0¢ Machines rota Inteoduction: An electical machine, deols with the encagy amsfer either fom mechanical to elechicol forwn o% foun elechical 40 mechanical foom. this process ts costed elechemechanicol eMAgy conveasion. athe elechicel machine which Convatt emeagy in to the mechanical emersy is called an electrical motor: pm electical machine wh ceegy in toom elechical energy 1s calted an elecic Gemeorer: ae D-c Machines ate thus closs) Dic Generators: These machines Convat mechanice} iwpur peer into de elechical Power bine convert ae elechical wy NE CHI Cony fe convents mechani cel fied os, Dee Moteds These moc! power inte mechanical Power ee comgtuction of loth the Peo sent. xh 4 dec Tachines posically remain cConshuchion of Dec Machines: Winerner a machine iS dee Qemerater oO mo xot, Ane comWuction bosically Aemains the Same qe casss- section st a DE generate Leveots Hrox i) comisx of He folowing Smpotrent pour oS 2. Bead winding S$. poles pumas & CommMMate, puushe and geot a. Beotings Scanned with CamScannerTopic Unit No. ‘4: Consteuction Yoke: XoKe is also called or frerme Zh Provides Pestection 4o the Aotating ancl ote: Pat of ‘ he machine fam moisture, dust ete. TA Phovides mechanical Suppoty te the poled Mareriols used for Yoke ox basically rhe loud Aeluctunce qnaieriodt SUch Od Cadt ilon, Silicon Steel, £olled Steel, cosy steel EX. Wied Which Prowder high Pewmeability je. lows Aeluctance ond gives good mechanical s¥iemg Mn. yhe skeet Slob is 2oried around a Cy\mdiicol mandrel amd ynen welded i} at the bottom to foum the yoke Scanned with CamScanneroe Unit Ne Poles: Thae cu Hho Hypa 4 PIO —- Nee @ Pole core : 4 @ pote sree G wed ~ pote Stee \ . Fig: pote shure pore core vosicalty carne a Heid uimding anted rs Mnecessory ye Phocluce the Fux 4A dineas the Fux Produced +htough alt gop to armone COLE, Fe the NEMA Pole. Poie Shoe emlorges the area of armaruse cote +o come acress the Hut, which 1S Necessary +e produce Jorgen induced Em F To achive A'S, pole Shoe hot been givena Parteulor Shape ; Abis made vp sf Magner mmaremads \ike Case ften amd cobk Steet Field Winding (fi ~ Fo): che ceils Wound adBund he Pole cotes are codtect frerd cots athe Heid coils ore connected in series to foley the freid wrnding. yo coy Cutlemy due fe Which Pole core, om whieh ae’ {reid wimarng ts Placed behaves a1 an etectomagner Producing necessary Hur ‘ Field winding is alge calted of exciting winding ate martiiah used for rhe Gets conducter 1S copper. cue to ye Cuvent How'ng Antoughh the Held wineling alteramake Nand S poles ote Ptoduced Which pole is Produced ak o porrtcular off is decided by the Aight hand tnumb aute fot a cunremh causing CiAcuoh conducter Scanned with CamScanner aTopic Unit No. Remature:- There ore two Mi ped ; a) parnotare cove: b) Mumanwe winding } Prumanue core is cylemarical im Shope mounted om the Sholt de comsisy of Slots om TH Periphery and phe att AUG +o Petrik the vt How Hough BMokKe which sewel cooling purpose. slots Pemolue core provides houre for ovmomne winding fe almokwne conductet ro paoxide © path of low reluctance to the magnehc fun produced by the detd winding ats made up st laminared Gmbucton te keep ectcly cument lo8$ Od Jou O4 Possible. A Single citustor lamination wed fot the comspuction 4 re orale Cole TS Shown in dey. Burnogaue wine rg + Memorwme uinding 1s nothing bur the interconnection of he ournowne conducted placed in the SloM prow ded on re camakae cole periphery When tre armohre is Aotated in core of generator , magnetic HU* gets Eur by aumatme canducers and emb gan imaucedl in chen. Gemendxion st emf takes Placein the avmakire winding Incose of gemerotet, To COAL Yre curemt Supplied in cose sk che mores qo do Wek wore ty Phe extemal ctLouit Scanned with CamScanner onTaple Unit No. Covmmutaret The baste narwre of emt induced in Me armature conductors is alternating. this needs rectification in cose of dic gemenatet, which is Possible by a device Called commu tort. To facilitoxe the collection st cumemt ftom tne atmahiie conduc ters. To convert invemmoally