gj;jhk; tFg;G - ,ay; - 1 – ciueil tpdh tpilfs;

jkpo; - ghujp tshfk; jiyg;G - jkpo;r; nrhy;tsk;

1. jkpo; nkhopapYs;s nrhy;tsk; gw;wpf; fhy;Lnty; $Wtd ahit?

 nrhy;tsk; vd;gJ ,yf;fpar; nrk;nkhopfSf;nfy;yhk; nghJthapDk; jkpo; nkhop kl;Lk;

mjpy; jiyr;rpwe;jjhFk;.
 jkpoy;yhj jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; mfuhjpfis MuhAk;NghJ jkpopy; cs;s xU nghUl>;
gy nrhy; tupirfs; mtw;wpy; ,y;yhjJ midj;Jj; jkpo; mwpQu;fSk; mwpe;j cz;ik
MFk;.
 jkpopy; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Lj; jkpOf;Nf cupadthff; fUjg;gLk; nrhw;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp>
njYq;F, fd;dlk; Kjypa gpw jpuhtpl nkhopfSf;Fupadthff; fUjg;gLk; nrhw;fSk;
jkpopy; cs;sd vd;fpwhu; fhy;Lnty;.
 ,itNa jkpo; nkhopapYs;s nrhy;tsk; gw;wpf; fhy;Lnty; $Wtd MFk;.
2. xU jhtuj;jpd; mbg;gFjp kw;Wk; fpisg; gpupTfSf;F toq;Fk; nrhw;fis njhFj;J vOJf.
mb tif : xU jhtuj;jpd; mbg;gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gjw;fhd nrhw;fs;

 jhs; : ney; , Nfo;tuF Kjypatw;wpd; mb

 jz;L : fPiu, thio Kjypatw;wpd; mb
 Nfhy; : nel;b, kpsfha;r; nrb Kjypatw;wpd; mb
 J}W : Fj;Jr; nrb, Gju; Kjypatw;wpd; mb
 jl;L : my;yJ jl;il, fk;G, Nrhsk; Kjypatw;wpd; mb
 fop : fUk;gpd; mb
 fio : %q;fpy; mb
 mb : Gsp Ntk;G Kjypatw;wpd; mb
fpisg;gphpTfs; : jhtuq;fspd;; mbapy; ,Ue;J gpupe;J nry;Yk; gphpTfSf;F toq;Fk;
nrhw;fs;

 fit : mbkuj;jpdpd;W gpupAk; khngUk; fpis:

 nfhk;G my;yJ nfhg;G : fitapd; gpupT
 fpis : nfhk;gpd; gpupT
 rpid : fpisapd; gpupT
 Nghj;J : rpidapd; gphpT
 Fr;R : Nghj;jpd; gpupT
 ,Zf;F : Fr;rpapd; gpupT
3. jhtuq;fspd; ,iy tiffs; Fwpj;Jk; Edpg;gFjpfisf; Fwpj;Jk; toq;fg;gLk; nrhw;fisj;
njhFj;J vOJf.
,iy tif : jhtuq;fspd; ,iy tiffisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs;

 ,iy : Gsp , Ntk;G Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy

 jhs; : ney; , Gy; Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy
 Njhif : Nrhsk;, fUk;G Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy
 Xiy : njd;id, gid Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy
 rz;L : fha;e;j jhSk; NjhifAk; rUF : fha;e;j ,iy
nfhOe;J tif: jhtuj;jpd; Edpg;gFjpfisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs;

 Jspu; my;yJ jsph; : ney;> Gy; Kjypatw;wpd; nfhOe;J

 Kwp my;yJ nfhOe;J : Gsp> Ntk;G Kjypatw;wpd; nfhOe;J
 FUj;J : Nrhsk; , fUk;G, njd;id, gid Kjypatw;wpd; nfhOe;J
 nfhOe;jhil : fUk;gpd; Edpg;gFjp
4. xU jhtuj;jpd; G+ gpQ;R kw;Wk; Fiy tiffSf;F toq;fg;gLk; nrhw;fis
ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.
G+tpd; epiyfs; : G+tpd; epiyfisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs;

 mUk;G : G+tpd; Njhw;w epiy

 NghJ : G+ tpupaj; njhlq;Fk; epiy
 kyu; : (myh;) G+tpd; kyu;e;j epiy
 tP : kuQ;nrbapdpd;W G+ fPNo tpOe;j epiy
 nrk;ky; : G+ thbd epiy
gpQ;R tif: jhtuj;jpd; gpQ;R tiffSf;F toq;Fk; nrhw;fs;

