Mastering

Artful
Citation

Self-Study
Pack
CAES Academic English
Courses for Arts Students

©Centre for Applied English Studies

The copyright for these materials is owned by the
Centre for Applied English Studies at the
University of Hong Kong. These materials may not
be reproduced without permission.
 ARTFUL CITATION SELF-STUDY PACK

Learning Outcomes:
After completing this self-study pack, you should be able to:

• exhibit an understanding of plagiarism and how to avoid it.

• demonstrate an understanding of accurate MLA citation and avoiding common errors.
• apply the MLA citation techniques covered in the pack to the essay and IRCW
assessments.

Instructions

If you have experience using MLA citation accurately, you can skim through the pack and focus on
the tasks which cover common errors you are less familiar with.

If you have not studied or written assignments in MLA style, then we recommend you work through
all the tasks in this study pack. This should take around 45-60 minutes.

All written assignments on your CAES920x course require the application of MLA style 9th edition.
This study pack will help you with the Individual Revision of Collaborative Writing (IRCW) (30%) as
well as your Partial Essay Draft (10%) and Final Essay Draft (35%).

Please do NOT print off this document

Room 6.60, 6/F, Run Run Shaw Tower, Centennial Campus

The University of Hong Kong
Pokfulam, Hong Kong
Tel: 3917 2004
[Link]
TASK 1: INTRODUCTION TO CITATION AND PLAGIARISM
Timing: 5 minutes

Step 1: View an introduction video

Click the photo below and watch its video to get a brief idea of plagiarism and citation:
Step 2: Answer questions about the video

Based on the video, quickly check your understanding with the following 2 questions.

1. There are over 4,000 citation styles in academia and the professions. Can you name the
citation style required by this course?

Answer:

2. Can you name the two major types of plagiarism?

Type of plagiarism 1:

Type of plagiarism 2:

CLICK HERE TO CHECK YOUR ANSWERS

Useful Website

The following tasks provide key citation practices. You may familiarize yourself first with the
basics from Purdue University’s website. It is a reliable site used by scholars. You may also find
more details of the other three citation styles on the same website.

IMPORTANT NOTE:

MLA papers are usually written in Times New Roman font (12 point size) or other serif
typefaces. This document will render all examples of MLA formatting in Times New Roman
font.
TASK 2: MLA CITATION APPROACH
Timing: 10 minutes

Step 1: Understanding the author-page approach

Different from other citation styles, MLA adopts an author-page approach. Let’s look at the
followings and compare it with the other three styles:

MLA
In-text citation
British Romanticism signifies a desire for nature and repulsion of modernization in the industrial era
(Kevis 26).

Works Cited
Goodman, Kevis. Georgic Modernity and British Romanticism: Poetry and the Mediation of
History. Cambridge University Press, 2004.

APA
In-text citation
British romanticism signifies a desire for nature and repulsion of modernization in the industrial era
(Kevis, 2004).

References
Goodman, K. (2004). Georgic modernity and British romanticism: Poetry and the mediation of history.
Cambridge University Press.

Chicago Author-Date Style

In text citation
British romanticism signifies a desire for nature and repulsion of modernization in the industrial era
(Kevis 2004, 26).

Reference
Goodman, Kevis. 2004. Georgic Modernity and British Romanticism: Poetry and the Mediation of
History. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Chicago Notes and Bibliography Style

In text citation
British romanticism signifies a desire for nature and repulsion f modernization in the industrial era1.
1 Goodman, Kevis. Georgic Modernity and British Romanticism: Poetry and the Mediation of History
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 26.

Biliography
Goodman, Kevis. Georgic Modernity and British Romanticism: Poetry and the Mediation of History.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Step 2: Practicing formatting in an MLA Works Cited page

Online Citation Generator

Online database such as Hong Kong University Library and Google Scholar provide citation
generators for academic writers to save time referencing from scratch.

HKUL citation button Google Scholar Citation button

However, sometimes the citations from these generators can be inaccurate. Utilizing the
information in step 1, can you correct the two MLA citations from the online HKUL generator?
Use MLA 9th Edition style for the correction. Use the OWL Purdue MLA Formatting and Style
Guide webpage on how to format the Works Cited page to help you.

