Microprocessors and

Microcontrollers
Module IV
 Instruction set of 8051
▪ Data transfer instructions
▪ Arithmetic instructions
▪ Logical instructions
▪ Branch instructions
▪ Subroutine instructions
▪ Bit manipulation instructions

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 Data transfer instructions
1. Move the contents of a register Rn to A.
MOV A,R2
2. Move the contents of a register A to Rn
MOV R4,A
3. Move an immediate 8 bit data to register A or to Rn
or to a memory location(direct or indirect)
MOV A, #45H (Move value 45 to A)
MOV R6, #51H (Move value 51 to R6)

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 Data transfer instructions . . . Contd.
4. Move the contents of a memory location to A or A to
a memory location using direct and indirect
addressing
MOV A, 65H (Move data at RAM location 65 to A)
MOV A, @R0 (Move data at RAM location addressed by
R0 to A)
5. Move the contents of a memory location to Rn or Rn
to a memory location using direct addressing
MOV R3, 65H (Move data at RAM location 65 to R3)
MOV 45H, R2 (Move data at R2 to RAM location 45)
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 Data transfer instructions . . . Contd.
6. Move the contents of memory location to another
memory location using direct and indirect addressing
MOV 47H, 65H (Move data at RAM
location 65 to RAM location 47)
MOV 45H, @R0 (Move data at RAM location
addressed by R0 to RAM location 45)
7. Move the contents of an external memory to A or A
to an external memory
MOVX A. @DPTR
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 Data transfer instructions . . . Contd.
8. Push and Pop instructions
PUSH 6 Increment SP (SP=SP+1) then, data at RAM
location 06 is moved to stack memory addressed by SP.
POP 7 Data at stack memory addressed by SP is moved
to RAM location 07 then decrement SP (SP=SP‐1).
9. Exchange instructions
The content of source ie, register, direct memory or indirect
memory will be exchanged with the contents of destination
ie, accumulator.
XCH A,R3 Exchange the data at A and register R3
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 Arithmetic instructions
▪ Addition
Add the contents of A with immediate data with or without
carry.
ADD A, #45H (A = A + 45)
ADDC A, #OB4H (A = A + 45 + CY Flag)
Add the contents of A with register Rn with or without carry.
ADD A, R5 (A = A + Data at R5)
ADDC A, R2 (A = A + Data at R2+ CY Flag)
Add the contents of A with contents of memory with or
without carry using direct and indirect addressing
ADD A, 51H (A = A + Data at RAM location 51)
7 ADDC A, 75H (A = A + Data at RAM location 75 + CY Flag)
 Arithmetic instructions
▪ Subtraction
Subtract the contents of A with immediate data with carry.
SUBB A, #45H (A = A ‐ 45 ‐ CY Flag)
Subtract the contents of A with register Rn with carry.
SUBB A, R5 (A = A ‐ Data at R2 ‐ CY Flag)
Subtract the contents of A with contents of memory with
or without carry using direct and indirect addressing
SUBB A, 51H (A = A - Data at RAM location 51 ‐ CY Flag)

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 Arithmetic instructions
▪ Multiplication
MUL A B
This instruction multiplies two 8 bit unsigned numbers
which are stored in A and B registers.
After multiplication the lower byte of the result
will be stored in accumulator and higher byte of result
will be stored in B register.

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 Arithmetic instructions
▪ Division
DIV A B
This instruction divides the 8 bit unsigned number
which is stored in A by the 8 bit unsigned number
which is stored in B register.
After division the result will be stored in
accumulator and remainder will be stored in B
register.

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 Arithmetic instructions

▪ Increment: increments the operand by one.

INC A
INC Rn
▪ Decrement: decrements the operand by one.
DEC A
DEC Rn

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 Logical Instructions
▪ Logical AND
ANL destination, source
ANL A,#DATA eg:‐ ANL A,#09 (A = A and value 09 )
ANL A, Rn eg:‐ ANL A,R1 (A = A and Data at R1 )
▪ Logical OR
ORL destination, source
ORL A,#DATA eg:‐ ORL A,#09 (A = A or value 09 )
ORL A, Rn eg:‐ ORL A,R1 (A = A or Data at R1 )

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 Logical Instructions
▪ Logical Ex‐OR
XRL destination, source
XRL A,#DATA eg:‐ XRL A,#09 (A = A xor value 09 )
XRL A,Rn eg:‐ XRL A,R1 (A = A xor Data at R1 )
▪ Logical NOT
CPL complements operand
CPL A inverts all the bits of A.
CPL C inverts Carry flag.
CPL bit address Eg:‐ CPL 07
▪ SWAP A – Swap the upper nibble and lower nibble of A.
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 Rotate Instructions
▪ RR A
Rotate the accumulator right.
▪ RL A
Rotate the accumulator left.
▪ RRC A
Rotate the accumulator right through carry.
▪ RLC A
Rotate the accumulator left through carry.

