ASME MFC-16–2014

(Revision of ASME MFC-1 6–2007)

Measurement of
Liquid Flow in Closed
Conduits With
Electromagnetic
Flowmeters

A N A M E R I C A N N AT I O N A L S TA N D A R D
 ASME MFC-16–2014
(Revision of ASME MFC-1 6–2007)

Measurement of
Liquid Flow in Closed
Conduits With
Electromagnetic
Flowmeters

AN AM ERI CAN N AT I O N A L S TA N D A R D

Two Park Avenue • New York, NY • 1 001 6 USA

 Date of Issuance: March 1 4, 201 4

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 CONTENTS

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Committee Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Correspondence With the MFC Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3 Definitions and Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
4 Theory and Measurement Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
5 Flowmeter Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6 Application Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
7 Equipment Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Figures
4-1 Industrial Electromagnetic Flowmeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4.2-1 Examples of Electromagnetic Field ( B o) Variation With Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4.3-1 Examples of Electrodes for an Electromagnetic Flowmeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
6.4-1 Electromagnetic Flowmeter System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Table
3.2-1 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Nonmandatory Appendices
A Added Details Regarding Theory and Measurement Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
B Liner Material Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
C Manufacturer-Specified Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
D Calculation Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
E Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

iii
 FOREWORD

This Standard was prepared by Subcommittee 16 of the ASME Committee on the Measurement
of Liquid Flow in Closed Conduits. The chair of the subcommittee is indebted to the many
individuals who contributed to this document.
Electromagnetic flowmeters were introduced to the process industries in the mid 1950s. They
quickly became accepted flowmeters for difficult applications. Subsequent improvements in tech-
nology and reductions in cost have transformed these flowmeters into one of the leading contend-
ers for general use in water-based and other electrically conducting liquid applications.
Due to differences in design of the various electromagnetic flowmeters in the marketplace, this
Standard cannot address detailed performance limitations in specific applications. It covers issues
that are common to all meters, including application considerations.
The flow industry has been changing from the use of the names “primary” and “secondary”
to “sensor” and “transmitter.” Previous editions of ASME MFC-16 did use primary and secondary
in their figures and text. This new edition uses the sensor and transmitter terminology.
Suggestions for improvement of this Standard will be welcomed. They should be sent to The
American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Attn: Secretary, MFC Standards Committee; Two Park
Avenue; New York, NY 10016-5990.
This revision was approved an an American National Standard on January 28, 2014.

iv
 ASME MFC COMMITTEE
Measurement of Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits
(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)

STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERS

R. J. DeBoom, Chair
Z. D. Husain, Vice Chair
D. C. Wyatt, Vice Chair
C. J. Gomez, Secretary

STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL

C. J. Blechinger, Honorary Member, Consultant G. E. Mattingly, The Catholic University of America
R. M. Bough, Rolls-Royce Corp. R. W. Miller, Honorary Member, R. W. Miller & Associates, Inc.
M. S. Carter, Flow Systems, Inc. A. M. Quraishi, American Gas Association
R. J. DeBoom, Consultant W. F. Seidl, Honorary Member, Consultant
D. Faber, Contributing Member, Badger Meter, Inc. D. W. Spitzer, Contributing Member, Spitzer and Boyes, LLC
R. N. Steven, Colorado Engineering Experiment Station, Inc.
C. J. Gomez, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers J. H. Vignos, Honorary Member, Consultant
F. D. Goodson, Emerson Process Management — Daniel D. E. Wiklund, Emerson–Rosemount Measurement — Rosemount
Z. D. Husain, Chevron Corp. J. D. Wright, Contributing Member, National Institute of Standards
C. G. Langford, Honorary Member, Consultant and Technology
W. M. Mattar, Invensys/Foxboro Co. D. C. Wyatt, Wyatt Engineering

SUBCOMMITTEE 16 — ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOWMETERS

R. J. DeBoom, Chair, Consultant S. B. Rogers, Emerson Process Management — Rosemount
C. A. Diederichs, Emerson Process Management — Rosemount C. J. Rongione, ABB Instrumentation
M. J. Keilty, Endress + Hauser Flowtec AG D. W. Spitzer, Spitzer and Boyes, LLC
M. M. Lloyd, The Dow Chemical Co. S. Y. Tung, City of Houston, Public Works and Engineering
W. M. Mattar, Invensys/Foxboro Co. P. A. Warburton, Yokogawa Corp. of America
R. W. Miller, Contributing Member, R. W. Miller & Associates, Inc. D. C. Wyatt, Wyatt Engineering
B. K. Rao, Consultant

v
 CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE MFC COMMITTEE

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vi
 ASME MFC-16–2014

MEASUREMENT OF LIQUID FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS WITH

ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOWMETERS

1 SCOPE flowmeter sensor:includes the flow tube, process connec-

tions, electromagnetic coils, and electrodes. Flowmeter
This Standard is applicable to industrial electromag-
sensor is also known by other names, e.g., flowmeter
netic flowmeters and their application in the measure-
sensor device, sensor device, and sensor.
ment of liquid flow. The electromagnetic flowmeters
covered by this Standard utilize an alternating electrical includes the electronic transmitter,
flowmeter transmitter:
current (AC) or pulsed direct-current (pulsed-DC) to measurement of the emfv , and, in most cases, the power
generate a magnetic field in electrically conductive and for the electromagnet coils of the flowmeter sensor.
electrically homogeneous liquids or slurries flowing in meter factor: the number determined by liquid calibration
a completely filled, closed conduit. that enables the output flow signal to be related to the
This Standard does not cover the following: volumetric flow rate under defined reference conditions;
• insertion-type electromagnetic flowmeters often expressed as the reciprocal of mean K-factor.
• electromagnetic flowmeters used in surgical, thera-
peutic, or other health and medical applications uncertainty (of measurement): parameter, associated with
• applications of industrial flowmeters involving
the result of a measurement, that characterizes the dis-
nonconductive liquids persion of the values that could reasonably be attributed
• highly conductive liquids (e.g., liquid metals)
to the measurand.
verification: provision of objective evidence that a given
item fulfills requirements.
2 REFERENCES
EXAMPLE: Use of independent flow calibration to confirm that
The following document forms a part of this Standard performance properties and/or legal requirements of a measuring
to the extent specified herein. The latest edition shall system are met.
apply.
ISO 13359, Measurement of conductive liquid flow in 3.2 Symbols
closed conduits — Flanged electromagnetic See Table 3.2-1.
flowmeters — Overall length
Pub lisher: International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) Central Secretariat, 1, ch. de la 4 THEORY AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE
Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Genève 20, Industrial electromagnetic flowmeters are composed
Switzerland/Suisse of the following basic components (see Fig. 4-1):
(a) a nonmagnetic tube with a nonconductive inner
3 DEFINITIONS AND SYMBOLS surface
(b) a magnetic field passing through the tube and
3.1 Definitions
perpendicular to the axis of the tube at the center of the
closeness of the agreement
accu ra cy of meas u rement: flow tube
between the result of a measurement and a true value (c) a minimum of two electrodes on opposite sides
of the measurand. of the tube in a cross-sectional plane passing through
NOTE: Accuracy is a qualitative concept; for the quantitative the center of the flow tube, the straight line between
concept, see uncertainty. these two electrodes being perpendicular to the mag-
calibration: the experimental determination of the rela-
netic field at the center of the flow tube
tionship between the quantity being measured and the
device that measures it, usually by comparison with a
4.1 Flow-Related Electromotive Force
standard, then (typically) correcting the output of that Faraday’s law of induction applied to this physical
device to bring it to the desired value, within a specified configuration predicts the generation of an electromo-
tolerance, for a particular value of the input. tive force (a voltage) between the electrodes when a

1
 ASME MFC-16–2014

Table 3.2-1 Symbols

Dimensions
Quantity [Note (1)] SI Units U.S. Customary Units
C A dimensionless parameter that depends on the specific design of the ... ... ...
flowmeter (see section 4)
D Inner diameter of the flow tube L m in.
K Meter factor, typically determined by liquid flow calibration M −1 LT2 I m 3 /s/volt ft3 /sec/volt
V Flow velocity LT −1 m/s ft/sec
Bo Average magnetic field between the electrodes MT −2 I −1 tesla ...

q Flow rate, volumetric L3 T −1 m 3 /s ft3 /sec

emf Electromotive force ML 2 T −3 I −1 volt volt
emfc Electrochemical electromotive force ML 2 T −3 I −1 volt volt
emfv Velocity-related electromotive force ML 2 T −3 I −1 volt volt
emft Transformer-related electromotive force ML 2 T −3 I −1 volt volt
emfF Electromotive force per Faraday’s Law ML 2 T −3 I −1 volt volt

NOTE:
(1 ) Dimensions: M p mass, L p length, T p time, I p current.

Fig. 4-1 Industrial Electromagnetic Flowmeters

Coil

Flow tube with emfv

nonconductive
liner

Bo
D

Electrode
V emfv

Coil

2
 ASME MFC-16–2014

conductive liquid flows through the flow tube. This Fig. 4.2-1 Examples of Electromagnetic Field (Bo)
electromotive force is Variation With Time
emfv p CDB oV (4-1)

where
Bo p magnetic field at the center of the flow tube, t
tesla
C p a dimensionless parameter that depends on
the specific design of the flowmeter
D p
( a ) AC — Fi el d Va ri ed i n a Si n u soi da l Fa sh i on
inner diameter of the flow tube, m
emfv p electromotive force, V
V p flow velocity (average axial liquid velocity in
a cross-sectional plane of the flow tube), m/s
For added details on the theory and measurement t
techniques related to electromagnetic flowmeters, see
Nonmandatory Appendix A.
4.2 Interfering Sources of Electromotive Force (b) Pu l sed DC — Fi el d Va ri ed i n a Stepwi se Fash i on

Wi th a Du ty Cycl e of 1 00%
In addition to the above flow-related electromotive
force, emfv , two other sources of electromotive force exist
in modern industrial electromagnetic flowmeters that
may interfere with the measurement of emfv . They are
the electrochemical electromotive force, emfc , and the
sensor transformer electromotive force, emft. Since both t
of these may be similar to or larger than emfv in magni-
tude, using an alternating electromagnetic field and
interval sampling techniques avoids interference to the ( c) Pu l sed DC — Fi el d Va ri ed i n a Stepwi se Fa sh i on

flow signal, emfv , from these other two sources. Wi th a Du ty Cycl e Less Th a n 1 00%

Figure 4.2-1 illustrates three basic methods for alternat-

ing the electromagnetic field. For additional information
about b oth emfc and emft , see Nonmandatory
Appendix A. Fig. 4.3-1 Examples of Electrodes for an
Electromagnetic Flowmeter
4.3 Types of Electrodes
B B
An alternating electromagnetic field generates an
alternating emfv . The following types of electrodes are
used with an alternating electromagnetic field:
(a) wetted electrodes that protrude through the pipe
wall/ liner into the flow stream [ see Fig. 4. 3-1,
illustration (a)]
(b) nonwetted (capacitive) electrodes located behind
or within the tube wall/ liner [see Fig. 4. 3-1,
illustration (b)] ( a ) Wetted ( b) N on wetted

