AKASH

Transformer

PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED TO
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
FOR THE CLASSES OF

SENIOR SECONDARY
IN

PHYSICS
2023-2024

BY
AKASH
Roll No. ------------
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
Mr. Dinesh Kumar
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
JAWAHAR NAVODAYA
VIDYALAYA, BIDAR
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
NEW DELHI

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DEDICATED TO
MY
LOVING PARENTS

Mrs. RENUKA
and
Mr. SHARANAPPA UKKANAL

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Declaration

I, AKASH declare that work done in the present project entitled “Transformer”
has been done thoroughly by me and not copied and taken from any other
literature related to this field. The related literature is used only to review the
advancement and benefit of the research in this field and has not been submitted
for any other degree. If any plagiarism is found in this work than I shall be totally
responsible for it.

AKASH

Roll No. ----------

S/o Sh. Sharanappa Ukkanal
Address: Basaweshwar chowk Yedrami 585325
Mobile. No.:- 7996191294
Email:[email protected]

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Acknowledgements

While bowing before the lotus feet of supreme lord, thankful

sincere acknowledgement to all those who have directly or indirectly
extended their support in accomplishing this work.
I am deeply indebted and would like to express my heartiest
gratitude to my project supervisor Mr. DINESH KUMAR SIR (PGT-
Physics) Department of Physics Institute of JAWAHAR NAVODAYA
VIDYALAYA BIDAR , Central Board of Secondary Education New Delhi who
gave me inspiration to pursue this work and guided me in this endeavour.
I express my deepest respect to him for his consent motivation,
encouragement, kind support and valuable suggestions have always
been there for me. I feel privileged to be associated with a person like him
during my life.

DATE :

AKASH
Roll No. -----------
12th. (PCM), Session :2023-2024
JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA , BIDAR.

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Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bidar

CERTIFICATE

Mr. Dinesh Kumar DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

(PGT- Physics) JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA
BIDAR K.A.

This is to certify that Mr./Ms. AKASH of class XII-science

has successfully completed Physics investigatory project work under my
supervision during the Academic session 2023-24.

He/She has completed an Investigatory project

prescribed by CBSE. The topic of the project work is “TRANSFORMER”
The work completed by the candidate is
Average/Satisfactory/Good/V-Good /Excellent.

CBSE Roll No:

Name of Ex. Examiner Name of Int. Examiner
[Dinesh Kumar]
Ex. Examiner Number Int. Examiner Number
Signature……………. Signature…………….

Date:- PRINCIPAL
D. RAJESWARA RAO

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CONTENTS

Chapter No. Chapter Name Page No.

I INTRODUCTION 1

1 Devices 3-5

2 principle 6

3 Construction 7-9


4 

5 

Circuit diagram 10

6 Block diagram 11

12
7 Working

8 Classification of Transformers 13-14

Application of Transformers 15-16

9

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TRANSFORMER

TRANSFORMER

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INTRODUCTION
A transformer is a device that transfers electric energy from one
alternating-current circuit to one or more other circuits, either increasing
(stepping up) or reducing (stepping down) the voltage.

Electric Transformer
A transformer is a device that converts AC to DC reciprocal or it may be a
tool that consists of one, two or more winding’s that are magnetically
coupled and electrically separated with or except a magnetic core. It
transfers the electrically powered electricity from one circuit to the other
by means of electromagnetic induction precept. The winding linked to the
AC fundamental deliver is acknowledged as quantity one winding and the
winding connected to the weight or from which electrical energy is drawn
out is referred to as because of the secondary winding. These two winding
with proper insulation are wound on a laminated center which presents a
magnetic direction amongst winding.
At the point when the primary winding is stimulated with a rotating voltage
source, an exchanging attractive motion or field will be created in the
transformer core. This attractive motion abundance relies upon the
connected voltage size, recurrence of the supply and the quantity of turns
on the primary side. This transition flows through the center and thus
connects with the auxiliary winding. In light of the guideline of
electromagnetic acceptance, this attractive connecting prompts a voltage
in the auxiliary winding. This is called as shared enlistment between two
circuits. The auxiliary voltage relies upon the quantity of turns on the
Secondary and also attractive motion and recurrence.
Transformers are widely used as a part of electrical power systems to
create the variable values of voltage and currents at a similar frequency.
So there by a proper primary and Secondary turns extent wanted voltage
proportion is acquired by the transformer.

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WORK :-

The core of the transformer works to direct the path of the magnetic field
between the primary and secondary coils to prevent wasted energy. A
transformer's main function is to step-up or step-down the voltage from
the primary to the secondary windings.

Figure .1

Transformer works on principle: -

Principle – A transformer works on the principle of mutual induction.
Mutual induction is the phenomenon by which when the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil changes, an E.M.F. is induced in the
neighboring coil. A transformer is made up of a rectangular iron core.

