CITIZEN AND F cl CITIZENSHIP wf al wae re Learning Objectives s 1. Understand the definition and characteristics of citizenship and a citizen. 2. Differentiate between citizens, nationals, and aliens. 3. Identify the qualities of a good citizen. 4, Recognize tlie hindrances to becoming a good citizen. 5. Learn the methods of acquiring and losing citizenship. VY What is Citizen?te Yer? According to civics all those individuals are citizens who live ina state. They hau}, all civil(2v-), political and economic rights. In this way all those come under | “iizen® definition of a citizen, who have a right to participate(:/=“/) in political and soci A activities of the state. In the ancient Greek States( }), slaves were not considers gl] politi citizens(te Uf Ue Sure), because they did not have political rights. In modern wor and resp* such discrimination does not exist. Now every individual is a citizen except foreigners. person hi Defining Citizen aA Su? litical Citizen can be defined as under: ihe ox © Aristotle: a citizen is a person who is capable of participating inthe deliberati} ryles anc and judicial administration of a state. States ar © Citizen refers to a native(Sifius+) or naturalized(und Siez3) member of ast Defining or nation who owes(t zis) allegiance(e*ti:22) to its government ani} 6 entitled to its protection. aaa According to Aristotle, a citizen is a person who is capable of participating i ‘ deliberative and judicial administration of a state. 1 «A citizen is a person. with certain (\’¢) rights, duties (Ai) » 5) df i | responsi ies(Ulsb~5) under a government. An American is typically a citizen of his/her town, state, and nation. i Distinction between Citizen, National and Alien Mi. Here it is necessary to understand the distinction between these concepts. i. Citizens(¥?): All individual have all political, civil and economic rights in st Qualiti, are called citizen. ii, NationalsG.2j¢-10: Nationals ae the people inhabitants(/|:e21) of the stat! ne those are not given full rights of citizens. For example they do not have the righ} has ing vote and to participate in elections. This difference widely exists in France,ie deliber or of a! nent & ating , i) Imi Civic and Community Engagement 37 minors are not considered(t ) to be citizens, as they do not have a right to vote. In some countries women do not have right of vote. So they are nationals and not citizens. Similarly in USA, foreign repatriated(L1< 2% tnet») people are given nationality(<; ¢*) but not given the right of citizen ship so they can neither vote nor contest an election. iii, | Aliens (F 2%): Some of: the peorls do live in a state with governments permissions and enjoy some of the social rights but not political. They are called aliens. They are obliged fo pay taxes to the country they live temporarily in and reciprocally, government has to protect their lives and property. Usually two types aliens-do live in a country. a. One is the type, who comes to the country on a visit or a specific objective and goes back after completion of the assignment. b. Second type is of those aliens who are there for trade or job and have to live there for an unlimited time. Ambassadors or diplomats are included the second category. There is slight difference even in diplomats and ordinary aliens, because diplomats are given somé specific facilities, which ordinary c aliens do not have. Citizenship =. A citizenship is a state(<1»*:=/v) of affairs, according to which, individuals enjoy all political social and economic rights and they are obliged(t».14) also to certain duties and responsibilities imposed(t,ss) by the state. For example when we say, such and such person has been granted American citizenship, it means he has been given all social, civil, political and economic rights through which he can flourish(t/G7:4v/£) in all respects but on the contrary he has been given certain responsibilities such as to abide by the national. rules and regulations through which he can participate in the progress of United States and in its prosperity. Defining Citizenship Citizenship can be defined as under i. Aristotle: Aristotle viewed citizenship as active participation in political affairs and decision-making within the city-state (polis). He emphasized the importance of citizens contributing to the common good through their engagement in public life. ii. _T.H. Marshall: Citizenship is a status bestowed on those who are full members of | a community. All those who possess the status are equal with respect to the rights i and duties with which the status is endowed. iii. Rogers Brubaker: Citizenship is not just a legal status but also a form of social closure that