Daw Ngu Wah Wah Htun

Associate Professor
Department of English
Technological University (Hpa-an)
“Nice To MeeT You All”
Welcome to my Lecture
 Basic Sentence Patterns
Review of Previous Lecture Verb
“Be” ?
 Pattern 1
A. Subject + Be + Complement
B. There + Be + Subj + Place
C. It + Be + Adj + to V1 Complement ?

 Pattern 2
Subject + Verb

 Pattern 3
Subject + Verb + Object
 Basic Sentence Patterns
 Pattern 4
To Infinitive
Subj + Verb + to V1
 Pattern 5
Subject + Verb + Object + to V1
 Pattern 6
Subject + Verb + Ving
 Pattern 7
Subject + Verb + Object +Ving Gerund

 Pattern 8
Subject + Verb + Object + V1
Gerund and Infinitive
 Gerund & Infinitive
Gerund Infinitive

A gerund is a noun made from a verb adding “-ing”. Infinitives are the “to” form of the verb. You can
You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement also use an infinitive as the subject, the
or the object of the sentence. complement or the object of the sentence.
Examples: Examples:
• Reading helps you learn English. (subject) • To learn is important. (subject)
• Her favorite hobby is reading. (complement) • The most important thing is to learn.
• I enjoy reading. (object) (complement)
• He wants to learn. (object)

Note: We can use the gerund or the infinitive as the object, subject or complement of a sentence, but in general
it is more common to use the gerund as the subject.
Gerund after prepositions and some expressions
 The gerund can be used after prepositions.

to, at, after, before, to, in, by, on, about , against, without, etc.

Examples:
• He’s good at listening.
• I always read before going to bed.
• You can’t leave without saying goodbye.

 The gerund can also be used after some expressions and phrasal verbs • look forward to
• insist on
Examples: • be worth
• We’re really looking forward to seeing you. • can’t help
• don’t mind
• That movie isn’t worth seeing.
• can’t stand
• I can’t help falling in love. • feel like
Infinitive after adjectives

 The infinitive can be used after adjectives

• Feelings: happy, glad, disappointed, pleased, sad, surprised, anxious, careful, keen, etc.
• Opinions: difficult, nice, good, impossible, easy, boring, amusing, etc.
• Probability: certain, possible, likely, necessary, etc.

Examples:
• I’m glad to see you.
• She was surprised to find the door unlocked.
• Is it necessary to go there?
Infinitive of purpose

 The infinitive can be used to express purpose / reason

Examples:
• I went for a walk to get some fresh air.
• I want to borrow some money to buy a new car.
• I’m studying English to get a better job.
• He bought the English dictionary to look up difficult words.
• She phoned the theatre to ask what time the play started.
 Some Rules of Gerund and Infinitive

Gerund Infinitive

1. as the subject of a sentence 1. to express purpose / reason

2. after prepositions and some expressions 2. after adjectives
3. after certain verbs (like, love, avoid, etc.) 3. after certain verbs (e.g. need, want, decide, etc.)

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 Grammatical Rules

 When we use two verbs together, the form of the second verbs depends on the first verb. The
second verb can be the –ing, to-infinitive, or the infinitive without to.

1. I can’t afford to buy a new car.

2. I enjoy listening to music.
3. He needed to leave class early because he had an appointment.
4. I’ve started working at a pet shop./ I’ve started to work at a pet shop.
5. They make us handle all kinds of animals including spiders and snakes.