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 Branch (JUMP) Instructions
▪ Relative Jump
▪ Short Absolute Jump
▪ Long Absolute Jump

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 Relative Jump
▪ Jump is to a range of bytes within +127d or ‐128d
from the instruction following jump.
▪ Relative Jump Instructions:
a. Unconditional jump:
SJMP <relative address>
▪ b. Conditional jump:
Bit level Jump Instructions:
JC <relative address> Jump if CY ＝ 1
JNC <relative address> Jump if CY ＝ 0
JB bit, <relative address> if bit = 1, jump
JNB bit, <relative address> if bit = 0, jump
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 Relative Jump
CJNE @R1,#24h,LABEL ;3 bytes 2 cycles CJNE A,#10h,LABEL ;3 bytes 2 cycles CJNE A,60h,LABEL ;3 bytes 2 cycles CJNE R6,#12h,LABEL ;3 bytes 2 cycles
CJNE @R1,#24h,LABEL ;3 bytes 2 cycles CJNE A,#10h,LABEL ;3 bytes 2 cycles CJNE A,60h,LABEL ;3 bytes 2 cycles CJNE R6,#12h,LABEL ;3 bytes 2 cycles

▪ Byte level Jump Instructions:

CJNE <destination byte>, <source byte>, <relative address>
Compare the two bytes of and if these are not equal
then jump to the relative address specified.

• CJNE A, 56H, <relative address>

• CJNE A, #56H, <relative address>
• CJNE @R0, #56H, <relative address>
• CJNE R5, #56H, <relative address>

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 Relative Jump
▪ Byte level Jump Instructions:
DJNZ Rn <relative address>
Decrement the data at register Rn and jump to the relative
address specified if the decremented value not equal to 0.
JZ <relative address>
Jump to the relative address specified if A equal to 0.
JNZ <relative address>
Jump to the relative address specified if A not equal to 0.

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 Short Absolute Jump
▪ In 8051, 64 K byte of program memory space is
divided into 32 pages of 2K byte each.
▪ Jump is to a range of bytes within the 2K byte from
the instruction following jump.
Example of short absolute jump: ‐
AJMP < address > ;

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 Long absolute jump
▪ Applications that need to access the entire program
memory from 0000H to FFFFH use long absolute
jump.
▪ Jump is to any location among the 64 K memory.
LJMP <address> ;

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 Addressing modes
1. Immediate addressing.
MOV A,#30H
ADD A, #83
2. Register addressing.
MOV A, R0
ADD A, R6
3. Direct addressing.
MOV A, 30H

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 Addressing modes
4. Indirect addressing.
Here the address of location is provided by register
R0 or R1.
MOV A,@R0
5. Indexed addressing.
This addressing mode is used for accessing data
from look up tables stored in on-chip ROM.
Here the address of memory is indexed, i.e. added
to form the actual address of memory.
22 MOVC A,@A+DPTR
 Data types
▪ The 8051 has only one data type
▪ It has 8 bits
▪ It can be positive or negative

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 Directives / pseudocodes
▪ DB – Define Byte
Data can be in any format.
Eg: DATA1 DB 24
Eg: DATA2 DB 47H
▪ EQU – used to define constants without occupying
memory
Eg: COUNT EQU 88
--------
MOV R4, #COUNT
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 Directives / pseudocodes
▪ ORG
Used to specify the starting address of program
or data.
▪ END
Used to indicate the end of the source file.

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 Example programs

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 Example programs

CLR C
MOV A, #E7H
ADD A, #8DH
MOV R6, A
MOV A, #3CH
ADDC A, #3BH
MOV R7,A

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 Example program – BCD addition

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 An application of DIV – example program

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 Example program
Read P1. If the value is 45H, send 99H to P2. Otherwise,
P2 stays cleared.

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 Example program

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 Example program

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 8051 machine cycle
▪ Each 8051 instruction requires several clock cycles or
machine cycles.
▪ The machine cycle is determined by the frequency of
the crystal oscillator connected to the system.
▪ In the original 8051, one machine cycle = 12 oscillator
periods

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 8051 machine cycle

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 8051 machine cycle

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 Delay calculation

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37
 Clocks per machine cycle for various 8051 versions

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 Machine cycles of instructions

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 Program

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 Program

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 Program

(a)
(b)

or

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 Programming the 8051 in C
▪ Compilers produce Hex codes that can be downloaded
onto the 8051 ROM.
▪ Why C programming?
Assembly language programming is tedious.
It is easier and less time consuming to write programs in C.
Use of code available in libraries is possible.
C code is portable to other microcontrollers with little or
no modification.
▪ Hex code produced by assembly language is much
smaller than that produced by C.
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 Data types in 8051 C
▪ Unsigned char
Since 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller, we need a data type
with 8 bits.

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 Program

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 Data types in 8051 C
▪ Signed char
When sign is needed for data. (The default of char in C is
signed char) The values 1, FFH, 2,
FEH, 3, FDH, 4, FCH
can be read at P1.

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 Data types in 8051 C
▪ Unsigned int
16-bit data type used for memory addresses and variables
with values greater than 255.
▪ Signed int
▪ Sbit
For accessing single bit of the bit-addressable registers.
▪ Bit
Used for accessing bits of bit-addressable memory, 20 – 2FH.
▪ Sfr
To access byte sized SFRs
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 Example program

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 Time delay in 8051 C
▪ Two ways to create time delay
▫ Using a loop
▫ Using 8051 timers
▪ In creating a time delay using loops, these factors are
to be kept in mind
▫ 8051 version – clock cycles/MC are different
▫ Crystal frequency which determines the clock frequency
▫ Choice of compiler
▪ For these reasons, the exact delay has to be
measured using an oscilloscope.
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 Program

DS89C420 with
XTAL = 11.0592 MHz

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 I/O programming in 8051 C

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 I/O programming in 8051 C

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 I/O programming in 8051 C

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 Program

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 Program

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