4.4 Calculation of Volumetric Flow Rate

From eq. (4-1), the flow velocity is given by
V p emfv / CDB o Because the diameter, D , dimensionless parameter, C ,
and the magnetic field, B o , are fixed in each individual
The volumetric flow rate, q, is calculated by meter, these values can be grouped together in a single
factor that is determined through calibration. Thus,
q p ? D 2V/4
q p K W emfv
Combining these two equations,
where
q p ?D W emfv / 4CB o K p meter factor, m3/s/V

3
 ASME MFC-16–2014

5 FLOWMETER DESCRIPTIONS 5.3 Flowmeter Transmitter Outputs

5.1 Flowmeter Sensor The output from the flowmeter transmitter may
include one or more of the following: an analog signal
The flowmeter sensor must be designed and selected (i.e., 4–20 mA DC), a pulse output (frequency), or a
to be an integral portion of the piping system (see digital signal. The outputs can be scaled to represent
para. 6.4). It consists of the following: units of flow. The digital signal can be used to connect
(a) a flow tube with a nonconductive inside surface to one of the various bus protocols (manufacturer depen-
(b) a means for integrating it into the pipeline dent). Other optional outputs include solid-state or
(c) electromagnetic field coils mechanical contact closures that can be used for totaliz-
(d) two or more sensing electrodes that may be wetted ing or system control. Some designs also offer the option
or nonwetted (see Fig. 4.3-1) of visual indication of flow rate and/or totalized flow
(e) a housing to protect the coils and electrodes from in numerical or graphical form.
damage and moisture
It may also include grounding electrodes or grounding
rings, which are used to ground the process and the 6 APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS
flowmeter sensor together, as required by the applica- 6.1 Process Liquid
tion, piping system, or design of the flowmeter. Noncon-
ductive p iping systems or p iping systems with a 6.1.1 Liquid Electrical Conductivity. Electrical con-
nonconductive liner, in particular, require some method ductivity is a simple way of expressing the ability of a
of grounding the process to the flowmeter. liquid to conduct electricity. If the electrical conductivity
Some special application flowmeter sensors are inde- of the liquid is uniform and above a specified minimum
pendently powered from regular AC circuits. These value, usually between 5 ? S/cm and 20 ? S/cm, the
flowmeter sensors must contain the needed circuitry meter output will generally be independent of the liquid
for this power arrangement. These special application conductivity. The manufacturer shall specify the mini-
flowmeter sensors have power requirements beyond mum liquid conductivity required for the flowmeter to
that availab le from normal application flowmeter function.
transmitters. If the conductivity gradient is not uniform throughout
Flowmeter sensors come in a variety of sizes the meter, flow measurement errors will occur. Thor-
depending on the flow rate; some inside diameters are oughly mix nonhomogeneous flow streams. Heteroge-
as small as 0.04 in. (1 mm), while others can be over neous liquids, such as slurries or pulp stocks, composed
100 in. (2 500 mm). of small particles uniformly distributed in a liquid, are
Flanges are the most common method of attaching electrically homogeneous liquids.
the flowmeter sensor to the pipeline. Other attachment 6.1.2 Noisy Flow Signal. Expect excessive flow sig-
methods include victaulic couplings or tri-clamp con- nal noise in the following situations:
nections. Another variation of the flowmeter sensor is (a) when measuring the flow of a slurry or pulp stock
a wafer flowmeter that is installed between the pipeline (b ) when trib oelectric effects are present (see
flanges. ISO 13359 specifies overall length (lay length para. 6.2.3)
face to face) for flanged electromagnetic flowmeters. The (c) with large variations in liquid conductivity
lay lengths specified in the ISO document are for lower- (d) with air entrained in the liquid
pressure systems rather than higher-pressure systems. (e) with incomplete chemical mixing
The manufacturer shall provide a reasonable clearance
(f) with improper wiring methods
between the rear face of the flange and the meter housing
for installation and removal. 6.2 Effects of Process Properties and Flow Profiles
5.2 Flowmeter Transmitter 6.2.1 Velocity Profile Effect. Pipe fittings (such as
bends, valves, reducers, etc.) located upstream or down-
The flowmeter transmitter consists of the electronic
stream of the flowmeter may cause distortions in veloc-
transmitter and its housing, which may be mounted
ity profile. The distorted flow patterns may influence
either integral with the flowmeter sensor or remotely.
the performance of the meter (see para. 6.4.1.1).
If the flowmeter transmitter is mounted remotely from
the flowmeter sensor, it may be necessary to have sepa- 6.2.2 Slippage. When solids move at velocities dif-
rate electrical connection housing, terminals, and pre- ferent from the flowing liquid, slippage occurs. In verti-
amp lifier mounted on the flowmeter sensor. The cal installations with an upward flow direction, settling
flowmeter transmitter measures the emfv voltage at the solids can cause the electromagnetic flowmeter to under-
electrodes of the flowmeter sensor, provides the output register or, in extreme cases, appear as zero or reverse
from the meter, and in most cases provides power to flow. Conversely, in vertical installations with a nor-
the coils. mally downward flow direction, settling solids can cause

