SELF – LEARNING MODULE IN SCIENCE 10

S.Y. 2020-2021

Prepared by:

VENUS MAY ANN C. CASPE

JHS Science Teacher
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY
(MELC)-BASED
SCIENCE - GRADE 10

The Learners
demonstrate
understanding of the
relationship of
volcanoes,
earthquake
epicenters and
mountain ranges.

The Learners should be able to:

FIRST
1. Demonstrate ways to ensure disaster
(1st) preparedness during earthquake, tsunamis
and volcanic eruptions.
QUARTER 2. Suggest ways by which he/she can contribute
government efforts in reducing damage due to
earthquakes tsunamis and volcanic eruptions.
 S10ES –Ia-j-36.1 - Week 1-3
EARTH AND SPACE
Describe and relate the distribution of active
volcanoes, earthquake epicenters and major THE PLATE TECTONIC
mountain belts to Plate Tectonic theory

Plate Tectonic Theory

Active Volcano
Mountain Belts
Earthquake and Epicenter

S10ES –Ia-j-36.2 - Week 4

EARTH AND SPACE
Describe the differenet types of plate
boundaries PLATE BOUNDARIES

Divergent Boundary
Convergent Boundary
Transform Boundary

S10ES –Ia-j-36.3 - Week 5-6

EARTH AND SPACE
Explain the different processes that occur
along the plate boundaries GEOLOGIC PROCESSES

Mountains
Volcanoes
Trenches
Rift Valleys

S10ES –Ia-j-36.5 - Week 7 EARTH AND SPACE

Describe the possible causes of plate movement
CAUSES OF PLATE MOVEMENT

Subduction
Convection Current
Gravity
Thermal Convection
Slab pull

S10ES –Ia-j-36.6 - Week 8

EARTH AND SPACE
Enumerate the lines of evidence that
support plate movement EVIDENCES OF PLATE MOVEMENT

Continental Drift Theory

Sea-Floor Spreading
Mid-Oceanic Ridge
 S10ES –Ia-j-36.1 - Week 1-3
EARTH AND SPACE
Describe and relate the distribution of active
volcanoes, earthquake epicenters and major THE PLATE TECTONIC
mountain belts to Plate Tectonic theory

PRE- ACTIVITY: COMPLETE THE WORD SEARCH

A Q W E R R B O U N D A R Y E N B Y U O
R T A D W E Q T E S S E N T I A L N N G
O R C G T S A G C O R R E C T I P O R H
K A I R Y P Z B M V I R U S N O L T S D
S C I L U I W N O X D O N O M Z A H I A
V H O P I S S M U H G U P C A R T I B R
B E C B O A T F T B E T S A F E E N L M
T A M X P T C L H T O P V R O O N G O O
A S F L G O H J K L M X P B R T U I O U
M G P U R L A U R A S I A O C R O F D N
A O A N E Y L K J H G F N N O S E U I T
G I R G T H C S Y S T E G D R O P R E A
M N T S B W I H S N G O E I E E L C F I
A C I E N C E P B M E S A O T I P S K N
RS B R E A S I A N G R O W X B V I O H F
P K N B F E X F U V A W R I E R D H O M
H K M B F R T O T E C T O N I C X Z G U
M N B V C X Z A S F G H J E U C E L L S
X C V B N M K L A S E R Y O P Z O R I J
W E R T Y A L I T H O S P H E R E M W B

PANGEA LITHOSPHERE PLATE CRUST

TECTONIC MOUNTAIN RIDGE ASIA
BOUNDARY LAURASIA MAGMA CORE

Have you ever wondered how the land masses, the islands and continents, were
formed? Did they just exist the way they are now or the results of a long process
and sequential events?

In this lesson, you will learn about the Plate Tectonic Th eory.

Specifically, you will:

a. Identify the tectonic plates of the world; and,
b. Demonstrate an understanding of the theory of plate tectonics.

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 PLATE TECTONIC

• A theory first proposed by scientist Alfred Lothar Wegener in 1912. (born:

Nov.1 1880- Nov 1930)

• Plate tectonics is the modern version of Continental Drift,

o Continental drift - a theory that explained how continents shift
position on Earth's surface

• It Refers to the Theory of drifting continents wherein plate tectonics explains

the features and movement of Earth's surface in the present and the past.

• It is also a theory that the Earth's Lithosphere which is rigid, rocky part of
the outer layer consisting of the crust and the solid outermost layer of the
upper mantle.

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EARTH’s THREEE MAJOR LAYER

⚫ CRUST
➢ Serves as an insulator that prevents the extremely high temperature of
the interior from reaching the surface
➢ temperature rises 2 degrees - 3 degrees for every 100 meters you go down
deeper.

TWO TYPES OF CRUST:

CONTINENTAL CRUST OCEANIC CRUST

➢ The continental crust is much ➢ The oceanic crust is thinner

thicker. ➢ The oceanic crust is denser than
➢ Mainly made up of silicon, the continental crust.
oxygen, aluminum. calcium, ➢ Found under the ocean floor and
sodium and potassium is made of dense rocks such as
➢ The continental crust is less basalt
dense than the oceanic crust. ➢ The oceanic crust is much
➢ It is made up of less dense rocks younger geologically than the
such as granite continental crust.
➢ Outermost layer
of Earth’s lithosphere and forms
nearly all of Earth’s land
surface.

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 ⚫ MANTLE
➢ a very thick layer below the crust extending to about 2900 kilometers
➢ mostly solid rock of oxides of silicon, magnesium and iron

✓ ASTHENOSPHERE - a thin region within the upper mantle that is

partly molten or also known as the “ZONE OF WEAKNESS” because
magma is subjected to the tremendous pressure of the crustal plates

✓ LITHOSPHERE - this is a crust and solid mantle above the

Asthenosphere.

