-

Morphology of FP : Total 75 Important Points From NCERT

7) 1(

1. The direct elongation of the radicle leads to the formation of primary

root. -
-

2. Lateral roots referred to as secondary, tertiary, etc. roots.

EVE
3. In roots, absorption of water and mineral mostly occur in region of
maturation.-> Ruthuir # Dicut
-
-

4. Primary roots & its branches constitute tap root system.

Example : Mustard Plant
-
-
Emilies Basi # Monzot
-

5. Fibrous root system :- Originate from the base of stem.

-

Example : Wheat Plant > families Poec

*
-
.

- -
-

6. Adventitious roots:- Root arises from the part of plants other than
radicle.
Example: Grasses, Monstera & Banyan tree.
7. Regions of the Root:
– Root Cap:- Protect the root
– Region of meristematic zone:- Cells of this region very small,

Listen
Trichomes multicellular thin walled dense protoplasm,
L divide repeatedly.
– Region of Elongation:- growth of root length
– Region of maturation zone: Root hair present in this zone. Root
hairs are unicellular out growth of epidermal cells -otermost
-
8. Modification of Roots :- Potato-> Sem

E
-

→ For food storage eg:- Carrot, turnip (Tap root), sweet Potato
(Adventitious root)
→ For Support eg:- Banyan tree ( Prop root), Maize and Sugarcane (Stilt
Root)>1
- vornochs

→ For Respiration Pneumatophores eg:- Rhizophora, grown in

swampy areas. >
- Root Vertically upward -
Respiration.

>
-
leaves borns

I
-

9. Stem : Develop from plumule of the embryo of a germinating seed stem

bears nodes & internodes. It also bears buds, which may be terminal or
Axillary

10. Main function of stem – >

1 function
→ Spreading out branches bearing leaves, flowers & fruits.
-

→ Conduct water, mineral & Photosynthates

axillary .
bud
11. Modification of stem:-

-
- -

a. For Food Storage – Under ground stem eg :- Potato, Ginger, Turmeric,

Zaminkand, Colocasia.
b. Stem Tendrils – Help plants to climb
Eg:- Gourds (Cucumber, Pumpkins, watermelon) & Grapevines
#Note:- Stem tendrils and leaf tendrils are analogus.-
 xillo bud
~
C. Thorns – Protects plant from browsing animals, modification of axillary
bud of stem. eg:- Citrus & Bougainvillea.

D. Phylloclade – Perform photosynthesis

eg:- Opuntia (Flat), Euphorbia (Cylindrical)
Note: Phyllode is modification of petiole. 3
-Photosynthesis
- - -

> .

E. Offset eg:- Pistia & Eichhornia

*
F. Sucker:- The lateral branches originate from the basal and
underground portion of the main stem, grow horizontally beneath the
soil and then come out obliquely upward giving rise to leafy shoots
Eg Banana, Pineapple, chrysanthemum
Y Y
- False Fruits
+ - -

G. Runner eg:- Grass & Strawberry

H. Stolon eg:- Mint and Jasmine

12. Leaf : Originate from shoot apical meristem & arrange in an acropetal
manner and It is Most Important Vegetative organ for Photosynthesis.
-

Stipules .

-
-

13. A typical leaf consists of three main parts.

a. Leaf base – Leaf attached main parts. >Stem
-

b. Petiole – Hold the blades of light

-

-
-

c. Lamina or Leaf blade - Veins & veinlets present.

-

14. Midrib is Middle Prominent Vein.

-

15. Leaf Base: Sheathing present in monocotyledons.

16. Pulvinus present in some leguminous plants.I

*
17. Venation – statm
.

>
-

→Reticulate (Veninlets form network) eg :- Dicots

→ Parallue (Vein runs parallel to each other) eg:- Monocots
18. Types of Leaves:
a. Simple: Incision do not touch the midrib.
b. Compound: Incision reach up to the midrib and breaking it into leaflets.