4
 ASME MFC-16–2014

the electromagnetic flowmeter to over-register. Consult Fig. 6.4-1 Electromagnetic Flowmeter System
the manufacturer for all slurry applications.
Upstream Downstream
6.2.3 Triboelectric Effect. The triboelectric effect
(static electricity) is an electrical phenomenon with fric- Flowmeter transmitter
tion charging the materials. The triboelectric effect in (integral mount)
electromagnetic flowmeters occurs when certain materi-
als (typically nonconducting, e.g., silicates and petro-
leum-based liquids or solids) deposit an electrical charge
on the electrodes of the meter. These charges can intro-
duce errors and/or electrical noise. Consult the manu-
facturer when applications include nonconductive
particles.
6.3 Flowmeter Sensor — Sizing Considerations
Flowmeter sensor
6.3.1 General Considerations. Many electromag-
netic flowmeters have relatively wide turndown, so it
is generally feasible to select a flowmeter sensor of the
same size as the adjacent piping. Liquid velocity range, 6.3.1.4 Fast-Settling Slurries. Velocities through
upstream and downstream piping, and other flow con- horizontally mounted flowmeters should keep slurry
siderations should be the basis in choosing the meter solids in suspension. If solids are prone to settle during
diameter for a given application. no-flow conditions, there must be sufficient velocity to
flush the settled materials from the flowmeter sensor at
6.3.1 .1 Manufacturer-Specified Accuracy. Manu- startup.
facturers must specify the flowmeter accuracy over the
liquid velocity range of the flowmeter sensor. If a low- 6.3.2 Special Process Considerations. There may be
velocity condition exists, it may be desirable to size the situations where it is desirable to size the flowmeter at
meter at less than the nominal process piping size to other than the pipe size. When this is the case, consider
increase the velocity (see para. 6.4.2.4). process liquid properties and the velocity ranges of the
flowmeter. As a matter of practice, applications utilizing
6.3.1.2 Pipe Mismatch. Nonuniform entrance and small meters [ 1⁄2 in. (12 mm) and less] are more sensitive
exit conditions, such as inlet–outlet and liner internal
to pipe mismatch effects than larger meters.
diameter (ID) mismatches, may cause changes in the
velocity flow profile, which may cause additional flow 6.4 Flowmeter Sensor — Location, Installation, and
measurement errors. Of particular concern is the “jet Maintenance
effect” that occurs when the pipe immediately preceding
and following the flowmeter sensor has an ID less than In order to meet the manufacturer-specified accuracy,
that of the flowmeter sensor (see para. 6.4.2.4). electromagnetic flowmeters require straight pip e
upstream and downstream of the flowmeter sensor, as
6.3.1.3 Abrasive Slurries. Excessive wear should shown in Fig. 6.4-1. Flowmeter manufacturers specify
be a consideration for increasing the pipe diameter in piping requirements in piping diameters. The piping
the measuring section of the piping (i.e., the flowmeter diameters specified depend on the type of disturbance
sensor, and the preceding and following piping) to upstream of the flowmeter. Manufacturers may specify
reduce the liquid flow velocity. measurement of these piping diameters from the flange
NOTE: Excessive liner wear can be caused by an asymmetrical end of the flowmeter or from the center of the flowmeter.
flow profile (see para. 6.2.1), improper liner material selection (see
para. 6.5.2), or horizontal installation of the flowmeter sensor (see 6.4.1 Flowmeter Sensor Location and Orientation.
para. 6.4.1.3). Generally, there are no restrictions on flowmeter sensor
orientation (horizontal, vertical, or inclined); however,
In particular, the upstream edge of the liner may be
it is essential that the flowmeter sensor be full of the
subject to wear from abrasive slurries. To minimize this
process liquid to ensure proper performance.
upstream edge wear, it is beneficial to match the internal
Location and orientation of the flowmeter sensor with
diameter of the flowmeter sensor and the near upstream
respect to the process piping affect the performance of
piping. The installation of metal protection rings reduces
the flowmeter. Consider the points in paras. 6.4.1 .1
the wear on the edge of the liner.
through 6.4.1.5.
Ceramic liners may have less wear from abrasive
slurries. 6.4.1.1 Piping Effects. When a flow velocity pro-
Consult the manufacturer for guidance regarding file is different from that of the profile for the original
materials of construction and installation experience for flow calibration, the electromagnetic flowmeter may
applications with abrasive slurries. exhibit a change in performance. The arrangement and