 G+k;gpQ;R : G+NthL $ba ,sk; gpQ;R

 gpQ;R : ,sk; fha;
 tL : khk;gpQ;R
 %R : gyh gpQ;R
 ft;it : vs;gpQ;R
 FUk;ig : njd;id, gid Kjypatw;wpd; ,sk;gpQ;R
 Kl;Lf;FUk;ig : rpW FUk;ig
 ,sePu; : Kw;whj Njq;fha;
 Joha; : ,sk;ghf;F
 fUf;fy; : ,sney;
 fr;ry; : thiog;gpQ;R
5. goq;fspd; Nkw;gFjpiaf; Fwpf;f toq;Fk; nrhw;fs; gw;wpAk; nfl;Lg; Nghd fha;fdpf;Fk;
toq;Fk; nrhw;fisg; ghlj;jpd; top epd;W tpsf;Ff.
goj;Njhy; tif : goq;fspd; Nkw;gFjpapidf; Fwpf;f toq;Fk; nrhw;fs;

 njhyp : kpf nky;ypaJ

 Njhy; jpz;zkhdJ
 NjhL : td;ikahdJ
 XL : kpf td;ikahdJ
 FLf;if : Riuapd; XL
 kl;il: Njq;fha; new;wpapd; Nkw;gFjp
 ckp : ney; fk;G Kjypatw;wpd; %b
 nfhk;ik : tuF Nfo;tuF Kjypatw;wpd; ckp
nfl;Lg;Nghd fha;fdp tif : nfl;Lg;Nghd fha;f;Fk; fdpf;Fk; jhtuj;jpw;Nfw;g toq;Fk;
nrhw;fs;

 #k;gy; : Edpapy; RUq;fpa fha;

 rptpay; : RUq;fpa gok;
 nrhj;ij GOG+r;rp mupj;j fha; my;yJ fdp;
 ntk;gy; : R+l;bdhy; gOj;j gpQ;R
  mspay; : FSFSj;j gok;
 mOfy; : FSFSj;J ehwpa gok; my;yJ fha;
 nrhz;L : gjuha;g;Nghd kpsfha;
 Nfhl;lhd; fha; my;yJ $iff;fha; :Nfhl;lhd; cl;fhu;e;jjpdhy; nfl;l fha;
 Njiuf;fha; : Njiu mku;e;jjpdhy; nfl;l fha;
 my;ypf;fha:; Njiu mku;e;jjpdhy; nfl;l Njq;fha;
 xy;ypf;fha; : njd;idapy; nfl;l fha;.
6. jhtuq;fspd; ,sk;gUtr; nrhw;fs; gw;wpAk; jhdpa tiffSf;F toq;Fk; nrhw;fs; gw;wpAk;
tpsf;Ff.
,sk;gaph; tif: jhtuq;fspd; ,sk;gUtj;jpw;fhd nrhw;fs;

 ehw;W : ney;> fj;jup Kjypatw;wpd; ,sepiy

 fd;W : kh>Gsp>thio Kjypatw;wpd; ,sepiy
 FUj;J : thioapd; ,sepiy
 gps;is : njd;idapd; ,sepiy
 Fl;b : tpshtpd; ,sepiy
 klyp my;yJ tlyp : gidapd; ,sepiy
 igq;$o; : ney;>Nrhsk; Kjypatw;wpd; gRk;gaph;
kzp tif: jhdpaq;fSf;F toq;Fk; nrhw;fs;

