Surface Chemistry

U
Adsorption Colloids Catalysis

1 Adsorption
The accumulation paÉÉÉÉ
Absorption of in the bulk
Solid liquid is termed
of or ax absorption

example Iii
Foam
Sponge
Adsorption The accumulation particles in the Surface
Solid
of
of or liquid is termed ax adsorption

Example
Silica Gel
surface H2o
Of O

o 0

Tied
force

i this particle experience balanced

for
I No net force
 due to unbalanced
or
force surface particle tax tendency to
attract the other mole vex

difference bet adsorption I abyorbtion

Adsorption Absorption
Surface phenomenon Bulkphenomenon
Ackimulation Ackimulation
at surface
of particle at bulk
of particle
only only
rate
of adsorption if rate
of abxorpt on is
at constant
very fast begining
but decrese
gradually

Example
Anhydroux Calls store water in bulk but
Silica Gel store water at surface
charcoal adsorb Mtb t

yf g ÉIY
Decolourication
of sugar byactivated charcoal adsorption
Sponge water Absorption

Wtf what if Adsorbent Adsorbate

The material on the surface which adsorption Adsorbate

a
takes place is called Adsorbent R
Nikitin Adsorbent

therubxtance which adsorbed is called

Adsorbate
 t

IGI g
s c c
l'd
g
Pt

Hiiiii
HE
Absorption
Sorption
Adsorption
accumulation particle called sorption
of is

cared re adsorption
Syke Bst ___

cared surface re adsorption

____
at

what Positive Adsorption

if
the at surface
If
than
accumulation
of
called
particle is more
bully is the adsorption

what Adsorption
iynecative at
the accumulation
If of
than surface is called
particle is more
re adsorption
bully

what is Desorption
I The prolex removal adsorbate particle from
the of
Adsorbent
surface of
of
called desorption
is
Adsorption is Exothermic prose
Adsorption is spontaneous procex
It Adsorption Clarified into 2 Categories on the basis
bond formation
of
Chemical Adsorption
Physical Adsorption
Physisorption chemisorption

It arises dueto Vanderwal o It ankex due to chemical

force bond
AH 14 40 ks mole DH greaterthan40
Reversible Irreversible
Not specific in nature
Highlyspecific
depend on nature depend on nature
of fax of fax
those gaxwhich react with
Yore easily liquefiable
are adsorb more gay
easily
adsorbent

low temp favour chemical

physical High temp favour
adsorption Adsorption
1st dee with ins in temp Stine with inc in temp thender
Intermediate

multi
egg A
layer formation
single layer formation
Example
H2O Adsorption 02
Adsorption
of Silicagel of tungsten
charcoal Mikel
Adsorption of MHz Adsorption
of H2
p TriplePoint
water
of
e E
p
S
ji
te
T

factor
affecting.IE ti
Iy maxxa
act gax Eta El

1Nature
of adsorbate
2 Nature adsorbent
ofarea adsorbent
3
4
Surface of
Temp
5
Prexxorey

EETonxtant
 Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm

case 1 low Pressure

p pressure act A adsorption
Im a
Zick a vice versa
case 2
High pressure

Po ta certain pressure at aid adsorption

constant at all
care 3 I Moderate pressure

Im a phenix anynatural no

My
moderate
pay Pressure p

FAI equation E K P
Draw the between logan Ya logP
graph

j F logfk.ph
log 7m slogK InlogP
Tt it
J
logTn slope In tano

log's

logP

limitation Freundlich Adsorption lyotherm

of
It fail at High pressure
It applicable at low pressure
only
applicable for phyxixorption
only
It considered multilayeradsorption
 2 Colloids
thomas Grahame s rate
of diffusion
what Grahame law
if of diffusion
rat at
Gramm's clarified pubxtance into two catogariex on the
baxix their rate
of of diffusion

1 cannot
Crystalloid They diffuse rapidly in solution I
filter through animal membrane
Example
Sugar Sol salt solution Urea Solution etc