5
 ASME MFC-16–2014

location of pipe fittings, valves, pumps, etc., upstream 6.4.2.2 Handling of the Flowmeter Sensor. Use
and downstream of the flowmeter sensor, are the main slings on lifting lugs on the flowmeter exterior. Avoid
factors that influence the velocity profile. The manufac- lifting by means that could damage the interior of the
turers must specify upstream and downstream lengths flowmeter sensor, pressure boundary, electrodes, electri-
of straight pipe of the same diameter as the flowmeter cal connections, or the meter liner. This includes, but is
sensor for proper performance. not limited to, lifting the meter by means of a forklift
Swirling flow can introduce flow measurement errors. tine, chain, or rope being passed through the meter body.
Consider the use of a swirl-reducing flow conditioner Consult the manufacturer for detailed installation
with known or suspected swirling flow. instructions.
6.4.1.2 Full Pipe Requirements. It is necessary that 6.4.2.3 Pipe Alignment and Connections. Piping
the flowmeter sensor and process pipe remain full of allowances must account for the length of the meter,
the process fluid. Install the flowmeter sensor in one of gaskets, and grounding rings. Align the upstream and
the following locations: downstream connecting pipes. Support the flowmeter
• a horizontal pipe run (with a slight upward slope system to minimize vibration.
or an upward turn)
6.4.2.4 Transition Piping. When the pipeline is a
• a low point of a pipe run
different diameter than that of the flowmeter sensor, it
• a vertical pipe run with the flow upward
is advisable to use concentric reducers or expanders,
Avoid installation in a high point of a pipe run or in
upstream and downstream, to effect a gradual transition
a vertical run with the flow down.
from one diameter to another. They should be installed
If the meter is not full, the application is beyond the
at locations that conform to the manufacturer’s recom-
scope of this Standard and the meter performance may
mended minimum upstream and downstream straight
have increased uncertainty.
pipe run. Note that in many applications, shallow-taper
6.4.1 .3 Electrode Positi on — H ori zon tal reducers provide lower permanent pressure loss and
Installations. Since gas bubbles in a horizontal pipe flow profile disturbance effects than standard reducers
tend to rise and may collect at the top of the pipe, the or expanders. Consult the manufacturer for recom-
flowmeter sensor should be mounted so that neither the mended meter installation.
sensing nor the grounding electrodes are located at or
near the top of the pipe. Similarly, since solids in a
6.4.3 Electrical Considerations
horizontal pipe tend to settle and collect at the bottom 6.4.3.1 Flowm eter Sensor, Flowing Liquid, and
of the pipe, the flowmeter sensor should be mounted Process Piping Electrical Potential. The metered liquid,
so that neither the sensing nor the grounding electrodes the flowmeter sensor, and the flowmeter transmitter
are located at or near the bottom of the pipe. should be at the same electrical potential. The preferred
potential is earth potential (grounded). The manufactur-
6.4.1.4 In-Situ Zero Checking. To check AC-pulsed
systems’ zero in-situ, manufacturers require that the er’s instructions for interconnections between the flow-
flowmeter sensor remain completely filled with station- meter sensor and flowmeter transmitter devices should
ary liquid. For DC-pulsed meter systems, review the be followed as defined.
manufacturer’s instructions. The electrical connection between the process liquid
and the flowmeter sensor body may be achieved by
6.4.1 .5 Location With Regard to Electrical contact with the connecting pipe, or by conductive
Interference. It is important to locate the flowmeter grounding (earthing) rings. Since proper grounding is
sensor away from any electromagnetic or electrostatic essential, special consideration must be given if lined
fields. These fields can cause disturbances in normal or nonconductive pipe is used. Consult the manufac-
operation. Therefore, it is important to locate the flow- turer for detailed grounding instructions. See para. 6.7.
meter sensor away from transformers, large electrical
motors, and communication equipment. See paras. 6.4.3 6.4.3.2 Cath odic Protecti on . If a p ip eline is
and 6.7. cathodically protected to reduce or eliminate corrosion,
precautions are necessary to ensure that the cathodic
6.4.2 Installation of Flowmeter Sensor current does not affect the performance and stability of
the flow measurement system. In such cases, the relevant
6.4.2.1 Installation Design. Consider designing electrical codes, user’s practice, and manufacturer’s rec-
the piping system with access for installation and ommendations must be followed.
removal of the flowmeter sensor. Follow local piping
codes and user-specified procedures during construction 6.4.4 Coatings and Deposits. If materials are depos-
and installation to minimize the strain on the flowmeter ited from the process liquid onto the electrodes or the
sensor. The installation should allow ready access to all walls of the meter tube, the performance of the meter
mechanical and electrical connections. will be affected. Correct flow-tube sizing for optimum

6
 ASME MFC-16–2014

flow velocity, and changing the flow profile, can mini- Cabling supplied by manufacturers to connect sensors
mize electrode coating. Provision can be made for clean- and transmitters must meet or exceed user safety codes
ing the electrodes by electrical, chemical, ultrasonic, or and electrical classifications for the installation area.
mechanical methods during the system design. This can
often be accomplished with the flowmeter installed, but
6.8.2 Mechanical Safety. The meter body, which
is an integral portion of the piping system, must be
sometimes the meter must be removed. Manufacturers
designed, manufactured, and certified to meet or exceed
should be consulted for the various options available.
user specified requirements and industry standards for
6.5 Flowmeter Sensor — Materials of Construction piping codes (i.e., ASME B31 series, etc.). Maximum
possible and normal operation pressures, temperatures,
6.5.1 General Guidelines. Materials used for con- and vibrations must be considered when specifying the
struction are selected based on their ability to withstand mechanical requirements of the flowmeter sensor. Pip-
both internal and external conditions. ing supports need to be incorporated into the system
(a) Internal in order to accommodate the added weight of the meter
(1 ) abrasion — high velocity flows with sand or silt and resist excessive vibration.
(2) chemical — corrosive liquids
(3) pressures — vacuum can cause liner separation
(4) temperature — rapid changes will crack some 7 EQUIPMENT MARKINGS
liners 7.1 Introduction
(b) External
The flowmeter sensor and flowmeter transmitter
(1 ) submersible — vault or low-lying areas may
should be marked either directly or on an attached
require watertight housings
nameplate.
(2) buried — groundwater and cathodic protection
(3) chemical — corrosive liquids 7.2 Flowmeter Sensor
(4) exposure — temperature extremes, ultraviolet
light, corrosive atmosphere Mark the following:
• instrument type and serial number
6.5.2 Liner Materials. The liner must electrically • liner material
isolate the flowmeter sensor. The selection of liner mate- • electrode material
rial is based on its ability to resist damage/wear from • maximum rated process temperature
the process media. Some examples and general applica- • maximum rated process pressure (at a specified
tion guidelines for liner materials are found in process temperature)
Nonmandatory Appendix B. • voltage, frequency, and power requirements, if
6.5.3 Electrode Materials. The electrodes material independently powered
is selected based on ability to resist oxidation, corrosion, • environmental protection rating
or pitting by the process. Examples of electrode materials • flow direction indication
include stainless steel, Hastelloy ® C, platinum, • manufacturer’s name
platinum/iridium, tantalum, titanium, and zirconium. • nominal diameter
• calibration factors
6.6 Flowmeter Transmitter — Installation • special process information (i.e., reclaimed water)
The flowmeter transmitter should be installed in an • electrical classification, if applicable (e.g., FM, UL)
accessible position with regard being given to the manu-
facturer’s specifications. 7.3 Flowmeter Transmitter
6.7 Electrical Installation Mark the following:
• instrument type and serial number
If the flowmeter transmitter is not mounted directly • voltage, frequency, and power requirements
to the flowmeter sensor, the signal cable between the • output signals, if applicable
flowmeter sensor and flowmeter transmitter must meet
• environmental protection rating
the manufacturer’s specifications and the user’s area
• manufacturer’s name
electrical specifications.
• electrical classification, if applicable (e.g., FM, UL)
6.8 Safety
6.8.1 Electrical Safety. The flowmeter sensor and 8 CALIBRATION
flowmeter transmitter of the metering system must be
designed, manufactured, and certified to meet or exceed 8.1 Overview
the electrical classification for the area in which the meter The purpose of the calibration process is to ensure that
will be installed. the flow rate indicated by the electromagnetic flowmeter