1. Book

HKUL online generator: Your correction in MLA 9th Edition style:

Dompere, K. K. (2017) Theory of

philosophical consciencism: Practice
foundations of nkrumaism in social
systemicity. Adonis & Abbey Publishers.
2. Journal Article

HKUL online generator: Your correction in MLA 9th Edition style:

Wintein, Stefan, and Conrad Heilmann. (2018).

Dividing the Indivisible: Apportionment and
Philosophical Theories of Fairness. Politics,
Philosophy & Economics, 17 (1), pp. 51–74,
[Link]

CLICK HERE TO CHECK YOUR ANSWERS

TASK 3: NINE COMMON FORMATTING ERRORS IN MLA
CITATION
Timing: 15 minutes
Step 1: Overview of five common formatting errors with in-text
citations
There are two main forms of in-text citation: integral and non-integral citation.

Integral citation is a grammatical part of the sentence, e.g.,

Stark and Kent argue that Swedish pop music of the 1990s was more original than
it is now (87).

We use integral citation to focus on the WHOSE ideas we are dealing with. This is
particularly useful in parts of an essay where you need to distinguish clearly between
the stance and ideas of different sources.

Non-integral citation is not a grammatical part of the citation and in MLA style usually
comes in brackets at the end of a sentence, e.g.,

Swedish pop music of the 1990s was more original than it is now (Stark and Kent
87).

We use non-integral citation to focus on the WHAT the arguments and ideas of our
sources are.

With both types of in-text citation there are common problems that students have.

Key: wrong version correct version

1. Do NOT put the full name of the author(s) in non-integral citations.

Like other citation styles such as APA, MLA only requires writers to cite the surname, rather
than the full name in non-integral citations. e.g.,
Swedish pop music of the 1990s was more original than it is now (Tony Stark and Clark
Kent 87).
 2. Do NOT use ampersand in citations (i.e., &).
For both integral and non-integral citations, MLA uses “and” instead of “&” when the source
has two authors. e.g.,
[non-integral] Swedish pop music of the 1990s was more original than it is now (Stark
& Kent 87). (Stark and Kent 87).
[integral] Stark & Kent Stark and Kent argue that Swedish pop music of the 1990s was
more original than it is now (87).

3. Do NOT list of all of the names for multiple-author sources.

As with other citation styles like APA, when a source has two or more authors, MLA style
requires that you only cite the last name of the first author, followed by “et al.” e.g.,
[integral] Banner, Wayne, Rogers and Odinson Banner et al. suggest truth is difficult
to define (143).
[non-integral] Truth is difficult to define (Banner, Wayne, Rogers and Odinson 143)
(Banner et al., 143).

4. Put the page number NOT the year in the citation.

MLA requires the page number rather than the publication date. This makes it easier for the
reader of your writing to find the page in the source to verify the author’s claim or check the
accuracy of the summary, paraphrase or quote. e.g.,
(Stark and Parker 87) NOT (Stark and Parker 2017)

5. Put the surname/family/last name NOT the first name in the citation.
When you cite a source, put the surname of the author NOT their first or middle names. The
surname is the name that begins the reference in the Works Cited page. e.g.,
Works Cited page:
Parker, Peter D. Economy in Culture in Contemporary France. Oxbridge University
Press, 2019.
In-text citation:
(Parker 87) NOT (Peter D. 87)

However, when citing a single author source for the first time in an essay where it is important
for the reader to distinguish between WHOSE ideas are being discussed (such as in a
bibliographic essay) provide the FULL name in an integral citation. e.g.,
Peter D. Parker notes that French attitudes toward migration have regressed since the
last general election (143).
Step 2: Overview of five common formatting errors in the Works Cited
page

Key: wrong version correct version

1. Reference section incorrectly titled
Two mistakes are often committed by students in the title of the references section:
i. In MLA style the title should be “Works Cited” NOT “References”. The title is also
aligned to the middle of the page.
ii. At a university level, students are required to cite multiple sources in an assignment for
critical thinking. As such, the title should be titled ‘Works Cited’ rather than ‘Work
Cited’.

2. References incorrectly randomly ordered and/or numbered

As with most citation styles like APA, the sources should be sequenced in alphabetical order
(from A-Z) by the surname of the author(s) - or the title of the source if the author is unknown.
You must NOT number sources in the Works Cited page, e.g.,

Works Cited
1. *Parker, Peter D. Economy in Culture in Contemporary France. Oxbridge University
Press, 2019.
2. Goodman, Kevis. Georgic Modernity and British Romanticism: Poetry and the
Mediation of History. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
*Note that in MLA, Parker would come AFTER Goodman since the Works Cited page is
ordered alphabetically.

