Making History: Baguio City
In the early days, the city we now know as Baguio was originally named "Kafagway." The transformation of its name
occurred when the term "Baguio" was adopted, originating from the Ibaloi word "bagiw," signifying "moss," a reference
to the city's environment conducive to the flourishing of mossy plants. Nestled in the northern reaches of Luzon in the
Philippines, Baguio City has evolved into a highly urbanized area, with Benguet serving as its provincial capital.
Baguio City is renowned as the "Summer Capital of the Philippines," a title it earned due to its consistently cool weather.
Moreover, it is affectionately known as the "City of Pines" as the landscape is dotted with numerous pine trees that
contribute to its distinctive charm.
A. Spanish Era
In the early chapters of Baguio's history, the allure of its vastness and economic potential beckoned the Spaniards to
embark on a series of explorations. Pioneering expeditions led by Juan Salcedo in 1572 and Don Q.M. Quirante in 1664
marked the initial encounters. Despite multiple efforts to pacify the Igorots, success remained elusive. The turning point
came in 1846 when Commandante de Galvey established his Commandancia in La Trinidad, Benguet, named after his
wife. Galvey proceeded to shape the province of Benguet, encompassing 31 rancherias. The inaugural Kapitan of
Benguet, Pulito of Kafagway (now Baguio), presided over a minor Rancheria comprising about 20 houses.
The presidential office of Baguio found its first abode in the residence of the Campulet atop the new Tabacalera road in
the lower Guisad Valley. Subsequently, the presidential seat relocated to the present site of the Baguio City Hall. The
Spaniards, during their prolonged occupation, not only imposed order but also erected churches and schools, constructed
trails, and introduced the cultivation of coffee.
B. The Arrival of the Americans
The dawn of the 20th century ushered in a new chapter with the arrival of the Americans
in 1900. Mr. H. Phelps Whitmarsh took the helm as the appointed Governor of Benguet,
designating Baguio as the capital—the inaugural provincial government in the
Philippines. Influential figures such as Dean C. Worcester, Governor General Luke
Wright, and Cameron Forbes, alongside dedicated Filipinos, were instrumental in
fostering Baguio as a haven.
Architect Daniel H. Burnham, assisted by Pierce Anderson, arrived in 1904 to shape
Baguio's destiny. His brief but intensive fieldwork laid the groundwork for the Plan of
Baguio, presented to Secretary Taft in 1905. This plan, embodying the Garden City
concept, became a blueprint for urban development during the Beautiful City Movement
era.
By 1909, a government fleet of Stanley steam autos transported over 2,000 passengers
each season, contributing to a well-governed and thriving city. The mines near Baguio prospered, businesses flourished,
and recreational facilities sprang up, laying the foundation for the city's growth.
C. During the War
As history unfolded, Baguio played a pivotal role during the war in
the Philippines. In the early days of World War II, the Japanese
Imperial Army targeted Baguio. Camp John Hay, bombed on
December 8, 1941, served as a significant battleground. Despite the
evacuation of the U.S. Army on December 23, 1941, the city
government continued to operate.
Baguio's occupation by the Japanese was a relatively silent affair,
marked by strategic headquarters and military police administration.
Amidst the Japanese atrocities, guerrilla movements gained
prominence. In 1944, with General Yamashita making Baguio his
headquarters, the puppet Philippine Government was established in
the city. Liberation finally came on January 8, 1945, as American
and Filipino forces advanced, subjecting Baguio to intense artillery shelling and aerial bombardment.
The city, ravaged by war, witnessed the surrender of General Yamashita on September 3, 1945, at Camp John Hay—a
significant event commemorated by a liberation festival in April 1946.
D. After the War
Emerging from the ruins of World War II, Baguio transformed into
the commercial, educational, and recreational hub of the Cordillera
and Northern Luzon. Though it ceased to be the official summer
capital in 1976, Baguio retained its moniker as the Summer Capital of
the Philippines.
E. The Killer Earthquake
On July 16, 1990, at 4:26 p.m., a devastating earthquake struck Baguio,
measuring 7.7 on the Richter scale. It left the city in ruins, with
numerous aftershocks following. Despite the tragedy, Baguio recovered,
standing firm and proud, showcasing its restored heritage.
F. The Progressive Baguio
In the years following the earthquake, Baguio regained its prominence as
the Summer Capital of the Philippines. In 2017, the city earned distinction
as one of the 64 worldwide cities in UNESCO's Creative Cities Network.
Baguio, approximately 250 kilometers north of Manila, continues to attract
local and foreign tourists. With a rich history, scenic beauty, and vibrant
culture, Baguio remains a symbol of resilience and progress in Northern
Luzon.
Population| Language| Area
Situated at an elevation of approximately 1,600 meters above sea level within the Cordillera Central mountain range in
northern Luzon, Baguio City is ensconced by the province of Benguet, covering a compact area of 57.5 square kilometers.
The cityscape predominantly unfolds across uneven, hilly terrain in the northern sector, a vision meticulously crafted by
Daniel Burnham, who designated City Hall as the pivotal reference point.