• Lithosphere believed to cause the following geologic features:

o It causes Earthquake
o It causes Volcanism
o It causes Mountain building
o It induces recycling of elements within the biosphere and between the
geosphere and biosphere.

• The lithosphere is said to be in constant but slow motion. These motions

can range widely. This movement of the lithosphere is called
TECTONIC.

• Lithospheric plates - are regions of Earth's crust and upper mantle

that are fractured into plates that move across a deeper plasticine
mantle.
• The lithospheric plates move very slowly but constantly, and this
movement is called TECTONIC; thus, the theory of moving lithospheric
plates which suggest that Earth's crust is made up of plates that interact
in various ways, thus producing earthquakes, mountains, volcanoes and
other geologic features. is called PLATE TECTONIC

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 ⚫ CORE
➢ the central region of the Earth’s interior

INNER CORE OUTER CORE

Made up of Iron and Nickel (SOLID) 2900 kilometers below the Earth's
Radius of 1300 kilometers surface
5000 °C in temperature 2250 kilometers in thick
Made up or Iron and Nickel (LIQUID)
2000 °C in temperature

SEVEN MAJOR TECTONIC PLATES EIGHT MINOR TECTONIC PLATES

1. African Plate 1. Arabian Plate

2. Antarctic Plate 2. Caribbean Plate
3. Eurasian Plate 3. Cocos Plate
4. Indian Australian Plate 4. Nazca Plate
5. North American Plate 5. Juan de Fuca Plate
6. Pacific Plate 6. Philippine Sea Plate
7. South American Plate 7. Scotia Plate
8. Okhotsk Plate

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POST-ACTIVITY: Answer the following questions and Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The central region of the Earth’s Interior

___________________________________
2. Who proposed the Theory of Plate tectonic?
___________________________________
3-5. Write at least 3 geologic features that may occur when Lithospheric plates are
constantly moving.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

6. Lithospheric plates move very slowly but constantly, and this movement is
called?
___________________________________
7. This is a crust and solid mantle above the Asthenosphere.
___________________________________
8. Regions of Earth’s crust and upper mantle that are fractured into plates that
move across a deeper plasticine mantle
___________________________________
9. A theory that explained how continents shift position on Earth's surface.
___________________________________
10-16. What are the Seven Major Tectonic Plates?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
17. A thin region within the upper mantle that is partly molten or also known as
the “ZONE OF WEAKNESS”
___________________________________
18-20. TRUE or FALSE
______The Continental crust is denser than the oceanic crust.
______The Oceanic crust is Mostly made up of Basalt
______The Continental crust is much younger geologically than the continental
crust

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 VOLCANO

PRE-ACTIVITY
What can you find out about volcanoes? Answer the questions below and Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is a Volcano?
________________________________________________

2. How is a volcano formed?

________________________________________________

3. Name some famous volcanoes in the Philippines.

________________________________________________

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Facts:
• Philippines is considered as part of the Pacific Ring of Fire because this is
can be seen in the number of volcanoes in the region as well as the
frequency of earthquakes in the country.
• The Pacific Ring of Fire or The Ring of Fire is a major area in the basin of
the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.

DISTRIBUTION OF VOLCANOES IN THE WORLD

What is a Volcano?

Volcanoes are manifestations of the fiery power contained deep within the
Earth. These formations are essentially venting on the Earth's surface where molten
rock, debris, and gases from the planet's interior are emitted and often forming a
hill or mountain.
Volcanoes form when magma is forced
up and flows onto earth Earth’s surface as
lava. Volcanoes often form in places where
plates are moving apart, where plates are
moving together, and at locations called hot
spots. Active volcanoes are commonly found
at plate boundaries.
Volcanoes tend to exist along the edges
between tectonic plates, massive rock slabs
that make up Earth's surface. About 90
percent of all volcanoes exist within the Ring
of Fire along the edges of the Pacific Ocean.

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 VOLCANO and its STRUCTURE

from the surrounding rocks

cause the magma to blast or
melt a conduit (channel) t
PRESSURE other surface where magma
erupts onto the surface
through a vent

The Magma, now called Lava - builds up at the vent

forming a volcano

Often the volcano sides will

be higher than the vent
CRATER forming a depression

An unusually large crater or

the remains when the cone
CALDERRA collapses into its own
magma chamber

The above ground structure

built from lava and or
CONE Tephra.

The path that magma takes

from the magma chamber to
CONDUIT the vent

The reservoir located under

the volcano where magma
MAGMA CHAMBER collects and becomes the
supply of magma/lava to
build the volcano

A smaller secondary volcano

built on the side of or near
PARASITIC CONE the main volcano, but
sharing the same conduit to
the magma chamber

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 A secondary vent that emits
only gases
FUMAROLE

A long fissure (crack) from

which lave flows
VOLCANIC FISSURE:

Opening of the volcano,

through which lava, ash and
VENT gases flow

• Rock fragments
• VOLCANIC DUST -
TEPHRA Smallest particles
and carried by
atmosphere
circulation

Hot avalanches of lava

fragments and volcanic gases
PYROCLASTIC FLOW are formed by the collapse of
lava flows or eruption clouds

• Volcanic Ash with

0.25-0.5 cm diameter
VOLCANIC ASH • generally, settles out
within mile of the
cone but can carried
greater distances by
stronger winds.
• Forms a mudflow
when mixed with
water

❑ Smaller bombs
(gravel. pea size) are
VOLCANIC BOMBS called CINDERS
❑ Walnut size bombs
are called LAPILLI
❑ Larger fragments up
to 4+ feet in diameter
are called BOMBS

Water vapor, carbon dioxide,

nitrogen, sulfur dioxide,
GASES hydrogen sulfide, chlorine

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 Mixture of ash, eroded land,
and water flowing down
LAHAR river valleys

LOCATION OF VOLCANOES

DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES

As the plate move long cracks(rifts)

form and lava builds up forming
volcanoes

• if the boundary is on the ocean

floor, volcanoes can grow tall
enough to break the surface of
the ocean and become an island

CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES

• places where plates are moving

toward each other forming a
subduction zone.
• One plate melts under the other
and the magma moves upward
to form volcanoes

TYPES OF VOLCANOES

STRATOVOLCANOES/COMPOSITE
VOLCANOES
• large mountain volcano often
snow-capped, a few miles high
• Life span of million years or
more
• Formed of layers of lava and
ashes* tephra)
• tephra adds height to the volcano
and the lava cements the tephra
together and adds to the base
• Lava is viscous
• Distinct cone shape

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SHIELD VOLCANOES
• Formed of widespread layers of
lava low in silica
• a few miles wide
• Life span of a million years or
more
• The lava is hot, thin, very fluid,
often basaltic
• low viscosity, lava travels very far
• Low form spread over a great
distance

CINDER CONES
• small base, steep-sided, loosely
consolidated
• up to 1000 feet tall
• Life span of a few years
• Commonly built form gravel size
lava rock fragments called
cinders
• Has violent eruptions, dangerous
when close
• High pressure gas bubbles cause
thick lava to explode into the air,
• when lava hits the ground, it
sticks rather than flows

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 Three Ddifferent Ttypes of Eeruptions:

Phreatic eruption Explosive eruptions Effusive (QUIET)

Eeruptions
driven by the superheating gas-driven explosions that
of steam via contact with propels magma and tephra. outpouring of lava
magma; these eruptive without significant
types often exhibit no explosive eruption
magmatic release, instead
causing the granulation of
existing rock.

VOLCANO ACTIVITY LEVELS

ACTIVE (awake) DORMANT (sleeping EXTINCT (potential)

/ inactive)
Has erupted within • No recorded
recent time and can • No eruption eruption, may or
erupt again at any time within recent may not expected
times, but there is to erupt
record of past
eruptions.
• Can become active
and erupt again
after a “wake up”
period

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POST-ACTIVITY: Volcano Labelling Activity.
Draw and label the parts of a Volcano. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

Possible Answers:

1. Magma chamber 2. Bedrock 3. Vent 4. Base 5. Sill 6. Dike 7. Layers of ash 8. Flank 9.
Layers of lava 10. Throat 11. Parasitic cone 12. Lava flow 13. Vent 14. Crater 15. Ash
cloud.

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 VOLCANIC BELTS OF THE WORLD

1. THE CIRCUM-PACIFIC BELT

This is the most important belt of volcanoes. This is the also called Ring of
Fire. The belt extends through the Andes of South America, Central America,
Mexico, the Cascade Mountains of Western United States, the Aleutain Islands,
Kamchatka, the Kuril Isles, Japan, the Philippines, Celebes, New Guinea, the
Solomon Islands, New Caledonia and New Zealand.
This belt has 80 active volcanoes. The Circum-Pacific belt meets the mid-
continental belt in the East Indies. This belt is characterized by high volcanic cones
and volcanic mountains. The volcanoes of the AIeutian Island, Hawaii Island and
Japan are found in Chains.
Cotapaxi is the highest volcanic mountain (6035m) in the world. Other
important volcanoes found in this belt are Fuziyama, Shasta, Rainer and
Hood. In Alaska there is a Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. It may be pointed out
that in this belt volcanic eruptions occur because of the subduction of the Pacific
plate below the Asiatic plate.
In Equador, South America, there are about 22 volcanoes out of which 15 are
more than 11450 metres above the sea level. Besides, other high volcanic mountains
are St. Helens (Washington, U.S.A.), Kilavea (Hawaii Island U.S.A.), Mt.
Taal, Pinatubo and Mayon (Philippines). It may be mentioned that the
volcanoes of Hawaii Island are situated in the intra- plate region.

Fig. 2. Pacific Ring of Fire

2. THE CONTINENTAL BELT

This belt has various volcanoes of the Alpine mountain chain Mediterranean
Sea (Stromboli, Vesuvius, Etna etc.), Volcanoes of the Aegean Sea. Mt. Ararat,
Elburz and Hindukush are also included in this belt.
In the region where the boundaries of Persia, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan
meet, there are several volcanic cones of large size, and one or two of them emit
steam and other gases. This region has also a few extinct volcanoes.

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 Fig. 3 Mid-Continental Belt

3.THEMID- ATLANTIC BELT

As the name indicates, this belt includes the volcanoes of the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge. The volcanoes associated with the Atlantic Ocean are located either on swells
or ridges rising from the sea floor, or on or near the edge of the continent where it
slopes abruptly into the deep oceanic basins. However, in each case, the volcanoes
are associated with zones of crystal movement.
The volcanoes formed along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge actually represent the
splitting zone of the American plate moving towards west and the Eurasian plate
moving towards east.
In the splitting zone stated above there is constant upwelling of magmas.
Thus, it is a zone of crustal weakness. Volcanoes in this belt are generally of fissure-
eruption type. Volcanoes of Lesser Antilles, Azores, St. Helens, etc. are included in
this belt.

Fig. 3 Mid-Atlantic Ridge

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 MOUNTAINS

PRE-ACTIVITY: Matching Type:

Connect Column A (Type of mountain) to Column B (correct
illustration. Write your answer in a separate paper.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1. Fold Mountains

2. Fault-block Mountains

3. Dome Mountains

4. Volcanic Mountains

5. Plateau Mountains

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 Mountain is a landform that
rises prominently above its surroundings,
generally exhibiting steep slopes, a
relatively confined summit area, and
considerable local relief. Mountains
generally are understood to be larger
than hills, but the term has no
standardized geological meaning. Very
rarely do mountains occur individually.
In most cases, they are found in elongated
ranges or chains. When an array of such
ranges is linked together, it constitutes a
mountain belt.
When two continental plates meet
head-on, neither is subducted. Instead,
the crust tends to buckle and be pushed
upward causing formation of mountain
ranges and other highlands.
The plates are in constant motion,
as they interact along their margins, the
important geological
processes take place, such as the
formation of mountain belts,
earthquakes, and volcanoes.