7
 ASME MFC-16–2014

system agrees with a reference flow rate within the man- Calibrations and calculations shall be in accordance
ufacturer-specified accuracy at reference conditions. with the applicable standards listed in section 2 and
This may be specified as a percent of reading, a percent Nonmandatory Appendix E.
of full scale, or a comb ination of b oth. Refer to
8.2.3 Calibration Procedure. The flowmeter sensor
Nonmandatory Appendix C for more detail on the
should be calibrated in a facility in accordance with
differences.
para. 8.2.2. The flowmeter sensor and flowmeter trans-
Calibration and verification are defined in para. 3.1.
mitter can be calibrated as a system or separately.
8.2 Liquid Calibration of the Flowmeter Sensor The data collected during the testing is used to calcu-
late the calibration factors for the flowmeter system.
The electromagnetic flowmeter should be liquid cali- When the flowmeter sensor and flowmeter transmitter
brated by the manufacturer. In addition, user’s require- are not calibrated together, the sensor calibration data
ments may dictate a calibration source other than that is used to adjust the flowmeter transmitter.
of the manufacturer. Wherever the calibration is per- A copy of the calibration data shall be available to
formed, it should be done using standards that are trace- the user.
able to NIST or some other recognized national or Minimum requirements for the calibration data are as
international standard. These standards should be more follows:
precise than the electromagnetic flowmeter system. • test date
NOTE: The method of computing the flowmeter sensor signal • sensor serial number
based on electromagnetic field strength measurements and on • indicated flow
physical dimensions, commonly referred to as “dry calibration,” • actual flow
is beyond the scope of this Standard.
• difference between reference flow and meter-
8.2.1 Calibration Conditions. The ambient tempera- indicated flow
ture range, liquid temperature range, liquid conductivity • manufacturer-specified accuracy
range, supply voltage, and pipeline diameter used in • calibration factor(s)
calibration should be stated as the reference conditions. • fluid temperature
Manufacturer-specified accuracy may be improved
when the flowmeter sensor system, sensor and transmit- 8.3 Calibration of the Flowmeter Transmitter
ter, are calibrated together as a system. 8. 3 .1 Electron i c Cali brati on of th e Flowm eter
Transmitter Voltage Inputs and Coil Drive. Where a flow-
8.2.2 Calibration Facilities. The flowmeter calibra-
meter sensor is used with a flowmeter transmitter that
tion facilities, either gravimetric or volumetric based,
is not calibrated as a system, the flowmeter transmitter
shall be traceable to NIST or some other recognized
voltage inputs and coil drive should be calibrated
national or international standard. Measurement and
against standards traceable to NIST or some other recog-
test equipment used during the calibration shall have
nized national or international standard.
this traceability.
The calibration system used to calibrate the electro- 8. 3 .2 Electron i c Cali brati on of th e Flowm eter
magnetic flowmeter should have an uncertainty of one- Transmitter User Outputs. The flowmeter transmitter
third or less of the stated uncertainty of the flowmeter user outputs should be calibrated against standards
being calibrated. Any deviation from this rule should traceable to NIST or some other recognized national or
be documented. international standard.

8
 ASME MFC-16–2014

NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A
ADDED DETAILS REGARDING THEORY AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNIQUE

A-1 THEORY first term on the right side of eq. (A-1) can be set to
zero. In this case, the electromotive force generated in
The underlying principle on which all electromagnetic an electromagnetic flowmeter is given by
flowmeters are based is Faraday’s law of induction. For a
system with moving conductive paths, such as a flowing
emfF p emfv p CDB oV (A-3)
conductive liquid, Faraday’s law states that the electro-
motive force ( emfF) generated in the flowmeter is the
sum of two terms — one proportional to the rate of
change of the magnetic field ( emft) and the other propor- A-2 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE
tional to the Lorentz force ( emfv). The electromotive force
emft arises from the fact that the magnetic flowmeter also A-2.1 Electrochemical Electromotive Force, emfc
acts as a transformer (see para. A-2.2). The electromotive
force emfv is the emf related to the fluid velocity. In In addition to the emf generated by the Lorentz force,
particular, emfv (i. e. , the flow signal) , an electrochemical
electromotive force, emfc , is produced in the flowmeter
sensor. It originates from electrochemical reactions
emfF p emft + emfv
between the electrodes (which are commonly metallic)
and the process fluid (an electrolyte), similar to the reac-
p Aeff W dB / dt + DFL (A-1) tion in a battery. Since emfc varies slowly over time, an
alternating electromagnetic field is used to avoid the
where interference of emfv with emfc . Reversing the direction
A eff p effective area of the electrode leads through of the electromagnetic field will reverse the direction
which the magnetic field, B , passes, m2 of emfv b ut not emfc ; thus, the two signals may be
dB/dt p rate of change in time of the magnetic field, differentiated.
tesla/s
D p inner diameter of the flow tube, m A-2.2 The Electromagnetic Flowmeter Explained as a
FL p effective Lorentz force per unit charge, Transformer
N/coulomb
The electromagnetic flowmeter constructed as shown
The effective Lorentz force per unit charge in an elec- in Fig. 4-1 also acts as a transformer. The transformer
tromagnetic flowmeter is primary is the coils that create the magnetic field in the
process fluid. The transformer secondary is formed by
a loop comprising the wires connecting the electrodes
FL p CB oV (A-2)
to the transmitter (or transmitter device) and the process
fluid itself, since it is conductive. Hence the single-loop
where secondary of the transformer lies within the magnetic
B o p magnetic field at the center of the flow tube, field of the transformer primary, and therefore the sec-
tesla ondary will see a voltage proportional to the rate of
C p a proportionality constant that depends on the change of the magnetic field (see section A-1). Since the
specific design of the flow tube and, to a limited transformer secondary is also the voltage sensing circuit,
extent, on the velocity profile of the fluid flow- both the transformer voltage, emft , and the flow signal,
ing through the flowmeter emfv , will be present on the electrode wires.
V p flow velocity (average axial liquid velocity over
the cross-section), m/s
A-2.3 Transformer Electromotive Force, emft
Assuming the measurement of emfv can be isolated Unfortunately, alternating the electromagnetic field to
from the transformer term, emft (see section A-2), the differentiate the effect of emfv from emfc introduces an

9
 ASME MFC-16–2014

unwanted electromotive force that is proportional to the meters, emft is 90 deg out-of-phase with emfv , and hence
rate of change of the magnetic flux in the “transformer” its influence can be reduced by phase-sensitive detection
primary (see section A-1 and para. A-2.2). To help dimin- techniques, using the phase of the electromagnetic field,
ish this effect, A eff is made as small as possible by an or a related electrical quantity, as the reference. In the
appropriate layout of the leads from the electrodes. case of pulsed-DC meters, the measurement of emfv is
The influence of the residual emft on the flow measure- made during the time when ideally the electromagnetic
ment can be further reduced to acceptable levels by field is not changing in time, and hence em ft
appropriate measurement techniques. In the case of AC approaches zero.

10
 ASME MFC-16–2014

NONMANDATORY APPENDIX B
LINER MATERIAL GUIDELINES

See Table B-1.

11
 ASME MFC-16–2014

Table B-1 Liner Material Guidelines

Typical
Material Classification Liner Material Temperature Range Comments
Elastomers Hard rubber 0°C to 90°C • Water, wastewater, alcohols, acids an d bases, and metallic
(32°F to 1 95°F ) salt solutions
• Possible attack by high con centrations of free halogens,
aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons, and high
concen trations of oxidizin g chemicals

Natural rubber −20°C to 70°C • Water, wastewater, alcohols, acids an d bases, and metallic
(−4°F to 1 60°F ) salt solutions
• Possible attack by high con cen trations of free halogens,
aromatic an d halogenated hydrocarbons, and high
concentrations of oxidizin g chemicals

Synthetic rubber −20°C to 70°C • Water, wastewater, alcohols, acids an d bases, and metallic
(−4°F to 1 60°F ) salt solutions
• I mpact an d abrasion resistant

Neoprene 0°C to 1 00°C • Water, wastewater, alcohols, acids and bases, an d m etallic
(32°F to 21 2°F ) salt solutions
• Possible attack by high concen trations of free halogens,
aromatic an d halogenated hydrocarbons, and high
concentrations of oxidizing chemicals

Polyurethane −50°C to 50°C • Water, wastewater, alcohols, acids and bases, an d m etallic
(−58°F to 1 25°F ) salt solutions
• I mpact and abrasion resistan t

Fluorinated hydrocarbons PTFE (Teflon ® ) −50°C to 1 80°C • Water, wastewater, most alcohols, acids and bases, and
(−58°F to 360°F ) metallic salt solutions
• Possible collapse under subatmospheric or vacuum con ditions

PFA (Neoflon ® ) −50°C to 1 80°C • Water, wastewater, m ost alcohols, acids an d bases, an d
(−58°F to 360°F ) metallic salt solutions
• Possible collapse un der subatm ospheric or vacuum conditions

ETFE (Tefzel ® ) −40°C to 1 20°C • Water, wastewater, m ost alcohols, acids an d bases, and
(−40°F to 250°F ) m etallic salt solutions
• Possible collapse un der subatm ospheric or vacuum conditions

Fluorinated plastics Polyamide 0°C to 65°C • Water, wastewater, som e alcohols, some acids and bases, and
(32°F to 1 50°F ) some metallic salt solutions

Chlorinated polyester 0°C to 1 20°C • Water, wastewater, som e alcohols, some acids and bases, and
(32°F to 250°F ) some metallic salt solutions

Ceramics Alum in um oxide −65°C to 1 80°C • Water, wastewater, alcohols, man y acids and bases, and
(−85°F to 360°F ) caustic and metallic salt solutions
• Vacuum resistant and abrasion resistan t; thermal shock may
cause cracking

Others Vitreous enamel 0°C to 1 50°C • Water, wastewater, alcohols, acids and bases, an d caustic and
(32°F to 300°F ) m etallic salt solutions
• Thermal shock may cause cracking

Epoxy −60°C to 1 1 0°C • Water, wastewater, some alcohols, acids and bases, and
(−75°F to 230°F ) metallic salt solutions
• Vacuum , im pact, an d abrasion resistan t

GENERAL NOTE: Users must use caution an d consider the characteristics of selected wetted parts material and influen ce of process fluids.
The use of inappropriate materials can damage or destroy the meter, result in the leakage of process fluids, contam inate the process fluids,
and/or cause in jury to personn el. Be extremely careful with highly corrosive, reactive, or dan gerous process fluids such as strong acids and bases.