3. Full names incorrectly formatted for multi-author sources

The ‘last name, first name’ rule applies to single authors. However, for sources with two or
more authors, the second and third author will be formatted: first name (then initials or middle
names, if any) then last name. e.g.,

Bordwell, David, Thompson, Kristin, and Smith, Jeff. Film Art: An Introduction.
McGraw-Hill, 1993.
Bordwell, David, Kristin Thompson, and Jeff Smith. Film Art: An Introduction.
McGraw-Hill, 1993.
 4. Listing every author for sources with more than three authors
For sources with three or more authors, only the first author should be included followed by
“et al.”. e.g.,
Gustafsson, Tommy, Outi Hakola, Erik Hedling, Gunnar Iversen, Pietari Kaapa, Mariah
Larsson, Anders Wilhelm Aberg, and Kimmo Laine. Nordic Genre Film: Small
Nation Film Cultures in the Global Marketplace. Edinburgh University Press,
2015.
Gustafsson, Tommy, et al. Nordic Genre Film: Small Nation Film Cultures in the Global
Marketplace. Edinburgh University Press, 2015.

5. Putting article or publication titles in ALL CAPS or sentence case

In MLA 9th Edition style the first letter of each noun or adjective in the article or publication
title is given a capital letter. You should NOT put any titles in ALL CAPS even if that is how it is
rendered in the original publication. e.g.,

Chan, Erik. “Gender roles in Korean households in America.” JOURNAL OF

KOREAN STUDIES, vol. 13, no. 3, 2021, pp. 41-50.
Chan, Erik. “Gender Roles in Korean Households in America.” Journal of
Korean Studies, vol. 13, no. 3, 2021, pp. 41-50.

Step 3: Correcting common formatting in-text citation and Works

Cited page errors
Kelly is drafting her assignment using MLA 9th Edition style. Keeping the above ten basic common
formatting errors in mind, read each in-text citation and the Works Cited page carefully and help
her make corrections, including punctuation, deleting unnecessary information, or rearranging
the order of references.

Extract from Kelly’s essay:

Smith found that nine in ten teenagers spend three and a half hours on their mobile phones and
exchange more than 100 messages daily (2018). Other scholars investigating the impacts of
smartphone use on self-esteem have found positive outcomes with different sorts of
smartphone use (D. E. Rohall, S. R. Cotten, 2002 p.17), while others have demonstrated
negative correlations (E. F. Gross, J. Juvonen and S. L. Gable 2002, p. 77). In particular,
Goggin & Hjorth discovered that youngsters frequently changed their profiles based on the
comments they received (2009, p.40).

The reference section for Kelly’s essay:

References
Gross, E. F., Juvonen, J., & Gable, S. L. (2002). Internet use and well‐being in
adolescence. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES, 58(1), 75-90.
Wintein, Stefan, and Conrad Heilmann. “Dividing the Indivisible: Apportionment and
Philosophical Theories of Fairness.” Politics, Philosophy & Economics, vol. 17, no. 1,
2018, pp. 51–74, [Link]
Smith, Aaron. “SOCIAL MEDIA USE IN 2018.” Pew Research Centre,
[Link] Accessed 6 August
2023.
Rohall, David E., Shelia R. Cotten (2002). Internet use and the self-concept: linking specific
issues to global self-esteem. Current Research in Social Psychology 8, 1, 1–19.
Gerard Goggin, Larissa Hjorth. (2009). Mobile Technologies: From Telecommunications to
Media. New York: Routledge.

CLICK HERE TO CHECK YOUR ANSWERS

TASK 4: ADVANCED COMMON ERROR 1- MISSING
CITATIONS
Timing: 10 minutes
Step 1: Example of missing citations in student writing

One of the most common problems in student writing is missing citations. If you read the
following excerpt you can see that only one citation has been given for the whole paragraph.
Many students wrongly think that a single in-text citation at the beginning or end of the
paragraph is enough when citing ideas from a single source in one paragraph.

Dabrowzka analyses L2 acquisition among children and adults from the angle of functional
and decorative grammar. Adult learners are more goal-directed and show more effort in
processing input, and thus focus more on the semantics of language. The learning
environment and shaping of one's own learning approach also contribute greatly to learning
a new language. In addition to adult’s self-monitoring, mature learners can examine and
rectify the errors on the spot for independent learning. While adults can utilize their own
strategies to nurture a second language learning environment, they can synthesize the learning
tactics of children to grasp the new language in an easier manner (3, 5, 8).