TYPES OF MOUNTAINS

• Fold Mountains (Folded Mountains)

• Fault-block Mountains (Block Mountains)
• Dome Mountains
• Volcanic Mountains
• Plateau Mountains

These different types of mountain names not only distinguish the physical
characteristics of the mountains, but also how they were formed.

FOLD MOUNTAIN
Fold mountains are the most common type of mountain. The world’s largest
mountain ranges are fold mountains. These ranges were formed over millions of
years.
Fold mountains are formed when two plates collide head on, and their edges
crumbled, much the same way as a piece of paper folds when pushed together.
.The upward folds are known as anticlines, and
the downward folds are synclines.

Examples of fold mountains include:

• Himalayan Mountains in Asia
• the Alps in Europe
• the Andes in South America
• the Rockies in North America
• the Urals in Russia

The Himalayan Mountains were formed when

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FAULT-BLOCK MOUNTAIN
These mountains form when faults or cracks in the earth's crust force some
materials or blocks of rock up and others down.
Instead of the earth folding over, the earth's
crust fractures (pulls apart). It breaks up into
blocks or chunks. Sometimes these blocks of
rock move up and down, as they move apart
and blocks of rock end up being stacked on
one another.

Often fault-block mountains have a steep

front side and a sloping back side.

Examples of fault-block mountains include:

• the Sierra Nevada mountains in
North America
• the Harz Mountains in Germany
Fig. 2 Sierra Nevada Mountains

DOME MOUNTAIN
Dome mountains are the result of a great amount of melted rock (magma) pushing
its way up under the earth crust. Without actually erupting onto the surface, the
magma pushes up overlaying rock layers. At some point, the magma cools and forms
hardened rock. The uplifted area created by rising magma is called a dome because
of looking like the top half of a sphere (ball). The rock layers over the hardened
magma are warped upward to form the dome. But the rock layers of the surrounding
area remain flat.
As the dome is higher than its surroundings, erosion by wind and rain occurs from
the top. This results in a circular mountain range. Domes that have been worn away
in places form many separate peaks called Dome Mountains.

VOLCANIC MOUNTAIN
As the name suggests, volcanic mountains are formed by volcanoes.
Volcanic Mountains are formed when molten
rock (magma) deep within the earth, erupts,
and piles upon the surface. Magna is called
lava when it breaks through the earth's crust.
When the ash and lava cools, it builds a cone
of rock. Rock and lava pile up, layer on top of
layer.

Examples of volcanic mountains include:

• Mount St. Helens in North America

• Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines
• Mount Kea and Mount Loa in Hawaii
Fig. 3 Mount Pinatubo

PLATEAU MOUNTAIN
Plateau mountains are not formed by internal activity. Instead, these mountains are
formed by erosion. Plateaus are large flat areas that have been pushed above sea

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level by forces within the Earth, or have been formed by layers of lava. The
dictionary describes these as large areas of ‘high levels’ of flat land, over 600 meters
above
sea level.

Plateau mountains are often found near folded mountains. As years pass, streams
and rivers erode valleys through the plateau, leaving mountains standing between
the valleys.

The mountains in New Zealand are examples of plateau mountains

MOUNTAIN RANGE
A mountain range is a group or chain of mountains that are close together.
Mountain ranges are usually separated from other mountain ranges by passes and
rivers.

What is the highest mountain range in the world?

The Himalayas are the highest mountain

range in the world.
Fig. 1 Himalayas

What is the longest mountain range in the world?

The Andes Mountains form the longest mountain

range in the world.
Fig.2 Andes Mountains

WELL KNOWN MOUNTAIN RANGES

Himalayas
The Himalayas are the highest mountain range in the world. Over 30 peaks in the
Himalayas are over 24,000 ft/7315m high.
The Himalayas, literally translated as 'Land of Snow',
The Himalayas are the great mountain system of Asia. They form a 1,500-mile
broad crescent through Northeastern Pakistan, Northern India, Southern Tibet,
Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan.
The Himalayas is one of the youngest mountain ranges in the world.

Alps
The Alps is a vast mountain system in south central
Europe. About 13 million people live in the Alps in
over 6,000 communities.

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 Fig.3 Alps

The Alps are one of the largest and highest mountain ranges in the world, covering
some 192,000km2 of land area, stretching over 750 miles (1,200 km) from Austria
and Slovenia in the east, through Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Germany to
France in the west.
The Alps includes several hundred peaks and glaciers, including numerous peaks
over 12,000 feet, with Mont Blanc highest at 15,771 feet.

Andes
The Andes are the second highest Mountain
Range in the world with many peaks rising over
20,000 feet.

The Andes Mountains are the longest mountain

range in the world. They stretch 4,500 miles
(7,200 km) from north to south, along the west
coast of the continent.
Fig.4 Andes
Where are the Andes?

The Andes Mountains are located in South America, running north to south
along the western coast of the continent.

Rockies

The Rocky Mountains are a vast mountain

system in Western North America, extending
north-south from Canada to New Mexico, a
distance of about 3,000 miles (4800 km). The
highest peak is Mount Elbert, in Colorado, which
is 14,440 feet (4401 m) above sea level.
Fig.5 Rockies

Karakoram

The Karakoram is a great mountain range in

Northeast Pakistan and Northern India, near the
Chinese border. It extends 300 miles
southeastwardly and includes many of the
world’s highest peaks, and many of the world's
longest glaciers.
Fig.6 Karakoram

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POST-ACTIVITY: Fill in the correct answer. Write your answer on a
separate paper.