12
 ASME MFC-16–2014

NONMANDATORY APPENDIX C
MANUFACTURER-SPECIFIED ACCURACY

C-1 SUMMARY range combines the reference accuracy, percentage of

reading, and an absolute accuracy together. The refer-
Manufacturers of electromagnetic flowmeters state ence accuracy applies to some range of flow rates; below
their accuracy specification in several ways — as a per- that range, an absolute accuracy applies. Figure C-1 and
centage of reading, a percentage of full scale, a sum of Table C-1 explain the differences between how these
the two (combination), or a divided range. A divided accuracy specifications are stated.

Fig. C-1 Percent Error Examples

4. 0 0 %

Pe rce n t o f re a d i n g e rro r

Pe rce n t o f fu l l s ca l e e rro r

3. 50%
Co m b i n e d s p e ci fi ca ti o n e rro r

D i vi d e d fl o w ra n g e e rro r

3. 00%

2 . 50%
Error, % of Flow Reading

2 . 00%

1 . 50%

1 . 00%

0. 50%

0. 00%

0 1 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 00

Flow Rate, GPM

13
 ASME MFC-16–2014

Table C-1 Comparison of Manufacturer-Specified

Accuracy Statements
Type of Accuracy
Specification Accuracy Statement
% of reading ± 0.X% of reading
% of full scale ± 0.X% of full scale
Combination ± 0.X% of reading ± 0.X% of full scale
± 0.X% of reading ± 0.X ft/sec
Divided range ± 0.X% of reading (> X ft/sec)
± 0.XX ft/sec (0.X–X ft/sec)
Undefined < 0.X ft/sec

14
 ASME MFC-16–2014

NONMANDATORY APPENDIX D
CALCULATION EXAMPLES

D-1 TABLES
Tables D-1, D-2, and D-3 show the “true” flow rate and
the expected error bands around the “true” flow rate.
A few sample manufacturer-specified accuracy state-
ments are shown.

Table D-1 Example 1

Range of Expected
Maximum Allowable Readings, GPM
Accuracy Statement Error Calculation Error, GPM Min. Max.
±0.5% of reading 1 00 ? 0.005 p 0.5 99.50 1 00.50
±0.5% of full scale 1 00 ? 0.005 p 0.5 99.50 1 00.50
±0.5% of reading + 0.1 % of full scale 1 00 ? 0.005 + 1 00 ? 0.001 p 0.6 99.40 1 00.60

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) True flow rate is 1 00 GPM.
(b) Full scale setting is 1 00 GPM.

Table D-2 Example 2

Range of Expected
Maximum Allowable Readings, GPM
Accuracy Statement Error Calculation Error, GPM Min. Max.
±0.5% of readin g 50 ? 0.005 p 0.25 49.75 50.25
±0.5% of full scale 1 00 ? 0.005 p 0.50 49.50 50.50
±0.5% of readin g + 0.1 % of full scale 50 ? 0.005 + 1 00 ? 0.001 p 0.35 49.65 50.35

GEN ERAL NOTES:

(a) True flow rate is 50 GPM.
(b) Full scale setting is 1 00 GPM.

Table D-3 Example 3

Range of
Expected
Maximum Allowable Readings, GPM
Accuracy Statement Error Calculation Error, GPM Min. Max.
±0.5% of readin g 1 0 ? 0.005 p 0.05 9.95 1 0.05
±0.5% of full scale 1 00 ? 0.005 p 0.50 9.50 1 0.50
±0.5% of readin g + 0.1 % of full scale 1 0 ? 0.005 + 1 00 ? 0.001 p 0.1 5 9.85 1 0.1 5

GENERAL N OTES:
(a) True flow rate is 1 0 GPM.
(b) Full scale settin g is 1 00 GPM.

15
 ASME MFC-16–2014

NONMANDATORY APPENDIX E
BIBLIOGRAPHY

ASME B16 series, Standards for Valves, Fittings, Flanges, Miller, R. W., Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook,
and Gaskets Second Edition, 1989
ASME MFC-2M, Measurement Uncertainty for Fluid Publisher: McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New York, NY
Flow in Closed Conduits
ISO 4006, Measurement of fluid flow in closed circuits —
ASME MFC-9M, Measurement of Liquid Flow in Closed
Vocabulary and symbols
Conduits by Weighing Method
ISO 41 85, Measurement of liquid flow in closed
ASME MFC-10M, Method for Establishing Installation conduits — Weighing method
Effects on Flowmeters ISO 5168, Measurement of fluid flow — Procedures for
ASME PTC 1 9. 5, Flow Measurement (Section 1 1 , the evaluation of uncertainties
Electromagnetic Flow Meters) ISO 6817, Measurement of conductive liquid flow in
Fluid Meters: Their Theory and Application, Sixth Edition, closed conduits — Method using electromagnetic
1971 (Miller, R. W., Chapters 6 and 14) flowmeters
Pub lisher: The American Society of Mechanical Pub lisher: International Organization for
Engineers (ASME), Two Park Avenue, New York, Standardization Central Secretariat (ISO), 1, ch. de la
NY 1 001 6-5990; Order Department: 22 Law Drive, Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Genève 20,
P.O. Box 2900, Fairfield, NJ 07007-2900 Switzerland/Suisse

16
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ASME MFC-16–2014

K1 381 4