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Verb + ing
 Some common verbs followed by “gerund”:

admit appreciate delay enjoy imagine keep mind permit resist

advise complete deny finish include like miss postpone spend
avoid consider dislike forbid involve love practise observe suggest

Examples:
◦ 1. He avoided answering my questions.
◦ 2. John admitted stealing the jewels.
◦ 3. Would you mind helping me?
◦ 4. I keep hoping she will come.
◦ 5. She suggested going to a movie.
Verb + to infinitive
 Some common verbs followed by “to infinitive”:

agree arrange begin decide fail instruct offer promise start want
aim attempt choose deserve forget intend plan persuade try wish
appear be able continue expect hope manage prefer refuse tend wait
allow advise convince encourage help learn prohibit remind threaten warn

Examples:
◦ 1. She appears to be tired.
◦ 2. I have decided to leave on Monday.
◦ 3. He managed to finish his work early.
◦ 4. I want to tell you something.
◦ 5. He learned to play the piano.
Verb + obj + infinitive without to
 Some common verbs followed by an infinitive without to:

feel help notice watch let make do

Examples:
◦ 1. Could you help me finish my work?
◦ 2. She feels the rain fall on her face.
◦ 3. Sandy let her sister go out alone.
◦ 4. She made the children clean the room.

Note : After the following phrases we use the infinitive without to:
• After auxiliaries / modals (can, could, may, might, will, would , etc.)
• After the following structures (had better, would rather, why not, let’s, etc.)
Verb + to infinitive or -ing
 Some verbs followed by gerund or infinitive: Either with little or no difference in meaning.

attempt begin bother continue hate like love prefer tell start

Examples:
◦ 1. I’ve started working at a pet shop. (= I’ve started to work at a pet shop.)
◦ 2. I like feeding the animals. (= I like to feed the animals.)
◦ 3. He continues studying the lessons. (= He continues to study the lessons.)
◦ 4. She prefers eating a light dinner. (= She prefers to eat a light dinner.)

Note: would like / would love / would prefer are followed by the “to infinitive”
Examples:
• I would really like to work in either a zoo or a safari park.
• I would prefer to stop studying for a while.
 Gerund and Infinitive – different meaning
 Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or infinitive, but with a difference in meaning:

Verb + to infinitive + ing

go on  one action follows another:  an action is repeated or continued:
After university she went on to get a job She went on talking even though the film
as a vet. had started.
(She finished university and then she got (She continued talking)
a job as a vet.)

remember  you remember you do the action:  You remember after doing the action:
Remember to lock the door. I always remember seeing you in class.

forget  the action did not happen:  the action happened:

I forgot to post my application form. I’ll never forget meeting you that cold
(I didn’t post) winter’s day.
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(we did meet)
 Verb + to infinitive + ing
regret  To be sorry to tell bad news  To feel sorry for the past event
We regret to inform you that your flight has She regrets choosing that university. It
been cancelled. wasn’t a good fit for her.

stop  To make a break, pause in order to do sth  To cease the action from continuation
We’ve been cleaning all morning. Let’s stop Can you stop looking at social media? We
to get something to eat. have a big test tomorrow.
(two actions) (one action)

try  Make an effort to do something. You may not  Experiment with doing something:
always be successful. She tried adding a bit more sugar but it
She tried to cope with her new job. still tasted horrible.