cleveloped alternating emf. to Unidirectonal (de) amt To produce Unidtiectiona)l fetque in care 4 morass. AS i} collects cunemt Hom armature i} is aise made up of copper Segment. dy is CYlendxical tn Shape and fs made up 4 wedge Shaped Segments of hod ciacon, high conductvily cu. These Seqmenis are insulated fiom each other by thin layer of rica. Brushes and @rush Gear: Brushes aie Stationary and Aesiing on the Surface of the commutater- To CONVECL CubLem} orn commutator and make i} Ovallable +e the Stationay etcuih Brushes are notmally mode up of soft material like carbon, To avoid wear and fear of commutatod, tre blushes mre mode UP of oly makeial isKe corbon Beatings: Bali- bearing are waually ured os they aie more Aelioble for heavy AY MACKS | Astier bs ons prcfertect 7 =) Scanned with CamScanner eeTopic Unit No. TRPES Of Ammapre windings + oo winding & Lap winding Coe lat winding Lop winding '- Mo. % penatiel Parks (A) = Te paneled Poles (pd The lap winding ts useful for tows voltage hia mutraemb machines. Wave usiinding: Me & paraiiel porns cA) The wave winding {s usepu qok Wigh vottage low curren} machines Peincipie of operction st a Dic themeater + A Dic Gemenatol operates on the principle ob Aymarmicolly Incluced emf, In a conductot Dymarmi caly induced exnf can be eaPplained with she help of foracloy's Aes sf EMI. © gh he FUE \imkoge wvtn the conductor changes due to the AtlaHve motion bebween +e magnelic Lied and conductet then emt is induced tn te the conducts 7 ab etmagnitude) < “ie Scanned with CamScannerTopic Unit No. EME Equaron of. a Dc Gremerorer: (Derivation not Exrectea) D.C tremencrer takes mechanical emergy ad inpur and delivers electrical emensy OA OUP When a mechanical sevice , such aba dvesel engine deivea tne ormoliie “daurn, armoke wainding cult Fre magne s Arun produced by he Pole pen equation tot emt jnduced cam be obtained od unde Ley 2 P= number + poles of the qemerotet = fran procuced by each pots. Ne Speed in Bpm ak which the Jemerater ts cMiven. Ze mbar A conductets ot Om wag Az no-4 porallel porns & am og Accoidirg se fonaceys Qa Q Bret.) moniter 2 Re} induced ina Conductot Vs ez Rade & cating re fue a¢ a one complete Aavolwen ot a conductel the diux cy ey the conducker %S (pd) ute § Hrme LeAqGQurtect bo carpet ome Aevolution fs (6o/n) seconds pan OG) wait en oF oe pen e eee a TSeIN) CS Pe eet ee ded a ote wrens ome 2 conduciots tp seiet in €adn qasup erent Peduced in The faded aamoduns wornding 1s Scanned with CamScannerTopic i: i Unit No. ID | AA- Pele, wave wound Armahwe has Jeo comauctet? and 15 rwrared ak 1000 2ev[min, T% the Usedul {Vue is 26 mub, Calculate the gererased Voltage. jad] Given data: Poa, pc. vo} panaiiel path wave wound : cee zz 120 Nz \ooo apm, As to mueb c roxio wb Goxn anoxic? 441909 % T° = Ugo — rxic® *uxroon tT 6oxe = DIA y pore lap wound .de generator has a usefur flere of coz Wh Per Pole. Caleuiate Me generated ert when Tf} is Aovabed ak speed of Goa tprn with the help sf parme mover Arumarwte consist of 44 Nember ot concductes. aise caleulate re gemenaied cand ff | | lap Wound avmaiite iS Repraced by uoave Wound DuMoHe. >] peg, aco ooy wes Zeuwo * >, Nz go04pMm €2PPNz GOR - wo (2 nee parodied Paths veh peared pores (p> W) For Lap wound, A= P=4 % ePONZ _ 207 H9COK ALO Gary con a 60 Aq 3) Por Wave Weund, AD aye OTK UX BOOK 4S “Gen eo x e GOR 2 Scanned with CamScanner —®| A 4 pore, lap wound, dc gemetators has 42 coils widn @ kutns Per Coils, Tr is deiven al Zot Pm. FE Usefur fiurt Pee Pole is 21 mMuWb, Calculate the gemerared emf. Find the Speed OF Which {4 1S +0 be daiven 40 generate he Same emf. al Calculated above With wave wound DuMVaUAR, >] Pre, eei-mub = ax eb Ne W202 em Coils sur & tues col =e Toto) suins = coils x tuims | coil = 42xg = 336 Zz UH Aokal ALANS TAK 306 = 692 i) Por lap wound, a=P ONz _ amicFxns0xg7e 7 2 263-42 60 bo e 13) For wove wound poz BBE zea uav PPNz 6oxAR 3 YN RETA 128 . ae 21x) 263-425 = Scanned with CamScannerTopic ‘ Unit No. ®] an g- Pole ac. generator Has o fuse ef trem ile per pole and a