TYPE OF CHARACTERICTICS LOCATION

MOUNTAIN

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 EARTHQUAKE

Earthquake is any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic
waves through Earth’s rocks. Seismic waves are produced when some form of energy stored
in Earth’s crust is suddenly released, usually when masses of rock straining against one
another suddenly fracture and “slip.”
Earthquakes occur most often along geologic faults, narrow zones where rock masses
move in relation to one another. The major fault lines of the world are located at the fringes
of the huge tectonic plates that make up Earth’s crust.
Most earthquakes occur at plate boundaries when rocks break and move along
faults. Seismic waves provide data that can be interpreted to determine earthquake
locations and features of Earth’s interior.

WHAT CAUSES EARTHQUAKE?

➢ There are about 20 plates along the surface of the earth that move
continuously and slowly past each other.
➢ When the plates squeeze or stretch, huge rocks form at their edges and the
rocks shift great force, causing an earthquake.
➢ As the plates move, they put forces on themselves and each other, when the
force is large enough, the crust is forced to break.
➢ When the break occurs, the stress is released as energy, which moves through
the Earth in the form of waves, which we feel and call an earthquake

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ANATOMY of an EARTHQUAKE

• Fault - is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults

allow the blocks to move relative to each other.

• Creep- a slow continual movement that occurs along the fault line, and
hardly felt
• Epicenter - is the point on the Earth's surface that is directly above the
hypocenter or focus

• Hypocenter or Focus -the underground focus point of an earthquake.

TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE

❑ Tectonic earthquake is one that occurs when the earth's crust breaks due to
geological forces on rocks and adjoining plates that cause physical and
chemical changes.
❑ Volcanic earthquake is any earthquake that results from tectonic forces
which occur in conjunction with volcanic activity.
❑ Collapse earthquake are small earthquakes in underground caverns and
mines that are caused by seismic waves produced from the explosion of
rock on the surface.
❑ Explosion earthquake is an earthquake that is the result of the detonation of
a nuclear and/or chemical device.

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TYPES OF FAULT

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TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE WAVES

BODY WAVES
• Body waves and surface waves are the two types of seismic waves formed
during great earthquakes. P waves and S waves are called body waves
because they travel through the body of the Earth.
• Body waves travel through the interior of the Earth.
• Body waves are of two types: Primary waves (also called P-waves, or
pressure waves) and Secondary waves (S-waves, or shear waves).

PRIMARY (P) WAVE SECONDARY (S) WAVE

• P-waves are compression waves. • S-waves (Secondary wave)
• P waves travel away from the focus are shear waves.
of an earthquake where the rocks • S waves travel in a motion
first fractured by compressing and similar to a rope held tight at
expanding the rocks as they can one end while the other end is
propagate in solid or liquid lifted rapidly back and forth.
material.

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• P waves travel through all parts of • S waves only travel through
the Earth. solids and do not travel
through the liquid outer core
of the Earth.

SURFACE WAVES
• They propagate only at the interface between two different media, like the
interface between Earth and atmosphere
• Produces motion in the upper crust
• Travel more slowly than P and S wave
• Love waves and Rayleigh waves travel only on the surface of the Earth
and cause the most destruction.

LOVE WAVE (Q WAVE) RAYLEIGH WAVE (R WAVE)

• HOUGH LOVE • Rayleigh waves also move on
• Love waves travel at 10,000 miles the surface but are closer to
per hour as they race around the how waves in the ocean move.
Earth's surface. • Their movement is circular in
• When P waves and S waves reach motion as they move through
the Earth's surface, they are the Earth but the circular
transformed into surface waves. motion is retrograde meaning
• Love waves move back and forth the waves circle backward as
in the direction they are traveling. they move forward.
Take a slinky and lay it on a table
and make waves that move
through the slinky as you move it
back and forth.

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Summary:

HOW TO DETECT EARTHQUAKE

• SEISMOLOGY - is the study of seismic waves, energy waves caused by

rock suddenly breaking apart within the earth or the slipping of tectonic
plates.
• Seismologists use two main devices to measure an earthquake:

SEISMOGRAPH SEISMOSCOPE
• Also known as Seismometer an instrument that gives a qualitative
• instrument used to detect, measure of the oscillatory motion
record and produced by an earthquake or other
measures seismic waves caused disturbance of the earth's surface.
by an earthquake.

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 MAIN DEVICES OF SEISMOGRAPH
Richter Magnitude Scale

• also known as local

Mmagnitude ML scale,
assigns a single number
to quantify the size of an
earthquake.
• The Richter magnitude
scale was developed in
1935 by Charles
F. Richter of the
California Institute of
Technology as a
mathematical device to
compare the size of
earthquakes.
• A seismometer detects the
vibrations caused by
an earthquake. It plots
these vibrations on a
seismograph. The
strength, or magnitude, of
an earthquake is
measured using the
Richter scale. ...
Earthquakes measuring a
round 7 or 8 on the
Richter scale can be
devastating.

Modified Mercalli Intensity

Scale

• Invented by Giuseppe
Mercalli in 1902, this
scale uses the
observations of the people
who experienced the
earthquake to estimate its
intensity.
• A scale of earthquake
intensity based on
observed effects and
ranging from I (detectable
only with instruments) to
XII (causing almost total
destruction).
• The effect of an
earthquake on the Earth's
surface is called
the intensity.
• The intensity
scale consists of a series
of certain key responses
such as people
awakening, movement of

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 furniture, damage to
chimneys, and finally -
total destruction.

Moment-Magnitude Scale

• (abbreviated as MMS;
denoted as Mw or M) is
used by seismologists to
measure the size of
earthquakes.
• Was introduced in 1979
by Hanks and Kanamori
and has since become the
most commonly used
method of describing the
size of a microseism.
• Moment magnitude
measures the size of
events in terms of how
much energy is released.
• Specifically, moment
magnitude relates to the
amount of movement by
rock (i.e. the distance of
movement along a fault or
fracture) and the area of
the fault or fracture
surface.
• Since moment magnitude
can describe something
physical about the event,
the moment magnitude is
also a more accurate scale
for describing the size of
events.