need  the subject of the sentence will do the action:  there is a passive meaning:
I need to mend my jeans. My jeans need mending.
(I will mend them) (We don’t know who will mend them)
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 Gerund & Infinitive
Exercises
I. Choose the correct form of the verbs.
1. to understand
◦ 1. I’ve tried to understand / understanding his English, but I was unsuccessful. 2. to have
◦ 2. On the way to the theatre the Smiths stopped to have/ having some coffee at the café. 3. to become
◦ 3. She studied medicine at university and went on to become / becoming a surgeon. 4. cleaning
5. falling
◦ 4. Look at Mum’s car! It definitely needs to clean / cleaning.
6. to take
◦ 5. I’ll never forget to fall / falling off that swing when I was a child.
7. rising
◦ 6. The new government needs to take / taking notice of the opinions of the people. 8. to bring
◦ 7. Economists predict that house prices will go on to rise / rising for at least another year. 9. to talk
◦ 8. We weren’t able to see the concert because Tamsin forgot to bring / bringing the tickets. 10. to tell
◦ 9. Please, remember to take / taking the dog for a walk.
◦ 10. I regret to tell / telling you that your application has been rejected.
II. Put the verb in brackets in the correct forms, infinitive (with or without to) or –ing.
◦ 1. It is important ………. the internet for more information. (use) 1. to use
◦ 2. Benjamin enjoys ............ to his iPod. (listen) 2. listening
◦ 3. Adam is really good at ………. . (swim) 3. swimming
◦ 4. He is saving money ……….. a new phone. (buy) 4. to buy
◦ 5. She advised me ……….. a doctor as soon as possible. (see) 5. to see
◦ 6. ……… sport every day is good for your health. (do) 6. Doing
◦ 7. I don’t feel like …….... French today. (study) 7. studying
◦ 8. She is interested in ………... a dentist. (become) 8. becoming
◦ 9. We decided ………. a house with a swimming pool. (rent) 9. to rent
◦ 10. Let me ………. the meal. You paid last time. (pay) 10. pay
◦ 11. I’d like ………. somewhere different for a change. (go) 11. to go
◦ 12. We finished ……….. the house last week. (paint) 12. painting
◦ 13. They were keen on ……….. different puzzles. (solve) 13. solving
◦ 14. Tim tried …………. the door, but he didn’t succeed. (open) 14. to open
◦ 15. You can’t …………. your car outside the hospital. (park) 15. park
 Pattern 4
Subject + Verb + to V1
1. သူမ ထီး ယူဖို့ မမေ့သ ီးခေ့တယ်။