2 Colloids 2
They diffuse slowly in solution can
filter through animal membrane
Example
starch son gelatin som proteingoin etc
Note colloid meany
glue form
Crystalloid Colloids
Nall 120 Hall Benzene
H H

f Eisen
soap Benzene soap water
 True Solution Colloids Suspension
Nature Homogeneous Heterogeneous Heterogeneous
ParticleSize lexx than Inm Inm 1000mm greater than1000mm
Appearance Transparent Translucent opaque
alteration titter by can't
by normal filter filterby both
normalfilter
gang ax well but possible
byultra
filter
Sedimentation Don't settle settle settle automatically
by centrifugation

what colloids
if
Colloidy are heterogeneous mixture containing particle size
range of Inm to 1000 nm translucent in
they are
appearance I cannot be separated normal filter
by
but possible
by ultra filter The particle of colloid
can settle downby centrifugation

True tolution Solute Solvent

t t t
Colloidal solution Dispersed Dispersion
Phare Medium
DiecontineouxPhase contineoux Phare
G Inner phase G outer Phase
Alcohol t water
CaHsOH H2O Solution
92g 72g
Solvent Solute Ynot
Solute solvent
emote
solute those substance which has less amount
Ardent in solution
of substance

solvent those substance which hay molex in solution

high
 solid butnot fat

Milk water Butter g

119
colloidal solution Dispersed
Phase D.FIyion
Sol
Aerosol
Emulsion
Get
f Foam

colloids
Classification of
based on the physical state
ofDispersedPhaxeX dispersion medium
based on the nature dispersed Phare
baked on the interaction of
particles of
DispersedPhaxeXdispersion medium
of
It based on the physical
dispersion medium
state
ofDispersed Phaser
Dispersed phase Solid Liquid Gax
Dispersion Medium Solid Liquid Gax

3
a teflon Paint

If Ige Paint
D Det

In A
Solute solvent

not form colloidal solution

why gaxtgax
ITAI based on the nature
of particles of dispersed
a
Multimolecular b 149180molecular 1 Associated colloids
colloid colloids Micelles
a
Multi molecular Colloids Inorganic Colloids
On dissolution a
large no of particle aggregate together
where particle Xize
range come with the range of
Inm to 1000 nm
There are called multi molecular colloids
Example sulphur water
Metalsulphide water
t
Metal Hydroxide water
b molecular colloids organic colloids
Eggo
Macro moleculex Polymer solvent
form a
insuitable
solution in which particle size range from Inm to
1000 nm
Thee are called macromolecular colloidy

Example starch solution

Gelatin solution
C Associated Colloids Micelles
St int
Substance which show electrolytic nature low conch
but colloidal nature conc due to the
high
aggregation particle whose size range from
of
1hm to 1000 nm
There are axxoriated colloids

Example soap Sodium Stearate

gygxylic
Detergent Sodium laurylsulphate sulphonic
 low Conan
at
low T nfeÉo
na no
nd É o that
attire
High conn
É
age
RR Io Na 20
fr o
that
Ei
based on the interaction DispersedPhaxeX dispersion medium
of

got
lyophilic
Philic Solvent
Iyo
thot
Phobic Solvent
hating
loving
lyophilicmeany solvent loving lyophobicmeany solventhatin

DP particle are strongly attracted DP particle are not attracted

by DM by DM

É
It is directly prepared special method
bymixing prepared
by
More Stable Colloid lexx stable colloid
reversible irreversible colloid
Not
easily coagulate Easily coagulate by adding
Electrolyte
Macromolecular collide Multi molecular colloids
Starch solution a Suphor Sol
gelatin solution Gold Sol
Organic colloids Inorganic colloids
 Add
colloids suspension
Suspension
amie Electrolyte

MIT The electrolyte is required

minimum amount
to maintain the colloidal nature
of
Action Soap
Nott
É to
of
axoriative colloid
detergent
Small amount solute behave like electrolyte
amount
of behave like colloids Micelles
large of solute