Not providing citations is problematic because:

• You are not acknowledging where an idea came from, meaning that you are
plagiarising ideas from your sources.
• Your reader will not know whether a certain idea is your own or from one of your
sources. This leads to confusion and frustration, particularly for someone grading your
paper!
• Your reader may want to check how accurately you have summarized or quoted from
a source and will want a citation for the exact page number. If you only have one
citation for one page of the source, but the ideas come from other pages then this
means you are citing inaccurately.
Step 2: Explaining compensatory strategies

Mentioning the author’s name whenever we cite would be repetitive and boring. There are
some compensatory strategies which can make citation more reader friendly:
• use pronouns (e.g. he, him, they, them, she, her) and synonyms (e.g., the author, the
researcher, the same writer, the research, the journal article, the publication).

• switch between citation approaches (i.e., from integral to non-integral citation, or vice
versa).
The following example rewrites the excerpt from the previous page with pronouns, synonyms,
and different citation approaches.

Dabrowzka analyses L2 acquisition among children and adults from the angle of functional
and decorative grammar (3). She argues that adult learners are more goal-directed and show
more effort in processing input, and thus focus more on the semantics of language. The
learning environment and shaping of one's own learning approach also contribute greatly to
learning a new language (Dabrowzka 5). In addition to adult’s self-monitoring, the writer
elaborates that mature learners can examine and rectify the errors on the spot for independent
learning. While adults can utilize their own strategies to nurture a second language learning
environment, the same research (8) shows that they can synthesize the learning tactics of
children to grasp the new language in an easier manner.

Step 3: Identifying compensatory strategies

Look at the three examples below and identify which strategy is being used to avoid repeating
the same citation technique: pronouns, different citation approach or synonyms.

Example of strategy Type of Strategy

The same authors suggested further that new immigrants in the city
commonly struggle with the fast-paced life and language gap.
They suggested further that new immigrants in the city commonly
struggle with the fast-paced life and language gap.
Ho et al. indicated cultural difference affects family harmony (51).
They explained that the authoritarian parenting style intensified parent-
children conflict. In addition, new immigrants in the city commonly
struggle with the fast-paced life and language gap (Ho et al. 51).
Step 4: Rewriting a paragraph using compensatory strategies
Here is another potential plagiarism sample which lacks sufficient citations. Each sentence in the
excerpt below comes from a different page by the source (Leung). The final sentence actually
contains ideas from two different pages in the source. Use 1) pronouns, 2) synonyms, and 3)
different citation approaches to improve it. Use page numbers 25, 24 for the first two sentences
respectively and pages 26 and 27 for the two clauses in the final sentence.

for the in-text citations in the remaining sentences.

William Leung (24-7) recounts responses to Ang Lee from queer film theorists who felt that The
Wedding Banquet is a betrayal of the queer genre. Unlike postmodern, style and polemic-driven
queer genre films, The Wedding Banquet is a character and plot-oriented film made by a classical
narrative director known for his humanist, social realist and literalist style. Rather than a “queer”
or “straight” movie, The Wedding Banquet is a “straightforward” narrative in which queer
becomes part of a mainstream composed of multiple themes tied together in a classical narrative
package.

CLICK HERE TO CHECK YOUR ANSWERS

TASK 5: ADVANCED COMMON ERROR 2- OVER CITING
Timing: 10 minutes
Step 1: Identifying over-citing or repetitive and unnecessary citing

After dealing with missing citation problem, some students may wrongly misunderstand that
they need to put a page number citation every time they discuss the same idea from the same
page of a source. This is overciting.

Over citing is not only distracting for a reader, it can also confuse readers as to whether the
citation refers to a different source.

The example below shows multiple in-text citations for points that were taken from the same
page (777) of the same source (Deng).

Kelvin Deng explains how a learner’s language acquisition skills could be impacted by what
is termed “mentality” (777). “Mentality” refers to multiple internal factors (Deng 777).
Specifically, they are self-discipline, self-reliance, and a positive attitude (Deng 777).
Although the critical period greatly influences one’s learning process, the possession of self-
monitoring, self-dependence as well as optimism also weighs in (Deng 777). In essence, these
qualities train the learners to develop learning techniques to overcome their language hurdles
(Deng 777). For more effective language development, teachers need to strengthen their
learners’ self-consciousness and hence self-management (Deng 777).