19. Compound Leaves:

a. Pinnately Compound Leaves-
→ Leaflets are present on the rachis(common axis) e.g neem. Y
-
b. Palmately Compound Leaves -
→ Leaflets are attached at the tip of petiole(common point)
→e.g silk cotton

20. Phyllotaxy : Arrangement of leaf on stem or branch

→ Alternate: e.g China rose→ Malvaceae
Mustard→ Crucifers C
Sunflower → Asteraceae
→ Opposite: e.g Calotropis and Guava
GOC
→ Whorled: e.g Alstonia
 *
21. Modification of leaves
a. Tendril – For climbing eg :- Pea
b. Spine - For defence e.g cacti, opuntia
c. Food Storage – eg:- Onion & Garlic (Fleshy leaves).
d. Petiole perform photosynthesis eg:- Australian acacia- (phyllode)
e. To trap the insect eg:- Pitcher plant & venus fly trap

22. The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is termed as

Inflorescence

23. Racemose Inflorescence: II I

→ Main axis continues to grow and flower born on acropetal manner.
-

24. Cymose Inflorescence:

→ Main axis terminates in flower, born on Basipetal manner.
> Basipetal
25. An inflorescence with younger flowers at base and older one at
- -

apex is known as cymose

PYQs
-

26. Cymose inflorescence is present in solanum.

-
27. Flowers: Reproductive unit in angiosperms.
Note:- Stalk of flower –pedicle.

28. Swollen end of the stalk or Pedicel, called thalamus or Receptacle.

29. Four different kinds of whorts of a typical flower

[Calyx, Corolla,IAndroecium & GynoeciumJ
Accesse Reproductive
.

30. A flower having either only stamen or only caples is unisexual.

From any place
-

⑦
-

31. Symmetry:
→ Actinomorphic (Radial): e.g Mustard, Datura and Chili
→ Zygomorphic (Bilateral): e.g Pea,Gulmohar,Bean and Cassia.

only un
, .
→ Asymmetric (Irregular): e.g Canna
plane s .

32. Reduced leaf is called Bracts.

33. Types of Flower on the basis of ovary position !
B
-

→ Hypogynous (Superior Ovary): e.g Mustard,china rose,brinjal

→ Perigynous (Half Inferior Ovary): e.g Plum, Rose and Peach
→ Epigynous (Inferior Ovary): e.g Guava, Cucumber and Ray florets of
-

sunflower. PYOS
-

I
- -
-

II
34. In chira rose, flowers are actinomorphic, hypogynous with twisted
aestivation

35. Outermost Whorl : Calyx (Green Leaf like and Protective in function)
→ Made of Sepals can be : United (Gamosepalous) and Free
(Polysepalous)

36. Corolla : Petal United (Gamopetalous) and Petal Free

(Polypetalous)
-Imp R
37. Petals are usually brightly coloured to attract insect for pollination.
Petals are of various shapes.
V V
.
.
Imp PS
38. The standard petals of papilionaceous corolla is also called as
Vexillum.
39. Aestivation :- The mode of arrangement of sepals or Petals in
floral bud with respect to the other members of the same whorl.
in particular direction

↑
40. Types of Aestivation:
a. Valvate: e.g calotropis
NO b. Twisted: e.g China Rose, lady finger and cotton
clikec. Imbricate: e.g Cassia and Gulmohar#
d. Vexillary or papilionaceous : e.g Pea and Bean
-

-
41. When the margins of sepals or petals overlap one anothers
without any particular direction, the condition is known as imbricate.
↑ make Reproductive
-

42. Androecium : Composed of stamens

→ 1. Epipetalous : (Stamens are attached to the petals) eg : Brinjal
→ 2. Epiphyllous : (Stamers are attached to the perianth) eg: Lily
*
→ 3. Polyandrous (stamens remain free)
→ 4. Monadelphous (Stamens united into one bundles) eg: china
rose
→ 5. Diadelphous (Stamens united into two bundles) eg: Pea *
→ 6. Polyadelphous (Stamens united into more than two bundles)
eg: Citrus. -

·
43. There may be a variation in the length of filaments within flower
-
eg:- Salvia & Mustard, radish, turnip
↑
44. Note: Remember, it is salvia not salvinia (member of pteridophyte).
Hosporus
45. Sterile stamen is called staminode
~m