 $yk; : ney;>Gy; (fk;G) Kjypa jhdpaq;fs;

 gaW : mtiu>cSe;J Kjypait
 fliy : Nth;f;fliy>nfhz;ilf;fliy Kjypait
 tpij : fj;jhp>kpsfha; Kjypatw;wpd; tpj;J
 fho; : Gsp> fhQ;rpiu (er;R kuk;) Kjypatw;wpd; tpj;J
 Kj;J : Ntk;G> Mkzf;F Kjypatw;wpd; tpj;J
 nfhl;il : kh> gid Kjypatw;wpd; tpj;J
 Njq;fha; : njd;idapd; tpj;J
 Kjpiu : mtiu> Jtiu Kjypa gapWfs;
7. gz;ilj; jkpo; kf;fs; jdpg;ngUk; ehfupfj;ij cilatuhf ,Ue;jdu; vd;gij cd;
ghlj;jpd; top epWTf.

ehl;bd; jdpg;ngUk; tsj;jpdhNyNa gz;ilj; jkpo; kf;fs; jdpg;ngUk; ehfupfj;ij

cilatuhf ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdu;.
 xU ehl;L tsj;jpw;Fj; jf;fgbNa me;ehl;L kf;fspd; mwpnthOf;fq;fSk;
mike;jpUf;Fk.;
 jkpo;ehL vj;Jizg; nghUs; tsKilanjd;gJ mjd; tpisnghUs; tiffis
Nehf;fpdhNy tpsq;Fk;.
 gpw ehLfspYs;s $yq;fnsy;yhk; rpythfTk; rpy;tifg;gl;ldthfTkpUf;f ,Uf;f
jkpo;ehl;bYs;sitNah gythfTk; fopgy tifg;gl;ldthfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
 vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf NfhJikia vLj;Jf;nfhs;spd; mjpy; rk;ghf;NfhJik Fz;Lf;NfhJik
thw;NfhJik Kjypa rpy tiffNsAz;L.
 Mdhy; jkpo;ehl;b ney;ypNyh nre;ney;> ntz;nza;> fhu;ney; vd;Wk; rk;gh> kl;il> fhh;
vd;Wk; gy tiffs; ,Ug;gJld; mtw;Ws; rk;ghtpy; kl;Lk; Mtpuk;G+r;rk;gh>
Midf;nfhk;gd; rk;gh> Fz;Lr;rk;gh> Fjpiuthypr;rk;gh> rpWkzpr;rk;gh> rPufr;rk;gh
Kjypa mWgJ cs;tiffs; cs;sd.
 ,tw;NwhL tuF> fhilf;fz;zp> Fjpiuthyp Kjypa rpW $yq;fs; jkpo;ehl;byd;wp
Ntnwq;Fk; tpistjpy;iy.
 md;id nkhopNa ……ftpijg;Ngio
jkpod;idia tho;j;Jtjw;fhd fhuzq;fshf ghtyNuW Rl;Ltd ahit?
 md;id nkhopahk; jkpo; nkhop mofhf mike;j nrOe;jkpohfTk;>
 gioikf;Fg; gioikaha; Njhd;wpa eWq;fdpahfTk;>
 fly; nfhz;l Fkupf; fz;lj;jpy; epiyj;J murhz;l kz;Zyfg; NguurhfTk;>
 ghz;ba kd;ddpd; kfshfTk;>
 jpUf;Fwspd; ngUikahfTk;>
 gj;Jghl;L kw;Wk; vl;Lj;njhifahfTk;>
 gjpndd; fPo;f;fzf;fhfTk;>
 epiyj;j rpyg;gjpfhuk; kw;Wk; kzpNkfiyahfTk;>
 nrhy;Yjw;fupa ngUikAk;> gok; ngUikAk; cilajhfTk;>
 ,yf;fpa tsk; nfhz;ljhfTk;>
 Ntw;Wnkhopahu; Gfoj;jf;fjhfTk; ,Ug;gjhy; …. tz;lhdJ nre;jhkiuj;
Njidf;Fbj;Jr; rpwfirj;Jg; ghLtJ Nghd;W jkpopd; ngUikia tho;j;Jtjhf
ghtyNuW Rl;Lfpwhu;.