NoInteraction

s int
no
jo M
filing
É area

Éj.gg j Ij
so cotton
dust non polar nonpolar nonpolar
water Polar attraction
MICHIGAN
Soap Nat Kt salt higher fattyacid
Example
of
sodium Stearate CatHatCOO Nat

Soap
f NonPolarend 4Polar
4Hydrophobic GHydrophilic
Detergent Sodium lauryl Sulphate Cia HaeSoe Na

charge of the micelle in rare soap detergent

rest
 midiÉ water t.IE f i
at Boo at Moo
a
coo to
MitlyIPOD
j
b re Sol

what is Kraft Temp Ed III Catron

Kraft Temp The formation micelles takes place above
of
a particular temp is called Kraft temp

M C Above Kraft temp the concentration is

called critical micelles concentrations

Preparation colloids
of
lyophilic colloids direct mixing organic colloids
colloids
by
lyophobic special methods inorganic colloidal

colloids
preparation
of lyophobic
1hm 1000 nm
lex Inm greater than
1000mm
me potion ha
a
suspension
True Solution condensation colloids
method

suspension Dispersion colloids

method
 Dispersion Method Condensation Method
b b
Suspension colloid True solution colloid
1 Mechanical Dispersion 1 Oxidation
Method
Suppension
71000M 4252
502 35 t H2O

1 8900000
Do

2 Electrical Dispersion 2 Reduction Method

Bredig's Arc Method

tititrita
juxtention
r

3
Peptization precipitate
NY Ng
Ppt s colloid

Its
j
Theproem bringing appt
of
1tgy
Is.IE T
Fet Ice
back into colloidal state is
known ax peptization Fee FeeFet

Feel NaOHlag Felon I Nall

Fet et Nat Et For
on
h re colloids
079th
g
o
OHOH on OH
 what peptization I
is peptixing Agent
into colloidal
Conversion
of freshly prepared ppt solution
called peptization
if
The minimum amount
of electrolyte is required to prepare
colloidal solution
from precipitate is called peptixing
Agent
I what if coagulation coagulating Agent
Conversion colloid into suspension small
of by adding
amount
of electrolyte is called coagulation

The minimum amount

of electrolyte required to prepare
supension from colloid is called
coagulating Agent

coagulating
Sugtention Peptising colloid suspension
Agent agent
Ppt

Examld
H Ag11103 is added to KI solution

Agios III Ag IIe Moz

yellow
Atef Excest colloid
limiting

Note colloid and exceed substance It I common Nest at

surface t MII I

Ag
P
IftT
Stationary Mobile
Phase Phase
2 KI to
is added Agnoz Solution
IET
limiting
AT 3 Agata Moz
Tow
Excesy colloid

Note colloid and exceed substance It I common Nest at

surface t MIT I

AgI Agt
9 T

stay Bite
what if Helmholtz Double layer
The combination two layers
of
around colloidal particle is
of opposite charge
called H DL
AgI I KE

what Zeto Potential Electrokinetic Potential

if
The potential difference between fixed layer a diffused
layer called
of opposite charge is zeta potential
 Purification colloids
ofElectrodialysis
Dialysis Ultrafiltration

AM y
Bag
which is made
by
I Iggy Parchment a cellophane
animal membrane

ÉÉE 1
H2O outlet

we in water
impurities are
It is a
very
slow procexx
blood is a colloids
Éf 4nm
 Properties colloids
of
M
Colligative properties
Relative lowering in V P 08 Particle
x
Elevation B
of pp
on in for verydilutesolution
A osmotic Prexxore G Mam
Colloidal particles being bigger the no
in a colloidal solution
aggregates ofayparticle
comparatively ymall
is
compared to true solution
Hence the values
of colligative properties are small
ay compared to true solutions
2 properties Tyndal Effect
Egged

Dust is a colloid DP t DM
Solidgerotopaf
colloidal particles is
Scattering
of whitenight
called Jindal effect by

to
Truesolution
t colloidal suspension
3
Mechanical properties
The
zig zag motion Dispersed Phase solute particle
of
in colloidal solution due to contineoux collision
DP Z DM particle is called Brownian Motion
of
 Timm
Iigg.z motion