T
46. Gynoecium: Carpel consist of three parts

Si
→ Stigma – Receptive surface of pollen grain style
-
-

→ Style – Elongated tube 8

-
→ Ovary – Elongated basal part

47. Apocarpous : When more than one carpel is present, they may be free
- -

eg:- Lotus & Rose, Michellia th

- class 12
-

48. Syncarpous: When more than one carpel is present, they may be
fused eg:- Mustard & Tomato Pa
I
--
49. Placentation:- The arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as
placentation
- -

-
-

→ Marginal : Pea +s P
→ Axile : China, Rose, Tomato, Lemon
→ Parietal : Mustard, Argemone.-
→ Basal: Sunflower, Marigold. ⑳
→ Free central: Dianthus, Primrose.
→ Placentation in which ovules develop on inner wall of ovary or in
peripheral part is parietal CMP/Ast
→ In unilocular ovary with a single ovule the placentation is basal.

50. Fruits: Mature or ripened ovary, developed after fertilisation

51. Parthenocarpic fruit : It a fruit is formed without fertilisation of the

ovary

52. Fruit wall is called pericarp.

53. If Pericarp thick & fleshy, it differentiated into three part

→ Epicarp – Outer
→ Mesocarp – Middle
→ Endocarp – Inner
54. Placenta and pericarp are both edible portions in tomato. = PYQS
-
-
--
- -

55. In Mango & Coconut , the fruit is Drupe develop from

monocarpellary superior ovary & is one seeded.
*
56. Mango (Mesocarp fleshy – Edible)
Coconut (mesocarp Fibrous – used commercially)
Y

57. Seed (Fertilised ovule) : One cotyledon – Wheat & Maize

58. Two Cotyledon – Gram & Pea

59. Cotyledon of maize is known as scutellum.

60. Outermost covering of a seed – Seed Coat – Two Layer

(a) Outer – Testa (b) Inner – Tegmen
-

61. Generally, monocotyledonous seeds are endospermic but some as in

orchids are non-endospermic.
-

Il 16
62. Membranous seed coat found in Maize
63. Outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a proteinous
layer called Aleurone layer

64. One large shield shaped cotyledon known as scutellum in

monocotyledon.

65. Floral formula of Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) eg:- Mustard

#
66. Fabaceae: a. Racemose Inflorescence
b. > xill
- -

c. Fruit: Legume
d. Placentation: Marginal
e. Locule: Uniocular
f. Ovary: Superior & Hypogynous flower
g. Androecium: Stamen - (9)+1 Diadelphous
h. Flower: pentamerous
67. Fabaceae E.g: Gram, Arhar, Sem, Moong, Soyabean,Indigofera,Sunn
-

Hemp,Sesbania,Trifolium,Lupin,Sweet pea,Mulethi
-

Due
-

68. Malvaceae :- →Class: Dicot

→ Inflorescence :- Cymose
→ Flower: Pentamerous Ase
→ Androciem :- Numerous stamen Monadelphous
→ Ovary: Superior & Hypogynous flower
→ Locule:- Multilocular
→ Placentation: Axile
→ Fruit: Capsule ↑
→ E.g: Hibiscus rosa (Chinarose) , Okra (Bhindi) Cotton
69. Cruciferae : →Class: Dicot
→ Inflorescence :- Racemose
*→ Flower: Tetramerous
→ Androciem :- Stamen (2+4) Polyandrous &
Tetradynamous
→ Ovary: Superior & Hypogynous flower
→ Locule:- Unilocular
→ Placentation: Parietal
→ Fruit: Siliqua
→ E.g: Mustard ,Cabbage ,Raddish ,Turnip

70. Compositae : →Class: Dicot

→ Inflorescence :- Capitulum
→ Flower: Pentamerous
→ Androciem :- Stamen - 5 Epipetalous
→ Ovary: Inferior & Epigynous flower
→ Locule:- Unilocular
→ Placentation: Basal
→ Fruit: Cypsela
→ E.g: Sunflower,lettuce,marigold
71. Gramineae : →Class: Monocots
→ Inflorescence :- Spike
→ Flower: Trimerous
→ Androciem :- Stamen - 3
→ Ovary: Superior & Hypogynous flower
→ Locule:- Unilocular
→ Placentation: Basal
→ Fruit: Caryopsis
→ E.g: Wheat,Maize,rice,oat,barley
PYQS
-
-
72. Tetradynamous stamens are characteristic of Brassicaceae

73. Tricarpellary syncarpous gynoecium is found in flowers of lilacea.

*
74. In hypogynous flower, ovary is superior
Ex:- mustard, china rose, brinjal, potato, onion, tulip
 Anatomy of FP : Total 40 Important Points From NCERT
1) I
1. A tissue is a group of cells having a common origin & usually
performing a common function. -

1)
1

2. Tissues classified into two main groups based on division of power.

1. Meristematic tissue division
2. Permanent tissue I -
-

3. Apical meristems : Meristems which occurs at the tips of roots &

shoots & produce primary tissue.