She forgot to bring the umbrella.
2. ကျွန်မတ ် သူူ့က ကူညဖို့ သမ တူခတ
ေ့ ယ်။
I agreed to help him.
3. သူတို့ ၈ နာရမ မတွေ့ဖို့ စစဥ်ခေ့တယ်။
They arranged to meet at 8 o’clock.
4. သူမက ယ်သူူ့ကမ မမ ဖူီးလို့ ကတ ြုခေ့တယ်။
She promised not to tell anyone.
5. သူ က ီးမမ င်ီး သင်ထ ီးပ ီးပ ။
He has learnt to drive.
Exercises (Pattern 4)
1. သူတို့ စီမံချက်တစ်ခက အကကောင်အထည်ကဖော်
်‌ ဖို့ စီစဥ်ခဲ့တယ်။ They arranged to implement a project.
2. ကမောင်ကမောင် အစီခံရင်ခံစော တင်ပြဖို့ ြျက်ကွကခ
် ဲ့သည်။ Mg Mg failed to submit the report.
3. မမ မီီးကတွ ြတ်ဖို့ ကမဲ့သွောီးခဲ့တယ်။ Ma Ma forgot to switch off the lights.
4. သူတို့ ကန်စံဆင်အသစ် ဖွငဲ့်ဖို့ စီစဥ်ကနတယ်။ They are planning to open the grocery/ convenience store.
5. သူမက ကျွန်ကတောဲ့်ကမ်ီးလှမီး် ချက်က လက်ခဖ
ံ ို့ ပငင်ီးဆခတ
ဲ့ ယ်။ She refused to accept my offer.
6. မင်ီး ဒီရောထူီးကနရော ရဖို့ ထက်တန်ြါတယ်။ You deserve to get this position.
7. သူတို့ ဒီကနရောမှော စက်ရအသစ်
ံ ကဆောက်ဖို့ ဆံီးပဖတ်ပြီီးပြီ။ They decided to build the new factory here.
8. မီးရောတက
ဲ့ နို့ကတွမှော ကကော်ဖက
ီ သောက်ရတောက ကျွန်ကတော်ြနှစ်သက်တယ်။ I prefer to drink coffee on rainy days.
9. ကျွန်ကတောဲ့်သူငယ်ချင်ီးကတွက မင်ီးအကကံပြြုချက်က ကရီးချယ်ဖို့ သက ောတူခတ
ဲ့ ယ်။ My friends agreed to choose
your suggestion.
10. ဓါီးပြကတွက ခရီီးသည်ကတွက သတ်မယ်လို့ ပခမ်ီးကပခောက်ကနတယ်။ The robbers are threatening to kill the
passengers.
 Pattern 5
Subject + Verb + Object + to V1
1. ကျွန်မတ ်က
ေ့ သူူ့က မစ မစ မရ က်မယ်လို့ မမ ်လငေ့တ
် ယ်။
I expect him to arrive early.
2. သူက ငါတို့က ဒစမံကန်ီးက ကူညမစချင်တယ်။
He wants us to help with the project.
3. ဆရ မက မကျ င်ီးသ ီးမျ ီးက သူတို့အမ်စ မတ ြုလ ဖ
် ို့ သတမ ီးခေ့တယ်။
The teacher reminded the students to do their homework.
4. ငါတို့မန်မနဂျ က ဒဌ နက စမံခနို့်ခဖို့ သူမက မရီးချယ်ခေ့တယ်။
Our manager chose her to manage this department.
5. မမ င်မမ င်က သူမက သူူ့က ီး င ီးမ ီးဖို့ ငင်ီးဆခေ့တယ်။
Mg Mg refused her to borrow his car.
Exercises (Pattern 5)
1. သူတို့က ကျွန်ကတောဲ့က
် ဒီပြြုင်ြွမှော အနင်ရဖို့ ကမ ော်လငဲ့်ခတ
ဲ့ ယ်။ They expected me to win this competition.
2. ငါက ငါ ဲ့အကဖက ဆရောဝန်ပြဖို့ သတကြီးခဲ့တယ်။ I reminded my dad to see the doctor.
3. ငါမင်ီးက ောသောရြ်တစ်ခက သင်ယူဖို့ တက်တွန်ီးတယ်။ I encourage you to learn a subject.
4. အလြ်သမောီးကတွက ြစစညီး် ကရွှေ့ဖို့ ကျွန်ကတောဲ့က ကူညီခတ
ဲ့ ယ်။ The workers helped me to move the things.
5. ငါ ဲ့သူငယ်ချင်ီးက ငါ ဲ့က သူတို့အသင်ီးမှော ြါဝင်ဖို့ ဖတ်ကခေါ်ခဲ့တယ်။ My friend invited me to join their team.