EFFECTS of EARTHQUAKE

• Landslide is the movement of

rock, debris or earth down a
slope. They result from the
failure of the materials which
make up the hill slope and are
driven by the force of gravity.
Landslides are known also as
landslips, slumps or slope
failure.

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• Shaking of the ground caused
by the passage of seismic
waves, especially surface waves
near the epicenter of the
earthquake are responsible for
the most damage during an
earthquake.

• Fires, often associated with

broken electrical and gas lines,
is one of the common side
effects of earthquakes. Gas is
set free as gas lines are broken
and a spark will start bringing
"inferno". To complicate things
water lines are broken and so
there is no water to extinguish
the fire.

• Soil liquefaction describes a

phenomenon whereby a
saturated or partially saturated
soil substantially loses strength
and stiffness in response to an
applied stress, usually
earthquake shaking or other
sudden change in stress
condition, causing it to behave
like a liquid

• Flooding can come from many

sources such as broken water
main pipes, dams that fail due to
the earthquake and earthquake-
generated tsunamis. When an
earthquake breaks a dam or
levee along a river, the water
from the river or the reservoir
floods the area, damaging
buildings and maybe sweeping
away or drowning people.

• Tsunami - the most dangerous

effects of an earthquake is a
Tsunami. Tsunamis are giant
waves that can cause floods and,
in some cases, may reach up to
100 feet in height.

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POST-ACTIVITY: Direction: Identify the following. Choose your
answer from the box below.

_____________1. The shaking or vibration of the ground surface in response to the

sudden release of energy caused by fault movement.
_____________2. The study of seismic waves, energy waves caused by rock
suddenly breaking apart within the earth or the slipping of tectonic plates.
_____________3. The point on the Earth's surface that is directly above the
hypocenter or focus.
_____________4. A fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock.
Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other.
_____________5. Type of earthquake which involves the detonation of a nuclear
and/or chemical device.
_____________6. A phenomenon whereby a saturated or partially saturated soil
substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress,
_____________7. A type of fault that pushes on the crust squeezing rock until it folds
or breaks, it occurs when plates are moving together.
_____________8. Are manifestations of the fiery power contained deep within the
Earth
_____________9. Type of Body wave that travels in a motion similar to a rope and can
only travel through solids.
_____________10. Also known as Seismometer and an instrument used to detect,
record and measures seismic waves caused by an earthquake.

Seismograph Volcano Seismology

Earthquake S wave Fault
Soil liquefaction Epicenter Explosion Reverse

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 S10ES –Ia-j-36.2 - Week 4 EARTH and SPACE

Describe the different types of Plate boundaries TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES

THREE TYPES OF TECTONIC BOUNDARIES

PLATE TECTONICS - Refers to the Theory of drifting continents.

According to this Theory, the Earth’s Lithosphere is divided into seven
major lithospheric plates, six of which are continental crustal plates :
AMERICAN, EURASIAN, AUSTRALIAN, AFRICAN, ANTARCTIC and
PACIFIC PLATES. The continental plates, being less dense than the
asthenosphere, are resting and moving about continously over the softer,
partly molten asthenosphere, causing their boundaries to bump againts
each other, rub past each other or move apart from each other. How they
move depends upon the the nature of their boundaries.

PLATE BOUNDARY - is a fracture or boundary that separates two

tectonic plates.

◼ SPREADING or DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES are found where the plates

move apart. The presence of RIDGES are proof of spreading boundaries.

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• COLLIDING or CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES are found where the
plates move towards or bump into each other. When an oceanic plate
collides with a continental plate, the denser oceanic plate is pushed below
the continental plate. TRENCHES are proof of colliding boundaries.
•

• FAULT or TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES are found where the plates

rub or slide past each other, FAULTS are cracks in the Earth’s Lithosphere.
When the edges of two plates rub each other, one is pused downward,
upward or sideways; and when this happens an earthquake occurs.

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POST-ACTIVITY:
Study the map. Tell whether the following plates is experiencing
convergent, divergent, or transform fault boundary.

1. Pacific Plate and North American Plate – _____________________

2. Eurasian Plate and Indian Plate – ________________________
3. Nazca Plate and South American Plate – ______________________
4. Pacific Plate and Australian Plate – ________________________
5. Arabian Plate and African Plate – ______________________

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 S10ES –Ia-j-36.3 - Week 5-6 EARTH and SPACE
Explain the different processes that occur along the
plate boundaries GEOLOGIC PROCESSES

GEOLOGIC PROCESSES
any natural process related to the geologic environment, these are
physical feature of the earth's surface - or of the rocks exposed at the surface -
that is formed by a geologic process.
Examples of these processes includes the formation of mountains and volcanoes,
ridges, valleys even river channels, caves and cliffs.

FEATURES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF BOUNDARIES

• CONVERGENT or DESTRUCTIVE BOUNDARY

Two plates are moving towards each other (continental and oceanic
crust) one will be subducted and an island arc will form.

MOUNTAINS:
Mountain is a landform that rises
prominently above its surroundings, generally
exhibiting steep slopes, a relatively confined
summit area, and considerable local relief.
Mountains generally are understood to be
larger than hills, but the term has no
standardized geological meaning

TRENCH (Submarine Valley)

Depression in the ground that is
generally deeper than it is wide, a long,
narrow opening underneath the ocean.
Subduction zones create trenches.

VOLCANIC ARC
a series of volcanoes that form near a
subduction zone
where the crust of
a sinking oceanic
plate melts and
drags water down
with the
subducting crust

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 • DIVERGENT or CONSTRUCTIVE BOUNDARY
Two plates are moving away from each other.
As the two plates separates, hot magma is able to rise to fill the “gap”
creating new crust. As magma continues to build up, new mountain
ranges from under the sea creating a mid-oceanic ridge

RIFT VALLEYS
a linear-shaped lowland between several
highlands or mountain ranges created by the
action of a geologic rift or fault.