distinguishes between members and non-members of a state. Qualities of Good Citizen, oily Pat In the days of present scientific and technological advancement, the strength of a nation or a state depends upon its citizens. If a citizen possesses good qualities of citizenship, he can play role in the prosperity, strength and honor of his state. Lord Bryce has indicated three major qualities of a good citizen. These are: These good characteristics are explained as under:38 iii. vi ” Responsible(p3): A citizen belongs to the state. As a member of the state, ¢| Part-1: Introduction to Civics and Citizer: Wisdom(=45:J”): According to Lord Bryce wisdom that quality through wij, the citizens must be able to think and understand the affairs related to their coun. They should be enlightened to such an extent that they possess a confidence decision making. It helps them in having proper understanding about the needs their homeland and can properly use their right of voting to elect honest and capa, \/veople, who can shoulder the political responsibility. Self Discipline(74a{ Self discipline is the second most important quality of good citizen. An individual (citizen) has to prove to be self disciplined in mar ways at many occasions. For example abiding by(t/.{) the state regulationsy, (id, preferring(t.€7) national interests(=4-U7) over personal ones, using Jeg. process to win public opinion and many similar activities need self-discipline of, citizen. ‘Broadmindedness(o“s¢°s): According to Lord Bryce, broadmindedness is one oj the three basic characteristics required by a good citizen. Broadminded citizens pa| all their national duties with a high sense of responsibility, honesty ‘and vigor. Wit) this quality all other responsibilities can also be executed properly and readily. | good human being only, can be good citizen and the broadmindedness is the mos basic characteristic of a good human being. Some other characteristics are mentioned below: iv. “HonestC12k): A good citizen is honest. He is always truthful who also always pas| his taxes and performs his duty on regular basis. He does not tell a lie in his routin works. citizen has certain rights and duties. The prime duty of a citizen is to become ¢ good, conscious, dutiful and responsible citizen. Active Political Participation(e/yt-S7'LUs): A citizen enjoys liberty in ¢ democratic state. He is free.to take up any job or profession. He has the right to vote. The citizens can elect a government of their choice. The citizens have a right to property, right to worship, right to seek justice, right to write or express thoughts! etc. Hardworking and Devoted(ii/ 15): Another quality of a citizen is that he is hardworking and fully devoted to his work. Good citizens are intelligent and hard- working. They are bold daring. They are always prepared to lay down their lives te protect the interests and honor of their country. Tolerance(=*,,): A good citizen never allows himself or herself to be dominated by emotion and petty consideration. Religious tolerance and communal harmony are the articles of faith to an ideal cifizen. Soft Tempered(@iy¢/): Another attribute of a good citizen is that he never loses' temper under the pressure or any provocation. He always understands and uses the language of reason and follows the dictate of conscience. find jn0¥ emo The f40 Part-1: Introduction to CIVICS uuu viimensnip | i ue METHODS OF ACQUIRING CITIZENSHIP ALJ? Lec? Usually there are two method of acquiring citizenship of a state. Through by birth method, natural citizenship is achieved, while through the by naturalizations method, one can achieve Nationality. 1) By Birtha 0, iL Law of Blood Relationship On the Basis of Residence Marriage Double Citizenship Adapted Child Purchasing Property . Conquered Territory There are two basic principles of having citizenship by birth. ; Law of Blood Relationship: On behalf of this principle natural citizenship is achieved(t/t) on the basis of father’s or forefathers’ birth. It expresses that a child born anywhere in the world, can have the citizenship of the country where his parents live. It mean that this citizenship is awarded on the basis of Blood Relationship(#.3) and is called Jus Sanguine in Roman Language. Persons who or any of their parents or grandparents were born in the territories now included in Pakistan before the commencement of citizenship Act, 1951 are citizens of Pakistan.This principle exists in Pakistan, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Australia and Italy etc. The child bom to foreigners living in this country cannot get citizenship of their parents. On the Basis of Residence(, 4x74 7,): The second principle of the