MME 315 Chatarization of Materials

Lecture 01

Introduction
Lecture Objective
This lecture introduces the characteristics of materials and their characterization
methods.

Lecture Outcomes
After completion of this lecture, students should be able to do the following:
1. Define and explain the materials characterization.
2. Name the properties of material and its relevant characterization tools.
3. Name the methods of characterization available in a in the modern materials
characterization laboratory.
 Introduction to Materials Characterization
Questions:

➢ What is characterization?

➢ Why materials characterization is important?

➢ What equipment is available to me?

➢ How about the principle of the instruments? Do I have to

know?

➢ Can you give me some practical experience of materials

characterization?

➢ What is the future trends in this area?

 Introduction to Materials Characterization

What is characterization?
Character → Characterize → Characterization
1. Character – all those qualities that make a thing different from
others

2. Characterize – to investigate and show the character of a material

3. Characterization – the activities of characterizing

Why materials characterization is important?

New ideas Products

Design

Materials selection Manufacture

New materials Existing materials

 Introduction to Materials Characterization

Materials properties in five levels

▪ Sub atomic level - Physics
▪ Atomic level – Physics & Chemistry
▪ Molecular level – Chemistry
▪ Microscopic level – Chemistry & Materials
Science and Engineering
▪ Macroscopic level– Mechanical and Materials
Engineering

Objects of Materials Engineering

• Thermal Properties
• Optical properties
• Mechanical properties
• Electrical properties
• Magnetic properties
 Introduction to Materials Characterization
Mechanical Analysis
(Microscopic level)
Characteristics Characterization Tool
Density Density by dimension and mass; Hydrostatic
weighing (Archimedes method); Pycnometry
(displacement); Comparison with heavy liquid

Densification Thermomechnaical anaylysis (TMA); Dilatometry

Porosity (volume, Mercury porosimetry (intrusion)
size, and distribution)

Surface area BET gas adsorption; Permeametry; Small angle

/porosity neutron scattering (SANS), Small angle X-ray
scattering (SAXS)
Density/ Mercury porosimetry; Optical microscopy; Scanning
homogenity electron microscopy; X-ray radiography;
Ultrasound; Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
 Introduction to Materials Characterization

Characteristics Characterization Tool

Particle/grain size, Optical microscopy (OM) and quantitative
distribution, stereology; Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
morphology, and and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM);
texture Scanning transmission electron microscopy
(STEM); X-ray diffraction (XRD)

Phase identification X-ray diffraction (XRD); Electron diffraction (ED);

and molecular Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR);
structure Raman spectroscopy (RM); Extended X-ray
analysis fine structure (EXAFS); Neutron diffraction

Thermal events Differential thermal analysis (DTA); Differential

(Phase transitions scanning calorimetry (DSC); Thermomechnaical
and transformation) analysis (TMA); Dilatometry
 The equipment for compositional analysis
(atomic and molecular levels)
Characteristics Characterization tools
Bulk composition Optical emission spectroscopy (OES); Inductively
coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP); Wet
chemical analysis; Atomic absorption (AA); X-ray
diffraction (XRD); X-ray fluorescence (XRF); Neutron
activation analysis (NAA)

Impurity Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy

composition/concent (ICP); Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS);
ration
Elemental Optical microscopy (OM); Scanning electron microscopy
distribution/local (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) or
chemistry wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS); Electron
probe microscopy (EPM); Transmission electron
microscopy (TEM); Analytical electron microscopy
(AEM); Scanning TEM (STEM) with EDS and electron
energy loss spectroscopy (EELS); X-ray absorption
spectroscopy (XAS).
 Introduction to Materials Characterization

Characteristics Characterization Tool

Surface and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); Auger

interface electron microscopy (AEM); Secondary ion mass
chemistry spectroscopy (SIMS); Ion scattering spectroscopy
(ISS); Ultra violet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS);
Infrared spectroscopy (IR); Raman spectroscopy

Drying and Thermomechanical analysis (TMA); Dilatometry;

thermochemical Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA); Differential scanning
events calorimetry (DSC); Differential thermal analysis (DTA);
(decomposition Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS)
and dehydration)
 Introduction to Materials Characterization

Where is materials characterization?

 Quality control department in manufacturing industry

 Consultant

 R&D department in a company

 Materials research in an institute or university

 Introduction to Materials Characterization

Methods available in the modern materials characterization

laboratory
The following methods are fairly essential in an engineering laboratory
• classical chemical analysis techniques
• thermal analysis techniques
• optical microscopy and metallography
• ultraviolet, visible and infrared spectroscopy
• mass spectroscopy and liquid chromatography
• scanning and transmission electron microscopy
• nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
• optical emission and fluorescence spectroscopy
• X-ray diffraction and fluorescence spectroscopy
• auger and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
• scanning tunneling and scanning force microscopy
 Introduction to Materials Characterization

Methods available in the modern materials

characterization laboratory
Other techniques which are less commonly used although important
 low-energy electron diffraction
 secondary-ion mass spectroscopy
 raman spectroscopy
 low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy
 field-ion microscopy and atom-probe analysis
 electron spin resonance spectroscopy
 moessbaur spectroscopy
 laser microprobe analysis
 acoustic microscopy
 quantitative image analysis
 Introduction to Materials Characterization

Mechanical properties
•Tensile strength
•Yield strength
•Young’s modulus
•Compressive strength
•Creep
•Fatigue strength
•Flexural strength
•Fracture toughness
•Hardness
•Shear strength