MID-OCEAN RIDGE
An underwater mountain system formed by
plate tectonics.

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• TRANSFORM or CONSERVATIVE BOUNDARY
Two plates are moving alongside each other. Crust is neither created
or destroyed here but as both pressure and friction results during the
movement of the plats side by side, a “stick-slip” motion results in
the creation.

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POST-ACTIVITY: Fill in the table with the correct answer. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

TYPE OF PLAT ANOTHER RELATIVE GEOLOGIC

E BOUNDARY NAME MOTION OF THE FEATURES/EVENTS
PLATES (may occur)
(how does it
move)

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ACTIVE VOLCANOES IN THE PHILIPPINES

PRE-ACTIVITY: MATCHING TYPE

Connect Column A (Name of the volcano) to Column B (correct illustration.
Write your answer in a separate paper.

Column A Column B

1. Mount Mayon Albay

2. Mount Kanlaon Negros Oriental

3. Taal Volcano Batangas

4. Mount Bulusan Sorsogon

5. Mount Pinatubo Zambales

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Volcanoes of the Philippines
There are 53 active volcanoes in the Philippines. The Philippines belong to the Pacific Ring of
Fire where the oceanic Philippine plate and several smaller micro-plates are subducting along
the Philippine Trench to the E, and the Luzon, Sulu and several other small Trenches to the W.

Tectonic setting of the Philippines

The tectonic setting of the Philippines is complex. It is characterized by a number of small plates
squeezed between 2 convergent plate margins, separated by small subduction zones and major
transform faults. The currently active volcanoes in the Philippines are found on several
corresponding volcanic arcs, which can be simplified into two major N-S trending arcs, the
Luzon and Mindanao Volcanic Arcs.

The volcanoes of the Philippines are produced at the junction of the Philippines tectonic plate
and the Eurasian plate.

The volcanoes of the Philippines rank as the most deadly and costly in the world: about 13% of
its historic eruptions have caused fatalities, most notably at Taal and Mayon, and 22% of its
eruptions caused significant damage.

Lahars (mud flows) are very common in the Philippines, because the archipelago has often
heavy rains.

Tsunamis accompany eruptions in the Philippines more often than in any other volcanic region.

Since the establishment of PHILVOLCS (the Philippines Institute of Volcanology and

Seismology), the impact and damage of the eruptions has been significantly reduced.

Most Active Volcanoes in the

Philippines

According to the Philippine

Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS) Based on
documented eruptions over the years,
the six most active volcanoes are:

Mayon Volcano – since 1616, Mayon

has erupted 47 times
Taal Volvano – since the sixteenth
century, Taal has erupted more than
30 times
Mt. Kanlaon – erupted 30 times since
1819
Mt. Bulusan – erupted 15 times since
1885
Mt. Hibok-Hibok – erupted five times
in modern history
Mt. Pinatubo – erupted in 1991 after
being dormant for 600 years. From
June 12 to June 16, 1991, the volcano
erupted four times

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 S10ES –Ia-j-36.5 - Week 7 EARTH and SPACE

Describe the possible causes of Plate

Movement CAUSES OF PLATE MOVEMENT

1. Subduction - is a geological
process that takes place at
convergent boundaries of tectonic
plates where one plate moves
under another and is forced to
sink due to high gravitational
potential energy into the mantle.

2. Convection- a process which

involves the movement of energy
from one place to another. It exist
inside the Earth's mantle. The
mantle is not liquid; rather, the
solid rocks are so hot that they can
slowly flow. Hot, less dense rock
material goes toward the crust
whereas relatively denser, less hot
material goes toward the core.

WHAT CAUSES OF PLATES TO MOVE?

1. Gravity. The main driving force of plate tectonics is gravity. If a plate with
oceanic lithosphere meets another plate, the dense oceanic lithosphere dives
beneath the other plate and sinks into the mantle. This process is called subduction.
The sinking oceanic lithosphere drags the rest of the tectonic plate and this is the
main cause of plate motion. Oceanic lithosphere is therefore pulled apart in several
directions: that process creates the mid-ocean ridges where new, hot and light
oceanic crust is created.

2. Thermal convection. Picture this scenario: when you cook noodles in a pot of
water, you create convection cells. The noodles move upward in the middle of the
pot where the temperature is higher, and then downward on the edges of the pan
where the temperature is lower. Such convection cells exist inside the
Earth's mantle. One difference is that the mantle is not liquid; rather, the solid rocks

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are so hot that they can slowly flow. Hot, less dense rock material goes toward the
crust whereas relatively denser, less hot material goes toward the core.

3. Slab pull and ridge push. Slab pull occurs where gravity pulls the edge of a
cool, dense plate into the asthenosphere, as shown in the diagram below. Because
plates are rigid, the entire plate is dragged along. Ridge push occurs when material
from a mid-ocean ridge slides downhill from the ridge. The material pushes the rest
of the plate

Effects of Plate Movement

Historically, there has been a theory that the plates were only one, but because of
their constant movement, a large plate was broken and split apart, forming large
and small landmasses now called the “Continents.”

Because of the Plate tectonic most geologic activity occurred such as rock
formations, geologic environments, mineral resources, volcanoes and their
eruptions, landforms, mountain building processes, climate change, evolution,
folds, faults and earthquakes that balances the Earth in a way and has played a
critical role in nourishing life on Earth.

The movement of the plates creates three types of tectonic boundaries: convergent,
where plates move into one another; divergent, where plates move apart; and
transform, where plates move sideways in relation to each other.

They move at a rate of one to two inches (three to five centimeters) per year.