6. ဆရောဝန်က သူမက ကဆီးမှန်မှန် ကသောက်ဖို့ အကကံပြြုခဲ့တယ်။ The doctor advised her to take medicine regularly
7. ကမကမက ငါ ဲ့က ည က် အပြင်ထွက်ဖို့ တောီးပမစ်ထောီးတယ်။ My mom has prohibited me to go out at night.
8. သူက ကျွန်ကတောဲ့်က ရြ်ရင
ှ ရ
် သွ
ံ ောီးဖို့ စည်ီးရံီးခဲ့တယ်။ He persuaded me to go to the cinema.
9. ်‌ကကျောင်ီးအြ်ကကီီးက ကကျောင်ီးသောီးကတွက စည်ီးကမ်ီးလက်နာဖို့ ညွှန်ကကောီးခဲ့တယ်။ The headmaster instructed the
students to follow the discipline.
10. ကျွန်ကတောဲ့သ
် ူငယ်ချင်ီးက ကျွန်ကတောဲ့က
် အချန်မပဖြုန်ီးဖို့ သတကြီးခဲ့တယ်။ My friend warned me not to waste
the time.
 Pattern 6
Subject + Verb + Ving
1. ကျွန်မတ ် စ ဖတ်တ က နစ်သက်သည်။
I enjoy reading.
2. သူမက ဒစ ီးမသ က်ဆင်က သ ီးဖို့ အကကံ ြုခေ့တယ်။
She suggested going to the restaurant.
3. ငါတို့ မတွေ့ဆံဖို့က မနာက်တစ် တ်ထ မရွေ့ဆင်ီးခေ့တယ်။
We postponed meeting until next week.
4. အနာဂတ်မ မကျ က် က ီးတေ့ အန ည ရင် တစ်မယ က်အ ဖစ် အလ ်လ ်ဖို့ သူမစတ်ကူီးထ ီးတယ်။
She imagines working as a famous artist in the future.
5. စ မမီး က လအတင်ီး ဂဏန်ီးတက်စက်အသံီး ြု ခင်ီးက မကျ င်ီးကခငေ့် ြုထ ီးတယ်
The school permits using the calculator during the exam.
Exercises (Pattern 6)
1. မမ မီီးဖကချောင် သနို့်ရှင်ီးကရီး လြ်ပြီီးသွောီးပြီ။ ။ Ma Ma has finished cleaning the kitchen.
2. ကကျောင်ီးသောီးမျောီး အစီရင်ခံစော တင်ပြဖို့ ကနှာငဲ့်ကနှီးခဲ့တယ်။ Students delayed submitting the report.
3. သူမက အလြ်သစ် ရှောဖို့ အကကံကြီးခဲ့သည်။ She suggested finding a new job.
4. ပြတင်ီးကြါက် ြတ်ကြီးလို့ရမလောီး။ Would you mind closing the window?
5. ကျွန်ကတော် အရက်ကသောက်တောက စွနို့်လွှတ်လက်ပြီ။ I have given up drinking alcohol.
6. သူမကောီးက အရမ်ီးပမန်ပမန်ကမောင်ီးခက
ဲ့ ကကောင်ီး ဝန်ခံခဲ့တယ်။ She admitted driving too fast.
7. အောီးလြ်ချန်မှော စောအြ်ကတွ ဖတ်ရတောက ကျွန်ကတော် နှစ်သက်သည်။ I enjoy reading books in my free time.
8. ကနာက်လ ငါ ဲ့သူငယ်ချင်ီး လက်ထြ်ြွ တက်ကရောက်ဖို့ ငါကစောငဲ့်ကမ ော်ကနတယ်။ I am looking forward to attending
my friend’s weeding next month.
9. ြကကောင်ီးတဲ့အခွငဲ့်အလမ်ီးမျောီးအတွက် ပမြုွှေ့က ကပြောင်ီးဖို့ ကျွန်ကတော်တို့စဥ်ီးစောီးခဲ့တယ်။ We considered moving to the
city for better opportunities.
10. စန်ကခေါ်မှုမျောီး ရှကသော်လည်ီး စီမံချက်က သူ ဆက်လက်လြ်ကဆောင်ခဲ့သည်။ He kept working the project despite
the challenges.
 Pattern 7
Subject + Verb + Object + Ving
1. ကျွန်မတ ် သူထက်မ ီးသ ီးတ က မင်ခေ့တယ်။
I saw him running away.
2. ရက သူခီး တက်ခန်ီးထ မဖ က်ထင်ီးမနတန်ီး ဖမ်ီးမခေ့တယ်။
The police caught the thief breaking off the flat.
3. ကစ ီးကင်ီးထမ ကမလီးမတ ကစ ီးမနတ က ငါသတ ြုမခေ့တယ်။