citizenship is called Law of Place of Birth(yie¥J1x,-4). In Roman language it is called Jus Soli. According to this rule, an individual can be citizen of a country if he was born there, no matter their fathers are the citizen of that country or not. This principle isImi Civic and Community Engagement 44 applied in USA. Every child born there is considered to be US citizen. In USA and UK child born to foreigners, while they were living in that country, becomes their citizen automatically. iii, | Double Citizenship(=<*,): Double citizenship arises when a child born in any other country gets its citizenship automatically ¥,#). For example a child born with Pakistani parents in UK, will become citizen of Pakistan by Blood Relationship while he gets citizenship of UK by the principle of Place of Birth. When such children get mature, they have a choice to opt the citizenship of any of the two countries. . 2) By Naturalizationsleg3:L SW UGP uF Foreigners can be made citizen of any country by granting them special rights. The person, who gets citizenship by this method, is called Natural Citizen(,* 3). Some conditions imposed by newly opted country, are to be accepted for getting its citizenship. These conditions are different in different countries. Following are the conditions commonly imposed by various countries for awarding citizenship. i, Long Stay(§.=4 f+): A person living in a country since long, can, on the basic of his stay, apply for the citizenship of the country he is living in. For example, in case of living in UK for five years continuously, makes an individual eligible of applying for UK citizenship. Every state has a right to specify the required period for citizenship. ii, Marriage(¥.): If a man gets married to some foreigner lady, the woman is granted the citizenship of the country of his husband. -For example a German woman gets married to a UK citizen, automatically gets citizenship of UK and vice- versa. Similarly a Pakistan man gets married to an American woman, she automatically is granted citizenship of Pakistan. iii, Adapted Child LF g:t): If a man adapts a foreigner child, the latter gets citizenships of his new parents. iv. Government Job(U/4/): When a foreigner is employed in some country or its embassy abroad, gets right of citizenship of that country. vy. Purchasing Property (4147 S14): In some of Latin American states, if a foreigner purchases some promptly, gets the right of citizenship of that state. vi. Conquered or Annexed Territory( sues Juilin¥’@): If some state conquers some other state completely or is annexed (t/Gvi) to it, the people of annexed or conquered | state (2-l, bn F Z 4 U*) ‘become citizen of conqueror state, automatically(#,#). -When ‘Alaska annexed with USA as fiftieth state, the people of that state, became, automatically, the citizens of USA. Similarly when in 1948, India conquered the state of Hyderabad Dakkan, the people of Hyderabad got the citizenship of India automatically. CAUSES OF LOOSING CITIZENSHIP =42SLbo%ec? A citizen of a state can lose its citizenship due to any of the following reasons.vi, vik, Part-1: Introduction to Civics and Citizenship ‘| Geuing Cifizeaship of Some Other State Kec @ Glyn: When a grown ap man gets citizenship of another state, he has to lose the citizenship of previous one, because he can he loyal te one state at a time, ~ Loag Absence from a State(+.éut»): In some of the states there is a prescribed | law that on the basis of long absence from that state without any defined reason, the individual looses. automatically the right of the citizenship of the state. The period of the absence, in this regard, is different in different states. Marriage to a Foreigner (t=): A woman married to a foreigner, getting the rights of the citizenship of her husband's country looses, automatically, the rights of the citizenship of the previous state. ~ Capital Offence Az: If an individual commit a capital offence (murder, , he automatically looses the citizenship of the state. Such conspiracy or a treach capital offences include. Flight from a State(i/.<=+{)): If someone, on political basis, takes political refuge im some other country as a result of self imposed exile, he loses the citizenship of his own country, Accepting Military or Civil Job In Some Other Country: If someone accepts military or civil job of some other country without a permission granted by his original country, he loses citizenship automatically, similarly as one loses his citizenship on acquiring or having citizenship of an other nations. Flight From Military ServiceGoe-uis): If some individual flees from military job, he loses his citizenship automatically. SADT ATIRETIANES /ene\