4. During the formation of leaves & elongation of stem, some cells

"left behind" from shoot apical meristem, constitute Axillary bud.

5. Meristem which occurs between mature tissue known as Intercalary

Meristem

6. Intercalary meristems occurs in grasses & regenerate part remove

by grazing herbivores.
7. Lateral meristem are cylindrical
Example :- – Fascicular vascular cambium
– Interfascicular cambium
– Cork cambium
.
8. They are responsible for the producing secondary tissues.
i

·im
9. In the dicot stem, vascular cambium is partly primary & partly
secondary in origin.

10. In the dicot Root, vascular cambium is completely secondary in

origin.

11. Permanent tissue : Cells that do not divide further having all cells
similar in structure & function called Simple tissue & having many
different types of cell called complex tissue
12. Simple Tissue: Parenchyma :
→Forms major Component *
→ Generally Isodiametric *
→ Having Various Shape
→ Walls are thin & Cellulosic *
→ Either closely or having small intercelluar
spaces.
→ Functions: Photosynthesis,Food Tempodermis
Storage,secretion ↓
-

Monot stem Senchy

* -
.

13. Collenchyma:- → Occurs in hypodermis of Dicots Plants

→ Cells are much thickened at the corner due to
deposition of cellulose,hemicellulose and pectin.
→ Intercellular Spaces are absent.#
→ Provide mechanical support.(Living mechanical)
* ↑ Dend cell
14. Sclerenchyma:- → Long, Narrow cells with thick & lignified Cells
wall having pits.
→ Dead & without Protoplast
→ They may either fiber or sclereids.
→ provide mechanical support (Nonliving
Mechanical)
15. Fibres : Thick – Walled , elongated & pointed cells, generally occuring
in the groups.
⑧
16. Sclereids : Spherical, oval OR cylindrical, Highly thickned dead cells
with very narrow lumen.
--

-
Selereichs
17. Found in →[Fruit walls of nut, pulp of fruits like guava, Pear, sapota,
- -

seed coat of legumes & leaves of tea.J

18. Xylem :- Complex Tissue

→ Conducts water & & minerals from roots to the stem & leaves.
→ Four Kinds of Elements :
a. Tracheids – Dead
b. Vessels – Dead
c. Xylem fibres – Dead
d. Xylem parenchyma – Living
→ Character of Angiosperm & & Absent in Gymnosperm : Vessels
→ Tracheids are unicellular, vessels are multicellular
→ Tracheids & vessels are main water transporting Elements in flowering
plants
→ Tracheids are elongated and vessels are long cylindrical tube like.
 Il

→ Xylem parenchyma store Food material in the form of Starch, Fats &
(
- - -
-

Tannins.
-
- -

L
~
-
-

→ Radial conduction of water takes place by ray parenchyma

→ Primary Xylem is two types: Protoxylem (First formed)

: Metaxylem (Later formed)

→ Endarch protoxylem found in stems.

→ Exarch protoxylem found in Roots.

3
19. Phloem:
→ Transports food materials usually form Leaves to other parts of the plant.

→ Four kinds of elements:

a. Sieve tube elements – Living
b. Companion cells – Living
c. Phloem parenchyma – Living
d. Phloem fibres - Dead
angiosperm
.
-

→ Gymnosperm lack [sieve tube & companion cells]they have Albuminous

cells & sieve cells.

→ Mature sieve tube lacks Nucleus, the function of sieve tubes are
controlled by nucleus of companion cells.

→ Companion cell – specialised Parenchymatous cells, closely associated

with sieve tube elements.