I noticed the children playing in the playground.
4. မနက်မစ မစ ငက်ကမလီးမတ မတီးဆမနတ က ငါကက ီးခေ့တယ်။
I heard the birds singing early in the morning.
5. ကစ ီးသမ ီးမျ ီး ကင်ီးထမ ‌မလေ့ကျငေ့မ
် နတ က နည်ီး က မစ ငေ့်ကကညေ့မ
် နခေ့တယ်။
The coach watched the players practising on the field.
Exercises (Pattern 7)
1. သူက ကနှာငဲ့်ကနှီးမှုပဖစ်ကစတဲ့ သူူ့အမှောီးက ဝန်ခံခဲ့သည်။ He admitted his mistake causing the delay.
2. သူတို့က ငါ ဲ့က အပြင်မောှ ဆက်ပြီီးကစောငဲ့်ခင်ီးခဲ့တယ်။ They kept me waiting outside.
3. ကကျောင်ီးသောီးမျောီး အခန်ီးတွငီး် အစောစောီးပခင်ီးက ်‌ကကျောင်ီးမှတောီးပမစ်ထောီးသည်။ The school forbids eating in the classroom
4. အစည်ီးအကဝီး စတင်ပခင်ီးက သူတို့ ကရွှေ့ဆင်ီးခဲ့ကကတယ်။ They postponed the meeting starting.
5. ြခက်ထမှော ငကနတဲ့ ကကလီးတကယောက်က သူကတွွှေ့ခဲ့တယ်။ He found a baby crying in the crib.
6. လင်စင်မြါ ကောီးကမောင်ီးတဲ့ သူူ့က ရကဖမ်ီးခတ
ဲ့ ယ်။ The police arrested him driving the car without a licens
7. ယောဥ်ကကကောြတ်ဆို့မှုသည် ငါတို့ အချန်မီကလဆြ်ကရောက်ရှမှုက ကနှာငဲ့်ကနှီးကစခဲ့သည်။ The traffic jam delayed us
arriving at the airport on time.
8. သြပံြညောရှင်မျောီး စမ်ီးသြ်မှုတစ်ခ ပြြုလြ်ကနတောက ငါတို့ ကလဲ့လောကတွွှေ့ရှခဲ့တယ်။ We observed the scientists
conducting an experiment.
9. သူမက သတ်မှတ်ရက်မတင်မီ သူမ၏အစီရင်ခံစော ကရီးသောီးပခင်ီး ပြီီးစီီးခဲ့သည်။ She finished her report writing
before the deadline.
10. ငါတို့က သူမက အရည်အချင်ီးပြညဲ့်ဝသညဲ့် သင်တန်ီးသူတစ်ကယောက်ပဖစ်လောဖို့ စဥ်ီးစောီးထောီးခတ
ဲ့ ယ်။
 Pattern 8
Subject + Verb + Object + V1
1. သူမက သူူ့က ါတ သ ီးဖို့ ခငေ့် ြုခတ
ေ့ ယ်။
She lets him go to the party.
2. ငါတို့ သူ သစ် င်တက်မနတ မင်ခေ့တယ်။
We saw him climb the tree.
3. သူမက သူူ့က သူရွေ့အမ ီးအတက် မတ င်ီး န်မစခတ
ေ့ ယ်။
She made him apologize for his mistake.
4. ညသန်ီးမခါင်ယံ ကမလီးငတ က သူမကက ီးခတ
ေ့ ယ်။
She heard the baby cry in the middle of the night.
5. စ ီးဖမ ီးမ အစ ီးအစ မျ ီး င်ဆင်သည်က သူတို့ကကညေ့်ရှုခသ
ေ့ ည်။
They watched the chef prepare the meal.
Exercises (Pattern 8)
1. အြူချန်ကျတောက ငါ ခံစောီးမခဲ့တယ်။ I felt the temperature drop.
2. မန်ကနဂျောက ငါတို့က ရံီးက ကစောကစောထွက်ခင
ွ ်ဲ့ ပြြုခဲ့တယ်။ The manager let us leave the office early.
3. သူက သူူ့သူငယ်ချင်ီး တက်ခန်ီးအသစ် ကပြောင်ီးတောက ကူညီခတ
ဲ့ ယ်။ He helped his friend move to the apartment
4. မီးသည်ီးထန်စွော ရောတောက သူမကစောငဲ့်ကကညဲ့်ခဲ့တယ်။
She watched the rain fall heavily.
5. သူမ ြါတီက ကစောကစောထွက်သွောီးတောက သူတို့ သတပြြုမခဲ့တယ်။ They noticed her leave early.
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