records VC the potential difference across the resistor and the lamp in series and
the current IC in the circuit.

1.7
VC = ..........................................................

0.21
IC = ..........................................................

Calculate RC, the combined resistance of the resistor and the lamp connected in series, using
VC
the equation RC = .
IC

RC = .................................................... [1]
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(e) State and explain briefly whether the results show that RS + RL = RC within the limits of
experimental accuracy.

statement ..................................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 11]

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