• Instead of citing the page number every time, similarly, we could use pronouns and
synonyms to remind readers that the idea comes from the same source and page.

• We may also alter the expressions (e.g., changing sentence structure, omitting parts
of a phrase or sentence etc.) to avoid redundancy and repetitive phrasing.

The following example rewrites the previous excerpt with pronouns, synonyms, and altered
expressions:

Kelvin Deng explains how learner’s language acquisition skills could be impacted by
what is termed “mentality” (777). “Mentality”, in this article, refers to multiple internal
factors: (777). Specifically, they are self-discipline, self-reliance, and a positive attitude.
 Although the critical period greatly influences one’s learning process, the writer argues that
the possession of self-monitoring, self-dependence as well as optimism also weighs in. In
essence, he pinpoints that these qualities train the learners to develop learning techniques to
overcome their language hurdles. For a more effective language development, Deng’s
research recommends that teachers need to strengthen their learners’ self-consciousness
and hence self-management.

Note how the different compensation strategies are often used together, e.g., synonym + altered
expression (e.g., the writer argues that)

Step 3: Rewriting Practice

Here is another over-cited paragraph. Can you try to use 1) pronouns, 2) synonyms, and 3)
altered expressions to improve it?

Due to the difficulty of obtaining visas, Carmen Chiu found that mental the well-being of parents
was affected as a result of the additional stress (654). This stress further reduced their patience
and ability to cope with even minor mishaps (654). Once their patience had run out, parents
would more often mistreat their children after work (654). Even when parents reported that their
intention had been to attend to their children gently, they found themselves behaving irritably
when addressing their child’s needs (654). Over an extended period, it was concluded that there
was a significant decline in the quality of parent-children interaction (654).

CLICK HERE TO CHECK YOUR ANSWERS

TASK 6: ADVANCED COMMON ERROR 3- CLUNKY CITATION
Timing: 10 minutes
Step 1: Clunky or Repetitive Citation

In academic writing, it is common to cite multiple sources within a paragraph. However, some
undergraduate writers tend to cite the sources in the same way, which may cause two
problems:

• It bores readers and makes the reading experience tedious.

• It shows a lack of synthesis and integration of sources. This shortcoming is especially

detrimental to the content of bibliographic essays and IRCW as it often requires student’s
critical evaluation of the cited literature.

We may read the following excerpt as an example of clunky or repetitive citation:

Lau et al. write that the dual roles of a housewife and working mother conflict and lead to
lower levels of satisfaction in either role (94). Thein writes that the work-family conflict for
women can be ameliorated if the two domains of home and career are respected by family
members and employers (316). Chow et al. write that the prolonged working hours of working
mothers lead to negligence of family duties and that mothers should prioritize their family
role first (182). Li writes that given the strong patriarchal traditions in Chinese society and
that the division of family labour is heavily gendered, women are expected to spend the
majority of their time on domestic affairs (62).

• This short paragraph uses the same citation approach (i.e., integral) whenever it cites.
This repetition not only makes the reading process less pleasant but also may
demonstrate a limited range of grammatical and sentence structures. This lack of range
tends to be marked down by examiners and markers as an extensive range of linguistic
resources is expected in academic writing.

• Similarly, the repeated use of the same reporting verb (writes) throughout the passage
may show a lack of understanding of the cited sources; that means the writer is not
able to synthesize and accurately present the stance of the sources.
Step 2: Ways to Cite Multiple Sources

We can use the same strategies that were discussed above to deal with under and over citing.
These are:

• Use different citation approaches (i.e., use both integral and non-integral).

• Alter the expressions used in the citation. In particular, use a variety of reporting
verbs to more accurately convey the stance and position of each author. You can also
use cohesive devices to link sentences and phrases (e.g., on the other hand, similarly,
responds by arguing etc.) so that the source ideas are connected more smoothly and
logically.

• Use pronouns and synonyms, but be careful that these do not lead the reader to mix up
one author with another, e.g., Using “she” where two or more sources are written by
female authors or using phrases like “this article” when two or more articles have been
previously discussed.

In addition, you can also:

• Restructure the paragraph/section and/or add additional context and points so that
the distinction between the stances and views of the sources are more apparent.

