THE DISCIPLINE OF COUNSELING
COUNSELING
Sociology define counseling as “the
process of guiding a person during a
stage of life when reassessments or
decision have to be made about himself
or herself and his or her life course.”
COUNSELORS
are professionally trained and certified to
perform counselling.
COUNSELORS
and their Jobs
Provide Advice
Provide guidance
in decision-making
in emotionally
significant situation
COUNSELORS
Exist in a wide ranges of areas of expertise
marriage Other life transitions dealing
family with managing of issues of;
youth loss of death
students retirement
divorce
parenting
COUNSELING
As a discipline, it is allied to
Psychology and deals with normal
responses to normal life events, which
may sometimes create stress for some
people who, in turn, choose to ask for
help and support.
Counseling is
generally a non-clinical
intervention
Traditionally in many
societies, counseling is
provide by family, friends
and wise elderly.
Counseling is widely
considered the heart of
the guidance services
in School.
Counseling utilizes
appraisal & assessment
to aid counseling by
gathering information
about client through the
use of psychological test
& non-psychometric
devices
PSYCHOMETRICS
A branch of psychology that deals
with the design, administration and
interpretation of quantitative tests
for the measurement of
psychological variables such as
intelligence, aptitude, interest and
personality traits.
Characteristics of Counseling
Counseling is
…conversion of someone’s problem.
…drawing out of the facts from clients
…help clients in making-decision
…assist person’s behavior.
…learning-oriented process
…face to face relationship
…democratic (can have what he wish)
…a professional service
…problem oriented
TYPES OF COUNSELING
SUPPORTIVE
COUNSELING
• Used with people who have difficulty
standing alone amid their problems
• It gives temporary support and help to the
person in order to gain strength and the
resources to cope.
CONFRONTATIONAL
COUNSELING
• It guides the counselee to see what
misdeeds were committed and to realize the
pain that might have been caused to others.
EDUCATIVE COUNSELING
• Focuses on teaching the client
PREVENTIVE COUNSELING
• is used to stop problems before they start or
to prevent from getting worse
SPIRITUAL COUNSELING
• It gives an opportunity to the person to show
the way to Christ.
DEPTH COUNSELING
• is a long term relationship in which deep-
seated problems of the counselee are
uncovered and dealt with detail.
INFORMAL COUNSELING
• Takes place in casual setting perhaps in
hospital visit, home visit, etc.
MISCONCEPTION ABOUT COUNSELING
1. A person seeing a counselor, a psychologist,
a psychiatrist, or any mental health
practitioner has a mental illness.
2. Counseling means giving advice.
3. Counseling is part of the discipline board.
4. A counselor is a problem-solver.
Reasons or Problems why clients need to consult counselors
1. Academic difficulties
2. Personal concerns
3. Social concerns
4. Emotional difficulties
5. Psychological challenges
6. Family problems
7. Career-related concerns
GOALS OF COUNSELING
Developmental Goals
Assisting the client in meeting or advancing
his/her anticipated human growth and
development.
Preventive Goals
Helps the client avoid some undesirable
outcome.
Enhancement Goals
Help the client to improve their abilities and
skills.
Remedial Goals
Helping the client to treat an undesirable
development.
Exploratory Goals
involves examining options, testing skills,
and trying new and different activities,
environments, relationship, etc.
Reinforcement Goals
Help client in recognizing what they are
doing, thinking, and feeling.
Cognitive Goals
Involves acquiring the basic foundations of
learning and cognitive skills.
Physiological Goals
Involves acquiring the basic understanding
and habits of good health.
Psychological Goals
Helps in developing social interaction skills,
learning emotional control, developing a
positive self-concept, and so on.
Goals of Counseling according
to Kottler and Shepard (2007)
• Plans and work in a constructive manner
in attaining life success
• Learn, anticipate and react positively to
issues brought about by developmental
changes
• Express their uniqueness in diverse
circumstances
• Respond with resilience to stress
Goals of Counseling according
to Kottler and Shepard (2007)
• Develop effective skills in relating with
others
• Increase awareness of the self
• Become mindful of the realities of life
• Lean to seek for more options and
choices
• Achieve autonomy from counseling
SCOPE OF COUNSELING
The scope of
counseling is wide.
It involves application
of some psychological
theories and
recognized
communication skills
PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
Counselors must
try to keep this
principle in mind at
all times in order be
effective.
Advice
Advice-giving has to avoid
breeding a relationship in which
the counselee feels inferior and
emotionally dependent on the
counselor
Reassurance
it can bring a sense of relief
that may empower a client to
function normally again.
Release Emotional Tension
When persons begin to explain
their concerns to a sympathetic
listener, their tensions begin to
subside.
Clarified Thinking
Encourage client to accept
responsibility for problems & be
more realistic in solving them.
Reorientation
Facilitate appropriate intervention.
Listening Skills
understand the concern being presented.
Respect
Client must be treated
w/respect, no matter how peculiar,
strange, disturbed and weird.
Empathy & Positive Regards
listen & understand the feelings and
perspective of the client.
Clarification, confrontation &
Interpretation
The client may learn something or understand the
issue better
Transference & Countertransference
Understanding of important aspects of their
emotional life.
CORE VALUES OF COUNSELING
Respect for Human
Dignity
Partnership
Autonomy
Responsible Caring
Personality Integrity
Social Justice
Respect for
Human Dignity
counselor must provide a
client unconditional positive
regard, compassion, non-
judgemental attitude, empathy
and trust.
Partnership
Foster partnership w/the
various disciplines that
come together to support an
integrated healing that
encompasses various
aspects.
Autonomy
This entails respect for
confidentiality & trust in a
relationship of counseling.
Responsible Caring
Respecting the potential
every human being to
change and to continue
learning.
Personal Integrity
Reflect personal
integrity, honesty and
truthfulness.
Social Justice
Accepting &
respecting the diversity
of the client or
individual.
-the end-