→ Phloem parenchyma store food material & other substances like

Resin,Latex & mucilage.
-
-
-
- -
-
→ Phloem parenchyma absent in most of the monocotyledons.*Imp
-

→ Phloem fibres (Bast fibres) made up of sclencymatous cells.

↓
→ Phloem fibres absent in Primary phloem but present in secondary
-

pholem..

→ Phloem fibres of jute, Flax & Hemp are used commercially.

20. The Tissue System: Three types –

→ Epidermal
→ Ground or Fundamental -stem

I
→ Vascular or Conducting
-multicellular
Stutment
-
21. Epidermal tissue System: Outermost covering and comprises
Epidermal cells, stomata & Epidermal appendages – Trichomes & Hairs.

22. Epidermis is usually single – layerd Rout

>unicellular
-

I 1)

23. Epidermal cells are parenchymatous, cytoplasm in small amount,

vacuole are large. Outside waxy cuticle layer present. Which prevent
water loss, Cuticle absent in roots.
24. Stomata regulate process of transpiration & gaseous exchanges.

25. Bean shaped guard cell found in Dicot & Dumb-bell shaped found in
monocot.
Fouterwathinsee k
26. Stomatal Apparatus comprises

%3
→ Stomatal Apparatus
→ Guard cells
→ Subsidiary cells.

27. In land plants, guard cells contain chloroplasts.

28. In land plants, guard cells contain chloroplasts.

29. Stem hairs (Trichomes), usually multicellular, Branched or

unbranched may even secretory. Prevent water loss due transpiration.

30. Ground Tissue: It consists of simple tissue such as –

Parenchyma, Collenchyma & sclerenchyma.

31. Ground tissue of leaves is called Mesophyll (Chloroplast

containing)
 .Imp
-
-
32. Vascular tissue: Xylem + phloem
→ Open vascular Bundle – Cambium present e.g Dicot stem
→ Close vascular Bundle – Cambium Absent e.g Monocot stem
↑ Rot
→ Radial vascular Bundle – Xylem & phloem at alternate radii e.g
Roots closed open-
-

→ Conjoint vascular Bundle – Conjoint vascular Bundle e.g Stem and

Leaves

33. Anatomy of Dicot Root: I I

→ Endodermis comprises single layer of barred-shaped cells without any
-

intercellular space.
-20
→ Endodermal cellsI of roots are barrel shaped having casparian strips on
-

7) -

radial & tangential walls. These strips are of a waxy-material suberin.

→ Cortex is the region found between epidermis and stele.

II II

→ In Roots conjunctive tissue is present between xylem & phloem.

Q
→ Initiation of lateral roots & vascular cambium during secondary growth
takes place by Pericycle.
→ Two to four xylem & phloem bundle present >
-
Disot Rout

→ Pith is small or inconspicuous.

II 11

→ Stele : All tissue inside of the endodermis such as pericycle, vascular

bundles & pith.

34. Anatomy of monocot Root

→ Same as dicot root in many respect

→ Polyarch condition found (more than six xylem bundle)

→ Pith is large & well developed

→ Secondary growth absent

35. Anatomy of Dicot stem:

→ Hypodermis – Collenchymatous

→ Endodermis are rich in starch grains so called starch sheath

→ Pericycle made up of sclerenchymatous & arrange in the form of semi-

lumar patches.
P
ven-velm
-- II II
→ Vascular bundle are arranged in a Ring. (Characteristic of Dicot stem)
-
-
--

→ Vascular bundle are conjoint, open with endarch protoxylem

→ Pith are present

36. Anatomy of monocot stem
→ Hypodermis – Sclererchymatous
→ Vascular bundle are scattered, surrounded by sclerenchymatous bundle
sheath
No Vascular cambium .

→ Vascular bundle are conjoint & closed.

→ Phloem parenchyma is absent. Water containing cavity are present in

vascular bundle.

37. Anatomy of Dicot leaf: lower Upper

→ Dorsiventral leaf (Stomata more on abaxial surface than adaxial)

→*
It has two type of cells –
1. Palisade parenchyma – Adaxial surface, made up of elongated
cells, vertically arranged
2. Spongy parenchyma – Abaxial surface, oval OR round, loosly
arranged, Air cavities are present.
Dicotleut
↑ -

→ Size of vascular bundle depends upon the size of vein.