At present - Continent

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 S10ES –Ia-j-36.6 - Week 8 EARTH and SPACE

Enumerate the lines of evidence that support

plate movement EVIDENCES OF PLATE MOVEMENT

➢ CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

In 1912, Alfred Wegener, a German

meteorologist, proposed a theory that about 200
million years ago, the continents were once one
large landmass. He called this landmass
Pangaea, a Greek word which means “All Earth.”
This Pangaea started to break into two smaller
supercontinent called Laurasia and
Gondwanaland during the Jurassic Period.
These smaller supercontinents broke into the
continents and these continents separated and
drifted apart since then.

Evidences of Continental Drift Theory

1. The Continental Jigsaw Puzzle. The edge of one continent matches the edge of
another: South America and Africa fit together; India, Antarctica, and Australia match one
another; Eurasia and North America complete the whole continental puzzle in the north.

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2. Evidence from Fossils. Fossils are preserved remains or traces of organisms (plants
and animals) from the remote past. Fossilized leaves of an extinct plant Glossopteris were
found in 250 million years old rocks. These fossils were located in the continents of
Southern Africa, Australia, India, and Antarctica, which are now separated from each other
by wide oceans. The large seeds of this plant could not possibly travel a long journey by the
wind or survive a rough ride through ocean waves.

Fig 4 Distribution of Fossils across Glossopteris Fossil

Different Continents

Mesosaurus and Lystosaurus are freshwater reptiles. Fossils of these animals were
discovered in different continents, such as in South America and Africa. It is impossible for
these reptiles to swim over the vast oceans and move from one continent to another. Fossils
were also found in Antarctica. Could it be possible that they existed in this region where
temperature was very low? Or could it be possible that, long before, Antarctica was not in
its current position?

Fig 6 Mesosaurus Fossil

3. Evidence from Rocks. Fossils

found in rocks support the Continental
Drift Theory. The rocks themselves also
provide evidence that continents drifted
apart from each other. Example is Africa
fits South America. Rock formations in
Africa line up with that in South America
as if it was a long mountain range.
Wegener’s map also helps in the similar
matching rock formations found oceans
apart.

Fig 7 Wegener’s map on rock formations

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4. Coal Deposits. Coal beds were
formed from the compaction and
decomposition of swamp plants that
lived million years ago. These were
discovered in South America, Africa,
Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia,
and even in Antarctica.
The current location of
Antarctica could not sustain
substantial amount of life. If there is
a substantial quantity of coal in it,
thus, it only means that Antarctica
must have been positioned in a part of
the Earth where it once supported
large quantities of life. This leads to
the idea that Antarctica once
experienced a tropical climate, thus,
it might have been closer before to the equator.

➢ SEA-FLOOR SPREADING
• A geologic process in which tectonic plates—large slabs of Earth's
lithosphere—split apart from each other.
• Seafloor spreading and other tectonic activity processes are the result of
mantle convection.
• Mantle convection is the slow, churning motion of Earth’s mantle.
Convection currents carry heat from the lower mantle and core to the
lithosphere. Convection currents also “recycle” lithospheric materials back to
the mantle.
• Seafloor spreading occurs at divergent plate boundaries. As tectonic plates
slowly move away from each other, heat from the mantle’s convection
currents makes the crust more plastic and less dense. The less-dense material
rises, often forming a mountain or elevated area of the seafloor.

• Seafloor Spreading Rate

As time goes by the sea floor is constantly spreading. The movement of the
spreading is not very fast, and is normally determined in centimeters per year.

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The Theory of Seafloor Spreading
• Theory that oceanic crust forms along submarine mountain zones, known
collectively as the mid-ocean ridge system, and spreads out laterally away
from them.
• by 1953, American oceanic cartographer Marie Tharp had created the first
of several maps that revealed the presence of an underwater mountain
range more than 16,000 km (10,000 miles) long in the Atlantic—the Mid-
Atlantic Ridge.
• The seafloor spreading hypothesis was proposed by the American
geophysicist Harry H. Hess in 1960. On the basis of Tharp’s efforts an d
other new discoveries about the deep-ocean floor, Hess postulated that
molten material from Earth’s mantle continuously wells up along the crests
of the mid-ocean ridges that wind for nearly 80,000 km (50,000 miles)
through all the world’s oceans.

MID-OCEAN RIDGE
• Seafloor spreading occurs along mid-ocean ridges—large mountain ranges
rising from the ocean floor. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, for instance, separates
the North American plate from the Eurasian plate, and the South American
plate from the African plate. The East Pacific Rise is a mid-ocean ridge that
runs through the eastern Pacific Ocean and separates the Pacific plate from
the North American plate, the Cocos plate, the Nazca plate, and the Antarctic
plate. The Southeast Indian Ridge marks where the southern Indo-
Australian plate forms a divergent boundary with the Antarctic plate.

• Seafloor spreading is not consistent at all mid-ocean ridges. Slowly spreading

ridges are the sites of tall, narrow underwater cliffs and mountains. Rapidly
spreading ridges have a much more gentle slopes.

• The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, for instance, is a slow spreading center. It spreads

2-5 centimeters (.8-2 inches) every year and forms an ocean trench about the
size of the Grand Canyon. The East Pacific Rise, on the other hand, is a fast

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 • spreading center. It spreads about 6-16 centimeters (3-6 inches) every year.
There is not an ocean trench at the East Pacific Rise, because the seafloor
spreading is too rapid for one to develop!

The newest, thinnest crust on Earth is located near the center of mid-ocean ridge—
the actual site of seafloor spreading. The age, density, and thickness of oceanic crust
increases with distance from the mid-ocean ridge.

Magnetic Clues - these are iron particles that records the time of the rock
formation. It is when the magnetic north pole switched places, iron in the rocks
recorded this.

Fig 2 Magnetic clues

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References:
https://www.khanacademy.org/

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/

https://www.livescience.com/

https://www.britannica.com/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/

https://www.sciencedaily.com/

DepEd Science 10 Learning Module