,ul;Lw nkhopjy; - ftpijg;Ngio

jkpofdhu; jkpoioAk;> fliyAk; ,ul;Lw nkhopAk; ghq;fpid tpsf;Ff:
ghly; mbfs; jkpOf;F flYf;F
Kj;jkpo; ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; Mfpa Kj;jpid mkpo;e;J vLj;jy;
Kj;jkpo;
Kr;rq;fk; Kjy;> ,il> fil Mfpa %d;W tifahd rq;Ffs; jUjy;
Kr;rq;fk;
nkj;j tzpfyd; Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fs; kpFjpahd tzpff; fg;gy;fs;

rq;fj;jtu; fhf;f rq;fg;gyifapypUe;J ePuiyiaj; jLj;J epWj;jp

rq;fg;Gytu;fs; ghJfhj;jik. rq;fpidf; fhj;jy;.

Jizg;ghlf;fl;Liu
,ay; - 1- ciueilapd; mzpeyd;fs;

Fwpg;Gr; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
,UNtW kdpjh;fs; re;jpg;G
md;Wk; ,d;Wk;
ciueilapy; cj;jp moF
,izxg;G moF
,yf;fiz
NkhidAk; vJifAk;
vjphpiz ,irT
cr;repiy
KbTiu
Kd;Diu
 rq;fj; jkpoDk;> ,d;iwa ,izaj; jkpoDk; re;jpf;Fk; NghJ mth;fspd; Ngr;R
,yf;fpak; gw;wpajhf ,Ue;jhy; vg;gb ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjd; vOj;J tbtk;jhd; ,f;fl;Liu.
 lhf;lh; vopy;Kjy;td; vOjpa Gjpa ciueil vd;w Eypidj; jOtp ,f;fl;Liu
mike;Js;sJ.

,UNtW kdpjh;fs; re;jpg;G

 rq;fg; Gyth; xUth; ,aw;if R+o;e;j ,lnkhd;wpy; Xiyr;Rtbapy; vOjpf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;.
 mg;NghJ mth; Kd; rpwpa fhy ,ae;jpuk; xd;W Njhd;WfpwJ.
 mjpypUe;J ,d;iwa ,izaj; jkpoh; xUth; ntspNa te;J rq;f fhyk; njhlq;fp
,d;W tiu cs;s ,yf;fpak; Fwpj;J rq;fg; Gytuplk; ciuahlj; njhlq;Ffpwhu;.

md;Wk; ,d;Wk;
 rq;f fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; mw ,yf;fpakhf> fhg;gpakhf> rpw;wpyf;fpakhf>
re;jf; ftpijahf> GJf;ftpijahf khwp te;jpUf;fpd;wd.
 ciueilapd; tsh;r;rpNah mstw;wJ.
 mJkl;Lky;yhJ rpWfij> Gjpdk;> ehlfk;> fl;Liu Nghd;wdTk; jw;fhyj;jpy;
tsh;eJ; s;sjhff; $wpdhu; ,d;iwa jkpou;.
 mijf; Nfl;l rq;fj;jkpou;> rq;ff; fhyj;jpy; Gytu;fs; ftpijfspy; gad;gLj;jpa cj;jp
moFfis vy;yhk; ,d;W ciueilapy; gad;gLj;jp tUtijf; Nfl;L kfpo;e;jhu;.

ciueilapy; cj;jp moF

 “jpUg;guq;Fd;wj;jpd; moif ghu;g;gjw;nfd;Nw ,aw;if gjpj;J itj;j ,uz;L nghpa
epiyf; fz;zhbfisg; Nghy; tlGwKk; njd;GwKk; ePh; epiwe;j fz;kha;fs;” …….
vd;W FwpQ;rpkyh; ehtypy; eh.ghh;j;jrhujp ctikiag; gad;gLj;jp cs;shh;.
 ‘Kfepytpy; tpah;it Kj;Jfs; Jsph;j;jd’….. vd;W ciueilapy; cUtfk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,itnay;yhk; ciueilapy; cs;s cj;jp moFfs; MFk;.