-

→ Vascular bundles are surranded by a layer of thick walled bundle sheath

cells.
38. Anatomy of monocot leaf:

→ Isobilateral leaf (stomata same on both surface of epidemis)

→ Mesophyll not differentiated

→ Bulliform cells : Present in Grasses

Note: Certain adaxial epidermis modified into large, empty, colourless

cells.

→ Bulliform cell turgid – Stomata open & Flaceid – Stomata close

(minimise water loss)
 STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS : Total 75 Important Points From NCERT

1. Cockroach:- Brown or black coloured bodied animals included in class

Insecta of Phylum Arthropoda.

2. Their size ranges from 1⁄4 inches to 3 inches (0.6-7.6 cm).

3. Nocturnal, Omnivores

4. Periplaneta americana are about 34-53 mm long with wings that

extend beyond the tip of the abdomen in males.
-

5. The entire body is covered by a hard chitinous exoskeleton (brown in

colour).
# ,
S

6. In each segment, exoskeleton has hardened plates called sclerites

(tergites dorsally and sternites ventrally) that are joined to each other
by a thin and flexible articular membrane (arthrodial membrane).

7. The body of the cockroach is segmented and divided into three distinct
regions – head, thorax and abdomen
8. Head:-
→ Triangular in shape & at right angle.
→ Formed by fusion of six segment & show great mobility in all direction.
→ A pair of compound eye present.
→ Antennae - one pair
→ Mouth part Biting & Chewing types (in Anterior end of head)
→ Mouth Part -
A labrum (Upper lip)
A pair of mandible
A pair of maxillae
A labium (lower lip)
→ Tongue (Hypopharynx) (A median flexible lobe)
9. Thorax:
→ Thorax consists of three parts -
1. Prothorax
2. Mesothorax
3. Metathorax
→ Walking legs 3 pair arising from each thoracic segment.
→ Wings - 2 pair, 1st pair arises from mesothorax and 2nd pair from
--

metathorax.
-

→ Forwings (Mesothorax) called tegmina (Dark & Leathery)

→ Hind wings - Transparent membranous, used in flight.
10. Abdomen:
→ Consists of 10 segments.
→ Female : 7th sternum is boat shaped and together with 8th and 9th
sterna forms a brood or genital pouch
→ Male : Genital pouch formed dorsally by 9th and 10th terga and ventrally
by 9th sterna.
→ Anal style - Male *
→ Anal cerci - Both male and female present at 10th segment
v. mp
11. Alimentary canal – three part.
1. Foregut
2. Midgut
3. Hind gut
12. Correct sequence of organs in the alimentary canal starting from
Mouth → Pharynx → Oesophagus → Crop → Gizzard → Ileum →
Colon → Rectum

13. Food storing structure Crop (Sac like structure).

↑ Unde
14. Gizzard or Proventriculus : Outer layer of thick circular muscles and
thick inner cuticle forming six highly chitinous plate called teeth.

15. Gizzard helps in grinding the food particles.

16. Entire foregut is lined by cuticle.

* II

17. Gastric caeca or Hepatic caeca is present at the junction of foregut

= midgut" -

and hindgut, ring of 6-8 blind tubules and secrete digestive juice.
-

-
-

* H
18.
=
Malpighian tubules, ring of 100-150 yellow coloured thin filamentous
at the junction of midgut and hindgut.
Malpiahian

:
-

19. Malpighian tubules help in removal of excretory products from

II /

hemolymph (Each tubules is lined by glandular and ciliated epithelium).

20. Hindgut differentiated into Ileum, colon and rectum.

It
I
21. Blood vascular system – open type.
22. Blood vessels are poorly developed and open into space (Haemocoel).

23. Heart consists of 13 chamber.

24. The respiratory system consists of a network of trachea, that open

through 10 pairs of small holes called spiracles (Lateral side).

I 1)

25. Exchange of gases take place at the tracheoles by diffusion.

26. Insect is called uricotelic (Nitrogenous waste product convert into uric
acid).

27. In addition, the fat body, nephrocytes and urecose glands also help in
excretion.
28. The nervous system consist of a series of fused, segmentally arranged
ganglia. Three ganglia in the thorax and six in the abdomen.