lap co pected ormare with 966 cComduckers caleMlade the gemevotest eonf erg open rut Ube jE Tus of 4st Pm. af the Ayman Users Wave Commecied; of What speed mury be machine be Aviven As Jeweyaie AHS Sevme spo iro 2, =>] Lap commecttd Armahire- = e-oen ft “Go A dz geoxistub, z-ggo, N= UoovPm. PBS A=8 tz (Uomo txasox4ee), & [Ecasev ao] kiave connected Armature. Ce ete en 6° A Goxie BoKiedxg GOK UN ne BoTw = Soran 30120 3072 =é Scanned with CamScanner reApplications of DC Generators Shunt Generator » Shunt Generators are used to charge the batteries » shunt Generators with field regulators are used for ordinary lighting and power supply purposes. SERIES GENERATOR: These are having very less applications they are Series ARC lighting. Series incandesecent lighting. .series booster for increasing the voltage. Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerTopic : D.c. Motors Hratyeduction Cp moter is o machine thot comverss electrical Unit No. : emergy in te Mechenical eneray is cated bic. moter”? The Dec moter is Very Similar te a dic Jemeratey in construction, Generators ave usually Operated in more Protected locations amd thefore thely construction s generally of the open Hie. om the other hand, motors are Jenevalty used in locatom Where They ave exposed 6 dubs, moistuve , fumes and mechanical damage. Thus motors *equires projective emclesuvet fox emample, vip prof, ee. accorveling te ne Tequivernemi. Midtor principle ke When concuter eorryieicucrent! Sys is par im mrogmete” [1 |} ied, a force is i! produced om ite TAX L eG? Figs A Current Carrying conductey ¥ ey Placed in @ magnetic Heid _ | the effec of Placing a current Carrying conductey in a moanetic Held Sholom in fig. Consider one Such conductey Placed in @ Slot of armature amd Suppese that ih is acted UPeM by ynagrerc Heid from a north Pole of the motor By applying Left, Hemd Rule tis Found the Conducter hat Go denclancy to move +6 the left hand. Side. The Conduciey is ine Stet on tne civeumference of tne wmotoy, the fovee Fe acts ina tomngemial cdisection te the wher, A torque *S developed On tre Ye tov. Similay torques ave Produced on all the Yotey conductors. Since the votor is free te move, Stevld Yotating in Fre Antclockuise altvecton. The torque prociuced nm te yotoy istransferved Fe tye S of tne Yotex and can be UHWized to alyive @ mechanical | Scanned with CamScannerTopic : Unit No. : * |Back EMF When the motor armature Yodotes, {35 Conductors cut ne magnetic tum, Therefore, the EMP vototion Ey is induced in Ahem. Tn cage of o Moher, *he ems of votolion is kmown as back em or Counter Em, ~ NPSz Eermeoia = s - | the back em? opposes the aPppiied Voltage. 7] ek G Die matey Aymature:- ¢ vy con be vepresemsed bY Gn €9. Cet w[Equivejent coxcact =| the armakuve of D-¢ mote ~ |2y cam be represented by three Senies- comnected elements E, Ra amd Vo =the equivatem} circuit of the armature of a 0c Motey Shown in Pig. eT Ne = S wi Ra 4 Vv S i e Fig: Equivatent cireuil of the aymature ofa Dc moter, ( Te de the anmahiee is ~ lama moter, current fous From the line against He generated Voltoge. By KVL Ve Eye taka --~ co | ‘Ey taka hiheve, V- 8: tate Vz moter terminal vettage [= Bee zal -— ow Eps Bock emt Re Zac Avmojuve curvent Eq. 00 is the fundamental pr Raz Prmahre Resistance, = [BASS Seem Arak Hhe back emf E ef fhe moter 1S always less than terminal Vetrage. Vv. =| TL Phe Vettoqe dp VE in tre brushes V's aise considered Ham by kVL -— : Ve E+ takat Ve] -- Scanned with CamScanner* | Topic : Unit No, Torque Equation of a 0-C: Moter Sr The velation between the torque and Power (Ho Dexivation) . is as follows: nad |see -"* ANd: Velocity Ler T= Ta = Gross Tevque Torque developed by armature Pr Pens Greess mechanical Pourey developed by the matey. Ponz taz Tax 200 608 ° Pene Hees ann Pez “ota “ag: ta oR The St unik is Nem P,zandA are constant hus the torque oleveloped by a dec moter 15 propertmnal to the main Hur 4 ac well al armature cusemt. Ta Scanned with CamScannerTopic : ItNo. : * brypes cf Oo. c. Mote rs Unit Nor srheve ave Pour ayped of Dic. Moters!