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Fi
g
ur
e
2

Generally, the primary winding of a transformer is connected to the

inputvoltage supply and converts or transforms the electrical power
into a magnetic field. While the job of the secondary winding is to
convert this alternating magnetic field into electrical power
producing
output voltagethe
as required
shown.
Transformer Construction
The transformer made up of some basic parts that are windings, core,
container or tank, bushings and conservator, and radiators.
Core
For high power applications, transformer core is made with high
permeability material which provides the low reluctance path for the
magnetic flux. The cross-section of the core would be square or
rectangular.
Winding
The transformer constructed basically of two winding’s called primary and
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secondary winding’s which are made up of high-grade copper. The
insulated stranded conductors are used as winding’s for conducting high
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The voltage correlated to the primary winding is called primary voltage

whereas the induced voltage in the secondary is called as secondary
voltage. If the secondary voltage does more than the primary, it is called
as a step-up transformer and if less, it is called as a step-down
transformer.

Transformers are labeled into several sorts depends at the different

factors such as voltage scores, production, a form of cooling, number of
levels of the AC device, the location wherein it’s far employed, etc. Let us
speak a number of these sorts of transformers.

Transformers are categorized into kinds primarily based on the conversion

of the voltage degree. These are step-up and step-down transformers.

Step-up Transformers
In a step-up transformer, the secondary voltage is more than the primary
voltage. This is because of the lesser number of coils inside the number
one in comparison to the secondary. This kind of transformer is used to
raise the voltage to a better degree. These are used in transmission
systems and are rated at higher strength degrees.

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Step-down Transformers
When the second voltage is less than the primary voltage due to the much
less number of turns in the secondary winding is called step-down
transformer, Hence, this kind of transformer is used to reduce the voltage
to precise levels of the circuit. Most of the electricity substances use the
step-down transformer to maintain the circuit working range to an exact
safer voltage restriction. These types of transformers are used in
distribution structures (strength transformers) and in electronic circuits
(electronic transformers).
It is to be noticed that the transformer is a reversible device, so it could
be used as both step-up and step-down transformer. For instance, if the
circuit wishes a high voltage we will join the HV terminals to the bound
while the weight or circuit needs a low voltage, we are ready to bound
the LV terminals to the weight.
The ratio of the voltage of a transformer is determined by the turns ratio.
With using a larger variety of turns within the winding, higher can be the
voltage produced in it. Hence, a step-down transformer has a lesser range
of turns on secondary to provide a low voltage and has extra turns on
primary to resist high voltage stages of the AC deliver.

Turns Ratio = Primary Voltage/ Secondary Voltage = Primary Turns/

Secondary/turns
The turns ratio is, VP /VS = NP /NS

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Based on the development we described the transformers into types

inside the way in which the winding are positioned across the core. These
sorts are the center and shell kind transformers.

Core Type transformer

In this transformer, winding surround the large a part of the middle.
Generally, distribution transformers are of core type.

The shell type transformer can include iron center surrounds a substantial
portion of the copper winding as an opposite case to the center kind
transformer. In this type additionally, coils are former wound, however,
are of multi layer disc kind coils which are wounded in the form of
pancakes. These multi layer disc coils in extraordinary layers of are
separated every other by means of paper. The complete winding consists
of stacked discs and in among the coils, the insulation space is furnished
to shape the horizontal insulating and cooling ducts.

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Based on Nature of Supply

Based on the nature of the delivery, transformers may be unmarried or
three segment transformers.

Single section transformers are designed to work on a single phase

These are utilized in far-off ends of the electricity distribution machine.

These have much less electricity rating as compared with 3 segment
transformers. Mostly center type creation is used for this sort of
transformer.
Three-section devise, we want 3 unmarried segment transformers.
Thus, for an economic benefit, the three-phase transformer is considered
for the 3-phase operation. It includes 3 winding or coils which might be
linked in a proper way to suit the input voltage. This type of transformers,
primary and secondary winding are connected inside the form of
megastar- delta or delta-big name fashion depending on the load voltage
requirements
Energy Losses:-
Following are the predominant sources of strength loss in a transformer:
1. Copper loss is the electricity loss in the form of heat within the copper

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coils of a transformer. This is due to Joule heating of engaging in wires.

2. Iron loss is the electricity loss within the shape of heat in the iron core
of the transformer. This is due to the formation of eddy currents in the
iron middle. It is minimized by way of taking laminated cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs even with exceptional insulation.

Therefore, the rate of trade of magnetic flux related to every flip of S1S2
is less than the charge of an alternate of magnetic flux connected with
every flip of P1P2.
4. The hysterics loss is the loss of power because of repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron middle when A.C. Is fed
to it.

5. Magneto striation i.E. Humming noise of a transformer.

Applications of Transformers

Step-up or step-down the extent of the voltage in electricity transmission

systems like transmission and distribution systems. To
isolate the low voltage circuits from high voltage circuits in case of

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substations, manipulate circuitry circuits in industries, and so on.

Instrument transformers like contemporary and capability transformer are

utilized in protection and meter indication structures.

These are also used for impedance matching.
Conclusion
1. The output voltage of the transformer throughout the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio(Ns/Np) with appreciate to enter voltage.
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil relies
upon the ratio(Ns/Np) with appreciate to input modern.
3. There is a loss energy between entering an output coil of a transformer.

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