Here is an example of rewriting the paragraph from the previous page:

Janice Li (62) explains that given the strong patriarchal traditions in Chinese society and that
the division of family labour is heavily gendered, women are expected to spend the majority
of their time on domestic affairs. This patriarchal view can even be found among scholars.
Some have claimed their research has shown that the dual roles of housewife and working
mother conflict and lead to lower levels of satisfaction in either role (Lau et al. 94). While
these apparent findings are not necessarily recommendations, other researchers have
been more direct in what they believe the solution should be. In Chow et al.’s 2004 study,
the authors propagate the idea that the prolonged working hours of working mothers lead to
negligence of family duties and that mothers, therefore, should prioritize their family role first
(182). On the other hand, more recent scholarly papers have found evidence that support
opposing these patriarchal expectations. Most influential was Alvin Thein’s 2020 paper in
which he proposed the work-family conflict for women can be ameliorated if the two domains
of home and career are respected by family members and employers alike (316).
 •

Step 3: Rewriting Practice

Here is another clunkily cited paragraph. Can you try to use 1) pronouns, 2) synonyms, 3)
altered expressions, 4) different citation approaches, 5) transitional phrases to improve it?

Vygotsky (11) said that students learn a language through social interaction. Vygotsky (12) said
that children acquire a language with peer scaffolding. Gass and Varonis (56) said that in social
contexts, learners receive language input that helps them identify the gap between their prior
knowledge and the actual form. This metalinguistic awareness once established turns the target
linguistic input salient for long-term memory and output. Swain (79) said that output opportunity
in classroom helps learners internalize the target form from semantic to syntactic processing.

CLICK HERE TO CHECK YOUR ANSWERS

 Suggested Resources
Modern Language Association:

[Link]

Purdue University’s MLA Formatting and Style Guide:

[Link]
e/mla_formatting_and_style_guide.html

MLA referencing (9th ed.) by University of Canterbury:

[Link]

MLA Format | Complete Guidelines & Free Template:

[Link]

YouTube Videos on MLA in-text citation, Works Cited Page & 9th Edition*:

The Basics of MLA In-text Citations: [Link]

MLA Works Cited: [Link]

MLA In-Text Citations 9th ed. - Complete Guide (2023):

[Link]

*Note: some videos were made a couple years ago. There may be slight differences from the
latest MLA edition.

Paraphrasing for Beginners by the University College London:

[Link]
 Study Pack Task Answers and Suggestion

Task 1: Introduction to citation and plagiarism

1. There are over 4,000 citation styles in academia and the professions. Can you name the
citation style required by this course?

Answer: MLA (Modern Language Association) Style

2. Can you name the two major types of plagiarism?

Type of plagiarism 1: direct copy-and-paste

Type of plagiarism 2: paraphrasing without disclaiming

CLICK HERE TO RETURN TO TASK 1

TASK 2: MLA CITATION APPROACH

1. Book

MLA 9th Dompere, K. K. The Theory of Philosophical Consciencism: Practice

Edition style Foundations of Nkrumaism in Social Systemicity. Adonis & Abbey
Publishers Ltd, 2017.

2. Journal Article

MLA 9th Wintein, Stefan, and Conrad Heilmann. “Dividing the Indivisible:
Edition style Apportionment and Philosophical Theories of Fairness.” Politics,
Philosophy & Economics, vol. 17, no. 1, 2018, pp. 51–74,
[Link]

CLICK HERE TO RETURN TO TASK 2

TASK 3: BASIC COMMON ERRORS IN MLA CITATION

Kelly is drafting her assignment using MLA style. Read each in-text citation and the reference list
carefully and help her make corrections, including punctuation, deleting unnecessary
information, or rearranging the order of references.

Key: wrong version correct version

Aaron Smith [N1] found that nine in ten teenagers spend three and a half hours on their
mobile phones and exchange more than 100 messages daily (2018) [N2]. Other scholars
investigating the impacts of smartphone use on self-esteem have found positive outcomes with
different sorts of smartphone use (D. E. Rohall, S. R. Cotten, 2002 p.17) (Rohall and Cotton
17), while others have demonstrated negative correlations (E. F. Gross, J. Juvonen and S. L.
Gable 2002, p. 73) (Gross et al. 73). In particular, Goggin & Hjorth Goggin and Hjorth
discovered that youngsters frequently changed their profiles based on the comments they
received (2009, p.40) (40).