- A. Dec Series Torey 2. D:c. Shunt Morey 3. Compound Moters U, Sepevarely ericited Dc motoy. =| the classification of D-c Morers is Shown in fg D-c. Motor. | oat Uy] doe Shunt Oc Series CiDc Compound “vsepavately exci a Mokey Morey. mossy De mosey ¥ 4 Showa Shunt Leng Shunt comPound compound de. Toters de motors. Fig: Classification of OC motors Dee Shunt ioiey o- tithe machine in which the Held Coils ave Covmected in pevaliel with the aymatuye is coved Shun} moter |? A ~|-thig is the most common Fy Pe af O-c Moker. she fierad winding is connected in parallel with’ arena tare ag Shown in #g crhe yetistance of Shunt Held winding CRsp) iS aeads highey Fig: D.c Shunt moter Fran Trak of thre armature winding (Ra). this is because the numbey sf turd for phe Ferd winding is move than Mot st the armature winding The cyess-SecHanal area of the wive USed fox the Held windin lis smaitey dan Hak ot the wire Wed for avmaiure windir ThE current, Voltage & Pousey eqn, for Shunk motor ave waitin, Scanned with CamScannerUnit No. : =| By Ket ar: jumedion a of Kg. sum of incomming Current ab A = sum sf outgoing current akA cae Linere, [pater in do» Impur line carvent poenbas tet) Tae Armature current Seyo Shunt etd current + |Voltage Equoten -| Voltage @qh ave written by using Kvt “L| gay Field winding civeutt Ne Teh Psh oo 09 for armature winding Grcuik V2 E+ taRa---- On) Power mpur = Mechanical power cleveloped + losses in armature + losses io fieid Vi= Pmt TdRat Ish Rsk --- Ov) Met Nias Pmt Td Rat V ton sh Rs Proc VI-V teh - Tar Ra n Vl a-Ish)~ Teh Ra : Taz F- Ish = VTa- TeRa = CV- Ta Ra) Ta —— [pms E-te [---G9 — |ApPicatins of be Shunt mere Ib Blowers and fans &. Machine tools. Llothe Machines 3. Milling machines B. OriNing machines G. cemmifiget and vecifiocaring pumps. exc | Scanned with CamScannerTopic : 7 Unit No. : O-c. Sevies Motoy :- . ce The machine in Which the field Coil ave connected in Series With the armoture is called a series motoy.** sthe resistance of the Series Held usinding CR) iS THUch Smaller as compared te Hat of Yre armature Ree vesistance (Ra)- I Tse Current Equox ont Vv ta Apprying Kel per ing ed 20 Applying “EvL = V-tseRse- Ta@a- E50 Viz E+ IaRa+ Ise Rse Vr E+ tRatt se —— Ve Et T (Rat Peed] - Power Equotion > matvipwing ear cn) by t ‘) Teter Tse ony Nin Ent tt C Rat hse) --- 0) sey Tnpar = Mech: Power cleveloped * losses In the armen + Power losses in tne Fretd Vite Prt T’Rat t*Rse Compairing eqnQrs GO) fm Ege] --- Cv) Applicat eT Dec Series Motes 4. cranes. 2- FrolleyS. 3. Eleciyic Locomotves. 4. Comveyous $. Hoists, Elevators. ere. Scanned with CamScanneree . Unit No. = ~|D.c. Motor Chavackeni sties i - [there ace three tYPe st chavacter!stics: 4. Torque - Avmature current characteristics C7 Ve Ta) > - this is the chara, which el ealied aa electrical chara, pet the tevque 4 arm, current = This chara. is alse 9. Speed- Armature cuvnent chevackeristes + CN Vs Za) > _ rhig graph Shows the welakionship beym speed Gare. current = The effect 4 leading can be judged from tis Chava 3. speed - Torque characteristics: (CN Ve TJ i> ~ Thisqeaph Shews the veloHon between speed and torque. at ts alge colied as mechanical Characteristics, Now we ave going Je plet Hhene Chor. for chi Ht. Hyper 4 De meter, Characierighes of Dee. Shunt Meter’ - 4. Torque. Avmature Current ChavacterisHes: =| por a constony Values of Psy and suepty | Ta Voltage WW), Tgp is Also Comttant and _ ten «, ww ra ’ hemce Lux C4) 1s arse Constant Tey t ) 1 7 ol te] The eqn. represents a sivarght line, ‘ passing fweough tre origin, as shown | Tyot veal ee a Cnc Vea | im dey ae ern ta =| torque increases nearly with oma: Fa: TVs Tatoy Shunk eter ture current =| so od lead imevemel, armature Geren’ Increcsed ineveasing ye ferque developed Mnearty |= [om mo toad Tenze bul cee. forgque {6 Pasent which ff fuhy emctugh te |_| overcome Skrey losses Shoun ay Tas. The curren} equired 14 i 0 + Produce Te Po 1 Imo lene ts Produce Tas Ten Graph har an intercept cf Tae on the Taxte | Scanned with CamScanner