Electrical properties Electrophoresis

colloidalgot
colloidal have the re charge on padding
them
The
of
movement Sol particle under ay
the influence electricfield
towards
of electrode
opposity charged
called Electrophoresis
if

Cataphorexix
If the Sol discharge on cathode
then it is called cataphoresis
the Sol discharge on Anode
Anaphorasix if
then it is called anaphoresis

ot Fet e

organicPoynerforms ve
colloidy
At Coagulation Valve Flocculation Value

Coagulation colloid Mite's suspension

coagulating
Agent
Milk Panner

The minimum amount electrolyte required in milimoles

of 1an
which litre colloidal solution is called
can
coagulate of
coagulation Valve
SI unit milimolex
litre which meany
Molarity

Not A B C D
I spoon 2spoon 3 spoon 4 spoon
Lexx is the coagulating valve more if the coagulating Powers

Hardy Schulze Rule

According to
hardyschulze rule greater the charge of the
active ion
greater the power of coagulation
Active ion it rexponsible
for coagulation
dig for trexol
t 2
Fela Pop 32 1501 g Ce
real
E for 3
Y Bata I Nat

for
a I
Silver Sol coagulating valve Mall Billa Latino
for Active Activeion Active
ion ion

Mall Bill 4 Latinos

 ExImilimolex

The minimum amount electrolyte required in mili mole

of 1an
which litre colloidal solution is called
can
coagulate of
coagulation Valve
SI unit milimolexfitre which meany
Molarity

9100mi colloid at
coagulate Idf Jmilimolezing
I me fo
1000mL X1000 50 mingle
 Gold No
Protective Sol lyophobic unstablesoil
Chef OR
stable Sol

lyophilic Sol
th
lyophobic stable
spot
unstable

Covering up lyophobic sol is known

of
ay proctive action
by lyophilic particle
of lyopilic sot
what is gold No
Gold No is defined as the minimum amount of dried protectiveKol
inmy lyophilicson that prevent coagulation 10mi gold Sol unstablesoll
of
lyophobicsoll on the addition tw WNall SoI
of 110
1mL
of td
protectiveson in
WILD GoldSol
y mitigram
t
gyp

Protective Solh a Gold No

Gelatin I ve 0.005 0.1 miligram
tie 0.03 0.07
Haemoglobin I 0.15 0.25
Egg Albumin
Starch re 20 25
Gold No 10mL Gold Sol at prevent ant tax tarot miligram
lyophilic Sol at 1

0.25g 250mg
250miligram X subxtance prevent 100mL GoldSol
of
100mL gold solution prevent X
by250mg
2
of substance

I mL

10 ML 250 10
25 my
100
A Preparation
of suspension

By Mutual coagulation
By centrifugation
By electrophoresis
By adding electrolyte
By prolonged dialysis

User of colloids
3 Catalysis
J J Berzelius
122 letter notation

only
I

aptiq
firstcapital
then small
Jj
CO Co
Gold C L I P S

The syftematic study of the effectof various substance

the chemical rn J J
on rate
of wax first madeby
Berzelius
He suggested the term catalyst those substance
5 I 11
foraction increase
group group catalytic

Kcl 03 Kel 02 without catalyst

6 81
KC log no
567 K
Kel 02 with catalyst

what is catalyt catalyix

rein without undergoing any permanent change

itself
the process the rate
catalyix
chemical
if
of increasing
substance known
of
ran adding a ax
by
catalyst
note Inhibitors are some time refered ax negativecatalyst
fincethey decrease the rate
of rn
 Catalyst can dived into two
broadly 2
categories
1 Promotor Poixion
Promotor
pubxtance which enhance the activity
are those
while poixion decreaxe the
of catalyst
the catalyst
activity of
rate
of rer
114219 t 3712194
Feith2 Mislay
Example I
pIffat Ini the activity Fe
of
T 500 K Ten conditions

