CLASS 10 NOTES

SOCIAL SCIENCE
Minerals and Energy
ResourCes
 MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES
Minerals are defined as homogeneous naturally occurring substances with a
definite internal structure.
Minerals are usually found in ores or their pure form. The term ore is used to
describe an accumulation of any material mixed other elements.
Occurrence of minerals
" Veins and Lodes - In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in
the cracks, crevices, faults or joints e.g. Copper, Zinc, etc.
" Beds and Layers - Insedimentary rocks, several minerals occur in beds or
layers. E.g. - Gypsum, potash, etc.
Residual mass of weathered material - The decomposition of surface rocks
and the removal of soluble constituents also form the minerals. E.g.- Bauxite.
Ocean water - The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals. Ex -
Common Salt, magnesium and bromide, etc.
Minerals

Metallic Non-Metallic Energy MÉnerals

Ferrous Minerals Non-Ferrous Precious Example Example

Examples Examples Example Mica, Sat, Potash, Coal, Petroleum,
Iron ore, Manganese, Copper, Lead, Tin, Gold, Silver, Sulphur, Granite, Natural Gas
Nickle, Cobalt etc. Bauxite, etc. Platinum, etc. Limestone, Marble,
Sandstone etc.

Ferrous Minerals :
" The metallic minerals having iron content are called Ferrous Minerals.
" Ferrous minerals account for about 3/4th of the total value of the production
of metallic minerals.
" They provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries.
Iron Ore:
" Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial
development.
" India is rich in good-quality iron ores.
" Hematite: Red ore 60-70% pure iron found in Odisha,
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh Karnataka.
 " Magnetic: Black ore, the Best quality of iron 70% iron, Found in Tamil Nadu
and Karnataka.
Limonite: Interior quality, 35-50% iron yellow-brown in colour, found in
Garhwal Uttarakhand Mirzapur.
Major Iron Ore Belts in India:
" Odisha-Jharkhand belt
Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt
" Ballari - Chitradurga - ChikkamagaluruTumakuru belt in Karnataka
" Maharashtra-Goa

Manganese:
Manganese is primarily used in steel production and ferro-manganese alloy.
About 10 kg of manganese is needed per tonne of steel. It is also used in making
bleaching powder, insecticides, and paints.
Non-Ferrous Minerals: (EMA)
The metallic minerals not have iron content are called Non-Ferrous Minerals.
" India has only a few reserves of non-ferrous minerals.
Copper:
" Copper is malleable, ductile and a good conductor, and is mainly used in
electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries.
The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, the Khetri mines in Rajasthan and the
Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are leading producers of copper.
Bauxite:
" It is a clay-like substance from which alumina is extracted and later alumina
becomes aluminium.
" Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks
rich in aluminium silicates.
" India's bauxite deposits are mainly found in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal
hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni.
Non-Metallic Mineral: MICA
LIMESTONE Mica is a mineral made up of a series of
Limestone is a type of plates or leaves.
sedimentary rock composed Due to its excellent dielectric strength, low
mainly of calcium carbonate power, insulating properties and resistance
(CaCO3). It is a key raw to high voltage, mica is one of the important
material for cement production. minerals used in industrialareas.
Rajasthan has significant Mica deposits are found near Chota Nagpur
deposits of limestone. Plateau, Rajasthan, Ajmer.
Conservation of Minerals: How to conserve Recycling of metals, using
minerals ? metals & other
Scrap
exhausted. substitutes.
" Minerals are getting Why 2???
Mineral resources are finite
Conservation Manage to allow the use of
low-grade ores at low
and non-renewable.
Overuse, over Exploitation of minerals
costs.

Cnengyes owice5
energy resources.
Minerals that produce energy are called
Energy resources are of two types:
RESOURCES: Energy resour ces that are been utilized for a
D) CONVENTIONAL
long time. Eg. - Coal, petroleum.
Coal: Composition
Carbon (60-90%)
" Combustible solid, stratified rocks of
Hydrogen ( 1%)
organic and mineral matter. Oxygen (2-20%)
" Occurs as sedimentary rocks. Nitrogen(1-3 %)
1) Anthracite 2)Bituminous
Types of Coal :
Hardest coal " Hard, black, compact
Shiny black completely " Makes up 80% of the
ressed
compre world's total coal output
" 40% carbon Content 50-80% of carbon.
" High heat value good for Use for smelting iron in
domestic usage blast furnaces.
" Burn slowly without smoke.
Coal Distribution:
India's rank is third after China and the USA.
Coalfield oldest - Rangani
(EMA)
Largest- Jharia ( Jharkhand)
Petroleum: Old deposits Gondwana and tertiary.
" Means rock oil. India lacks in Anthracite deposits.
" Complex mixture of hydrocarbons.
Known as Liquid gold. Disadvantages of petroleum
" Liquid petroleum - crude oil " Non-renewable
" 1kg of oil can generate 10,000 kcal of " Produces greenhouse gases.
energy. " High costs due to limited supply
" After refining use as raw material and high demands
Natural Gas: Natural gas is found in petroleum deposits and is released
when crude oil is brought to the surface it can be used for
both domestic and industrial purposes.
Natural Gas Distribution:
India's major gas reserves are found in Mumbai high and allied fields along with
west coast.

Electricity: It has awide range of appliances in today's world. Per capita

consumption is considered as index of development.
Hydroelectricity Thermal electricity
" Generated by running water. " Generated by burning of coal
" Renewable resources. and petroleum.
" Multipurpose projects like " Use of non-conventional fossil
Bhakra Nangal. Etc. fuels to generate electricity.
NON-CONVENTIONAL These are alternatives to traditional fossil fuels
RESOURCES: (coal,oil, and gas) and nuclear energy. They are also
known as renewable energy sources.
Natural and Atomic Energy: EMA
Energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
" Uranium and Thorium available in Jharkhand and Rajasthan are used for
generating atomic or nuclear energy.
The monazite sands of Kerala are also rich in thorium.

Solar Energy: " India has an enormous possibility of tapping solar energy
Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into
electricity.
" It will minimize the dependency of rural households on
Wind Energy: Firewood and dung cake.
" India has great potential for wind power.
The wind is utilised to rotate large windmills to generate energy.
The largest wind farm cluster is in Tamil Nadu from Nagercoilto Madurai.
Biogas Energy:
" Shrubs, farm waste, and animal and human waste are used to produce biogas
for domestic consumption in rural areas.
" It ismore efficient than kerosene, dung cake and charcoal.
" The plants using cattle dung are known as 'Gobar gas plants' in rural India.
Tidal Energy:
Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity the gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf
of Kachchh in Gujarat on the Western coast and the Gangetic Delta in the
Sundarban region of West Bengal provide ideal conditions for utilising tidal
energy.
Geothermal energy
" We know that the inside of the earth is very hot. In some places, this heat is
released on the surface through fissures.
Groundwater in such areas becomes hot and rises up in the form of steam.
This steam is used to drive turbines.
" Two geothermal energy projects have been set up in India- the ParvatiValley
near Manikam in Himachal Pradesh and the Puga Valley in Ladakh.
Conservation of energy resources
Energy is abasic requirement for economic development. Ways to conserve
Energy Resources are:
Using more of a public transport system instead of individual vehicles.
Switching off electrical devices when not in use, using power-saving devices.
" Using non-conventional sources of energy such as solar energy, wind energy.
etc.
Getting the power equipment regularly checked to detect damages and
leakages.

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