ELEC 2005 TELECOMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES
Tutorial 3 - Frequency Modulation and Antennas
Question 1
a) Define frequency modulation. 2 marks
b) Explain why FM has more efficient power utilization than AM. 2 marks
c) For an FM modulator with a peak frequency deviation Δf = 27 kHz, a modulating
signal frequency fm = 18 kHz, Vc = 16 V, and a 960 kHz carrier, determine:
i) The modulation index 2 marks
ii) The number of sets of significant side frequencies. 1 mark
iii) The amplitudes of the carrier and side frequencies 2 marks
iv) Draw the frequency spectrum showing their relative amplitudes 5 marks
Bessel Function Table
Modulatio Carrier Side Frequency Pairs
n
Index
m J0 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 …etc
0.00 1.00
0.25 0.98 0.12
0.5 0.94 0.24 0.03
1.0 0.77 0.44 0.11 0.02
1.5 0.51 0.56 0.23 0.06 0.01
2.0 0.22 0.58 0.35 0.13 0.03
2.4 0 0.52 0.43 0.20 0.06 0.02 0.01
2.5 -0.05 0.50 0.45 0.22 0.07 0.04 0.01
.
etc
d) Name two kinds of antennas. 2 marks
e) Calculate the effective isotropic radiated power of an antenna where the total radiated
power is 500 watts and the antenna directive gain is 14. Express the result in dBm.
4 marks
Question 2
a) An FM modulator has a carrier wave with a frequency fc = 1250 kHz and an
amplitude Vc = 22 V. The peak frequency deviation Δf = 12 kHz, and the modulating
signal frequency fm = 8 kHz, determine:
i) Actual minimum bandwidth from the Bessel function table. 3 marks
ii) Approximate minimum bandwidth using Carson's rule. 2 marks
iii) Illustrate the output spectrum. 6 marks
Bessel Function Table
Modulatio Carrier Side Frequency Pairs
n
Index
m J0 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 …etc
0.00 1.00
0.25 0.98 0.12
0.5 0.94 0.24 0.03
1.0 0.77 0.44 0.11 0.02
1.5 0.51 0.56 0.23 0.06 0.01
2.0 0.22 0.58 0.35 0.13 0.03
2.4 0 0.52 0.43 0.20 0.06 0.02 0.01
2.5 -0.05 0.50 0.45 0.22 0.07 0.04 0.01
.
etc
b) Explain the need for preemphasis in FM transmission. 3 marks
c) State two advantages of FM over AM. 2 marks
d) Name two kinds of antenna. 2 marks
e) Describe the process of electromagnetic wave reception in an antenna. 2 marks
Question 3
a) Illustrate frequency modulation in the time domain. 4 marks
b) An FM modulator has a carrier wave with a frequency fc = 620 kHz and an amplitude
Vc = 12V. The peak frequency deviation Δf = 7 kHz and the modulating signal is of
frequency fm = 14 kHz.
Plot the output spectrum for the Bessel approximation. 10 marks
c) Explain the need for preemphasis and deemphasis in FM radio broadcast. 4 marks
d) State the advantages of FM over AM. 2 marks