,izxg;G moF
 ctikf;Fk; nghUSf;Fk; ,ilNa ctk cUG kiwe;J te;jhy; vLj;Jf;fhl;L
ctikazp MFk;. ,t;thW ctkcUG ,y;yhjtw;iw ciueilapy; gad;gLj;JtJ
,izxg;G MFk;.
 Ch; $br; nrf;Fj; js;s KbAkh? – vd;w ciueil tupfspd; %yk; Cu; $bd
gpwFjhd; nrf;F js;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W fhj;jpUg;gtu;fspd; fhupak; if$lhJ vd;gJ Gupa
tUfpwJ.
 GNuhfpjUf;fhf mk;khthir fhj;jpUg;gjpy;iy. t.uhkrhkpapd; ,e;j tupfs; ,izxg;G
moFf;Fr; rpwe;j rhd;whFk;.

,yf;fiz:
 Nfl;fhj nghUisf; Nfl;gd NghyTk; Ngrhj nghUisg; NgRtd NghyTk; $WtJ
nra;As; kughFk;.
 ciueilapy; ,k;kuG gpd;gw;wg;gl;lhy; ,yf;fiz vdg;gLk;.
 jkpo;j;njd;wy; jpU tp. f – mtu;fspd; ciueilg;gFjp xd;W ,jw;Fr; rpwe;j
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf cs;sJ.
  ‘Nrhiyapy; GFNtd;; kuq;fs; $g;gpLk; ; tpUe;J itf;Fk>; Myku epoypy; mku;Ntd; ;
My;>vd; tpOijg; ghu;. me;j muRf;F ,/J cz;lh? vd;W Nfl;Fk;’.
,e;j ciueil ,yf;fizf;Fr; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.

NkhidAk; vJifAk;:
 NkhidAk; vJifAk; nra;ASf;F moF. mij ePq;fs; ciueilapy;
gad;gLj;JtPu;fsh? vd;W rq;fg;Gytu; Nfl;lhu;.
 mjw;Fr; nrhy;ypd; nry;tupd; jkpopd;gk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; cs;s ciueil moif
,izaj; jkpod; vLj;Jf; fhl;bdhu;.
 “njd;wy; mire;J tUk; njd;jkpo; ehl;by; mike;j jpUf;Fw;whyk;> kiytsk; gilj;j
gok;gjpahFk;. mk;kiyapy; Nfhq;Fk; Ntq;ifAk; Xq;fp tsUk; ; FutKk; Ky;iyAk;
eWkzq; fkOk;! Nfhykapy; Njhif tphpj;jhLk; ……

vjphpiz ,irT
 vjpUk; GjpUkhf Kuz;gLk; fUj;Jfis mikj;J vOJtJ vjphpiz ,irT MFk;.
 Fbirfs; xU gf;fk;; NfhGuq;fs; kWgf;fk; ; grpj;j tapWfs; xU gf;fk;;;
Gspr;Nrg;gf;fhuh;fs; kWgf;fk; ; nkype;j vYk;Gf;$Lfs; xUgf;fk; ; gUj;j njhe;jpfs;
kWgf;fk;…… vd;W Njhoh; g. [Pthde;jk; vOjpapUg;gJ ,jw;Fr; rpwe;j
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.

cr;repiy:
 nrhy;iyNah fUj;ijNah mLj;jLj;J itf;Fk; Kiwapd; rpwg;G cr;repiy MFk;.
 “,e;jpahjhd; vd;Dila Nkhl;rk;; ,e;jpahtpd; ed;ikjhd; vd; ed;ik. ,e;jpah jhd;
vd; ,sikapd; nkj;ij; ,e;jpahjhd; vd; ,sikapd; ee;jtdk; ; ,e;jpahjhd; vd;
fpof;fhyj;jpd; fhrp” – vd;w ghujpapd; ,e;jtupfs; cr;repiyf;Fr; rpwe;j cjhuzk;
MFk;.

KbTiu:
jkpo; vj;jpirAk; Gfo;kzf;f ,Ug;gjw;Ff; fhuzk; fhye;NjhWk; jkpo; jkpou;fshy;
tsu;f;fg;gl;L te;jNj MFk;. jkpo;j;jha;f;Ff; fhye;NjhWk; mwpQu;fs; gyu; gy;NtW
mzpfyd;fis mzptpj;J moF Nru;j;Js;sdu; vd;gij ,f;fl;Liu top mwpfpNwhk;.

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