NOTES:
[N1] First time a scholar has been introduced so give the full name in an integral citation.
[N2] The source is a webpage with no page number. Do NOT give the year instead if there is no page
number only the author name.

References
Gross, E. F., Juvonen, J., & Gable, S. L. (2002). Internet use and well‐being in
adolescence. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES, 58(1), 75-90.
Wintein, Stefan, and Conrad Heilmann. “Dividing the Indivisible: Apportionment and
Philosophical Theories of Fairness.” Politics, Philosophy & Economics, vol. 17, no. 1,
2018, pp. 51–74, [Link]
Smith, Aaron. “SOCIAL MEDIA USE IN 2018.” Pew Research Centre,
[Link] Accessed 6 August
2023.
Rohall, David E., Shelia R. Cotten (2002). Internet use and the self-concept: linking specific
issues to global self-esteem. Current Research in Social Psychology 8, 1, 1–19.
Gerard Goggin, Larissa Hjorth. (2009). Mobile Technologies: From Telecommunications to
Media. New York: Routledge.
The whole Works Cited page will need to be reformatted thus:

Works Cited
Goggin, Gerard and Larissa Hjorth. Mobile Technologies: From Telecommunications to
Media. Routledge, 2009.
Gross, Eric L., et al. “Internet Use and Well‐being in Adolescence.” Journal of social issues,
vol. 58, no. 1, 2002 pp. 75-90.
Rohall, David E. and Shelia R. “Internet Use and the Self-Concept: Linking Specific Issues to
Global Self-esteem.” Current Research in Social Psychology, vol. 8, no. 1, 2002, pp.
1–19.
Smith, Aaron. “Social Media Use in 2018.” Pew Research Centre,
[Link] Accessed 6
August 2023.
Wintein, Stefan, and Conrad Heilmann. “Dividing the Indivisible: Apportionment and
Philosophical Theories of Fairness.” Politics, Philosophy & Economics, vol. 17, no. 1,
2018, pp. 51–74, ProQuest, [Link]

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TASK 4: ADVANCED COMMON ERROR 1- MISSING CITATIONS

Example of strategy Type of Strategy

The same authors suggested further that new immigrants in the Synonym
city commonly struggle with the fast-paced life and language
gap.
They suggested further that new immigrants in the city Pronoun
commonly struggle with the fast-paced life and language gap.
Ho et al. indicated cultural difference affects family harmony Different citation approach
(51). They explained that the authoritarian parenting style
intensified parent-children conflict. In addition, new immigrants
in the city commonly struggle with the fast-paced life and
language gap (Ho et al. 51).

William Leung recounts responses to Ang Lee from queer film theorists who felt that The
Wedding Banquet is a betrayal of the queer genre (25). He notes that unlike postmodern, style
and polemic-driven queer genre films, The Wedding Banquet is a character and plot-oriented
film made by a classical narrative director known for his humanist, social realist and literalist
style (24). Rather than a “queer” or “straight” movie, Leung sees The Wedding Banquet as
being a “straightforward” narrative (26) in which queer becomes part of a mainstream
composed of multiple themes tied together in a classical narrative package (27).

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TASK 5: ADVANCED COMMON ERROR 2- OVER CITING

Due to the difficulty of obtaining visas, Carmen Chiu found that mental the well-being of parents
was affected as a result of the additional stress (654). This page of her article reveals that this
stress further reduced their patience and ability to cope with even minor mishaps and shows
that once their patience had run out, parents would more often mistreat their children after work.
She records that even when parents reported that their intention had been to attend to their
children gently, they found themselves behaving irritably when addressing their child’s needs.
Over an extended period, Chiu concluded that there was a significant decline in the quality of
parent-children interaction.

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TASK 6: ADVANCED COMMON ERROR 3- CLUNKY CITATION

According to Sociocultural Theory (Vygotsky 11), said that students learn a language through
social interaction. Vygotsky (1978) He said added that children acquire a language with peer
scaffolding where learners at the same language level guide and support each other by
offering feedback (12). Based on the same approach, Gass and Varonis (56) said explained
that in social contexts, learners receive language input that helps them identify the gap between
their prior knowledge and the actual form. The researchers suggested that this metalinguistic
awareness once established turns the target linguistic input salient for long-term memory and
output. On top of input, Swain (2005) said that output opportunity in classroom also helps
learners internalize the target form from semantic to syntactic processing (Swain79).
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END OF SELF-STUDY PACK