29. The nervous system is spread throughout the body. Head holds a bit of
a nervous system while the rest is situated along the ventral (belly-side)
part of its body. So, it head of cockroach is cut off, it will still live
I II
for as long as one week.
-

1)
11
30. Brain represents – Supra-oesophageal ganglion which supplies nerves
to antennae and compound eyes.

31. Sense organs are Antennae, Eyes, Maxillary palps, Labial palps, anal
M
cerci. -
10
Sea .
32. Each eye consists of about 2000 hexagonal ommatidia
ommatidium.

#
33. Vision – Mosaic vision with more sensitivity but less resolution, being
--

common during night.

34. Cockroaches are dioecious and well developed reproductive organs.

35. Male reproductive system consists of a pair of testes in 4th -6th

abdominal segments.

36. Male accessory reproductive gland present in the 6th-7th abdominal

segment called mushroom gland.
37. External genitalia are represented by male gonapophysis or phallomere
-
1)
II
(chitinous asymmetrical structures, surrounding the male gonopore).
-

38. Sperms are stored in the seminal vesicles and glued together in the
form of bundles called spermatophores which are discharged during
-

copulation.

39. Female reproductive sysytem consists of two large ovaries at 2nd – 6th
abdominal segments.

40. A pair of spermatheca is present in the 6th segment which opens in

the genital chamber.

41. Sperms are transferred through spermatophores fertilised eggs are

encased in capsules called oothecae.
42. Ootheca is a dark reddish to blackish brown capsule, about 3/8"
(8 mm) long.

43. On an average, females produce 9-10 oothecae, each containing 14-

16 eggs.

44. Development of P. americana is paurometabolous (development

through nymphal stage). Nymphs look very much like adults.

45. Nymph grows by 13 moulting to reach the adult form.

-MP
46. Only adult cockroach have wings.

47. They are pests because they spoil food and contaminate it with
their smelly excreta.
Frog:
1. Class – Amphibia
2. Phylum – Chordata
3. The most common species of frog found in India is Rana tigrina.
4. Cold blooded or poikilotherms animals.
5. They have the ability to change the colour to hide them from their
enemies (camouflage). This protective coloration is called mimicry.
6. Summer sleep called aestivation and winter sleep called Hibernation.
7. Skin is smooth and slippery due to the presence of mucus and always
moist.
8. Colour of dorsal side of body is generally olive green with dark irregular
spots and ventral side is pale yellow.
9. Forelimbs and Hind limbs help in swimming, walking, leaping and
burrowing.
10. Hind limbs end in five digits and they are larger and muscular than
forelimbs that end in four digits.

11. Male frogs can be distinguished by the presence of sound producing

vocal sacs and also a copulatory pad on the first digit of the fore limbs
which are absent in female frogs.
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12. Alimentary canal of frog is short because frog are carnivores hence
the length of intestine is reduced.

13. Frogs respire on land and in the water by two different methods. In
water, skin acts as aquatic respiratory organ (cutaneous respiration).

14. On land, the buccal cavity, skin and lungs act as the respiratory organs.
The respiration by lungs is called pulmonary respiration
15. During aestivation and hibernation gaseous exchange takes place
through skin. (Cutaneous respiration)

11 II 1) I

16. Frogs have a lymphatic system also and Renal portal system.

17. Heart are three chamber, two Atria and one ventricle. A triangular
structure called sinus venosus joins the right atrium.
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I It

18. Ventricle opens into a sac-like structure called conus arteriosus

on the ventral side of the heart.

19. RBCs are nucleated and contain haemoglobin.

+

orine
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20. Two ureters emerge from the kidneys in male frog the ureters acts
as urogenital duct which opens into the cloaca.
21. In females the ureters and oviduct open separately in the cloaca.

22. Frog have ten pairs of cranial nerves arising from the brain.
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23. Correct route for the passage of sperms in male frogs.

24. Testis → Vasa efferentia → Kidney → Bidder’s canal → Urogenital

duct>Cloaca.
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25. Male reproductive system has functional connection with kidney

but female reproductive system has no functional connection with
kidney.
26. Mature female can lay 2500 – 3000 ova at a time.
27. The fertilisation and development both are external.
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