Known for its subtropical highland climate, Baguio City boasts a mild ambiance that has earned it the moniker "Summer
Capital of the Philippines." The elevation factor contributes significantly to this climatic distinction, with temperatures
consistently registering 8 degrees Celsius lower than the national average. The temperature range typically spans from 15
to 23 degrees Celsius, dropping further in the late and early months of the year. Historical records note a minimum
temperature of 6.3 degrees Celsius on January 18, 1961, juxtaposed with an all-time high of 30.4 degrees Celsius on
March 15, 1988, during the 1988 El Niño season. Even in the warmest months, Baguio rarely exceeds 26 degrees Celsius.
In keeping with the characteristics of subtropical highland climates, Baguio experiences reduced precipitation during the
dry season and an abundance of rainfall during the wet season. Particularly, July and August witness substantial rainfall,
averaging over 1,000 mm. Annually, Baguio City accumulates a noteworthy 4,500 mm of precipitation.
Occupying a total land area of 57.49 square kilometers, perched 5,000 feet above sea level, Baguio City is home to
approximately 350,000 people hailing from diverse cultural, linguistic, and religious backgrounds. The central business
district is marked by concentrated commercial zones along major thoroughfares such as Session, Magsaysay, Abanao, and
Harrison roads.
Products and Services
In terms of agricultural prowess, Baguio City takes pride in its Benguet Farms, renowned for cultivating a variety of
vegetables flourishing in the city's mild climate. Cabbages are particularly notable, alongside an array of flowers like
roses, sunflowers, hydrangea, bromeliad, marigolds, impatiens, Christmas cactus, and poinsettias.
Furthermore, the city's culinary offerings include delectable treats like peanut brittle, choco flakes, lengua, and strawberry
and ube jams. These locally cherished products, ranging from 50 to 200 pesos, add to the vibrant tapestry of Baguio's
cultural and economic landscape.
The Heart of Baguio City
Burnham Park
"Make no little plans for they have no magic to stir men's blood..." - Daniel H. Burnham
At the heart of Baguio City lies a cherished haven, none other than Burnham Park, an expanse of 32.84 hectares that
embodies the vision of the renowned American architect and urban planner, Daniel Hudson Burnham. Crafted in 1904,
Burnham Park stands as a testament to Burnham's ingenious design, which also extended to shaping the original plan for
Baguio City itself.
Mr. Burnham a renowned architect and urban planner from Chicago
This city park, perched on the landscape overlooking the majestic Mount Kabuyao, is more than just a picturesque spot;
it's a piece of living history. Nestled within its 32.84 hectares are the scenic Burnham Lagoon, lawns that invite leisurely
strolls, paved pathways, wooded areas, and an array of vibrant flower beds.
The allure of Burnham Park extends beyond its serene landscapes; it transforms into an urban oasis with an array of
recreational activities. From boating on the Burnham Lagoon to renting bicycles for a pleasant ride, the park caters to both
the tranquility-seekers and adventure enthusiasts. For an 80-200 PHP per hour, one can enjoy a solitary bike ride amidst
the park's verdant surroundings.
As you wander through the park, the Rose Garden, adorned with a bust of Mr. Burnham himself, offers a moment of
reflection on the visionary behind this architectural marvel. Beyond that, the park unfolds into a series of distinct areas,
each with its unique charm. The Athletic Bowl, Sunshine Park, Picnic Grove, Japanese Peace Tower, Melvin Jones
Grandstand, and the Orchidarium are just a few of the park's captivating zones.
Delve into the history, and you'll discover that Burnham Park has been a witness to the city's resilience. Originating as a
recreational center for the U.S. Armed Forces over a century ago, the park played a crucial role in 1990 when Baguio City
faced the aftermath of a devastating earthquake. Burnham Park transformed into a refuge, providing space and solace to
those displaced by the tragedy.
Today, Burnham Park stands as a living mosaic of history and recreation, beckoning locals and tourists alike to explore its
twelve main areas. Whether it's a leisurely boat ride on the Burnham Lagoon, a stroll through the Rose Garden, or the
thrill of ice skating at the Skating Ring, Burnham Park offers a myriad of experiences. So, embark on a journey through
this time-honored urban sanctuary, capturing memories and savoring the charm of Burnham Park in the heart of Baguio
City.
*****
REFERENCES
"Baguio City Ecological Profile; History" (PDF). City Government of Baguio. (2018). p. 4. Archived from the
original (PDF) on June 5, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
https://web.archive.org/web/20200605100834/https://www.baguio.gov.ph/sites/default/files/city_planning_
and_development_office/downloadable_forms/Ecological%20Profile%202018%20Chapter%201.pdf
City Government of Baguio. (n.d.). About Baguio. https://new.baguio.gov.ph/about-baguio/
Galino, Jay. (2017, April 18). Free City of Pines: Brief History about Baguio
City.https://freecityofpines.wordpress.com/2017/04/18/brief-history-about-baguio-city/
Travel through paradise.(n.d.).Burnham Park in Baguio City-Philippines Destination
https://travelthroughparadise.com/destinations/articles/Baguio_Burnham_Park.php#:~:text=Burnham%20Park%
20was%20originally%20designed,and%20urban%20planner%20from%20Chicago.