MAample H c t
mi
2

IF EH
Acetylene ethane
ethyne
welding gay
H CEC H Ha Mi
Ba 4
Ye
H
fi
Yonoline
Pdsot I Poitions

Catalysis can be broadly classify in to two

groups
the basis Rxn
on
1
of
Homogeneouy catalyxix 2
Heterogeneous catalytic
O
502cg t 0219 50319 SO End 503la
yp let Haoie s tycoonat 30min
It Haig
Feist
Nazia
2011s Cotizoriagtcotizori Nazia t 02is s NO t H2O

EYE

when the reactant product andcatalyst

alkene
I
having gamephase
ie Solid
liquidagar A catalytic process in which the cataly
the process called homogeneouy and a product
react are in different phase
is called
ayy is Heterogeneous catalytic
 Adsorption theory of Heterogeneous catalytix
It is a 5 step prorexx
1 Diffusion
of reactant to the surface of catalyst
2 Adsorption
of Reactant to the surface of catalyst
chemical ran on the surface
3 Occurrence
of
intermediate of catalyst a
form
4 Desorption
of product from the surface of catalyst
5 the surface
Diffusion of productaway from of catalyst
AaB ATB
ATB ATB
AfD

e
Activity Sectivity
Activity ASeletivity
Ni s Ni
CH ICH H2 Ctb Ctb CO t tha Cha t H2O
6 2 0 4203
Pt O t th CH OH
H2 fH H2 s Ctb Ctb
CO Hz CU
HCHO
P
CH2ICH Ha s Ctb Ctb
The selectivity
of catalyst is
It will direct the
singleproduct its ability to direct the
through different catalyst product
 Shape Selective catalyst
It Iffites honey
comb

The catalytic ran that depend upon the poreoux structure

reactant I product
of
catalyst a pize of of mole
cutey
called shape selective
is catalyst
Zeolite is a good shape selective catalyst because
their comb structure
of
honey
pores

Zeolite is poreovy
with 3D Network
Aloyinggitigate
Silicate in which silicon is replaced Aluminium
of pome by

o o s
Isl o Al
Replace
by
si o
y o
g

I
o
g
o
y
o
I
eolite if special used mukesh ambani 2 Nita ambani
with their son aakash by
Szeolite used in ambani
petroleum industry for cracking
isomers
of hydrocarbon
c c Alas c r C
g
c c c
Alkane Alkane

Zeolite catalyst is
Important
2511
 Some Industrial catalysis
1 Haber's Procexx
NZ
manufacture
of Nt's
1142191 342193 214113191

IE i1Y
Mols Promotor

2 Ostwald's Process Hmos

Manufacture of
If 4 Mtg 502 Pt catalyst 4 NO 6H2O
2 NO 02 6004,2140219
41402 21420 02 4 HNOz

3 Contact Proteas Manufacture 42504

of
2502 02 Eats 2503
SO 600k 425201
42504
Oleum
1125207 t H2O 2 42504
oleum

Bosch't Process of Hr
veg Manufacture

Extra Ren of metal with water

Li k Ba Sr Ca Na Al Zn Fe Sn Pb Pt
ca
Hy Ag Av
cold water H Hot water No Ren
I 1 steam

Metal hydroxide
81 2 80 Hyetaloxide

Procex Fe 42019 Feo HI

Note Lane steam
BoschProceed
C H2O g Mi t 1234K 11COia t 142191
water Gay equalRation

H2O g Ni t 123414 1C019 33 H2 19

He
ax not in equal
131 egg Ratio
Coal Gasification Ren
C H2O1g Ni 1234K Co t H2 Ffa 67815 CO2 Hz

III I
5 Synthesis
of Methanol by felestivity
CO lg 2 Haig a no 0203 30M l
7 400 K
P 200 atm

co t th w no er03
CHOH

6
Hydrogenation
of vegetable oil
Ni
vegetable oil 91 Vanaxpati Ghee
Alkene I 8892 Akane
unsaturated saturated
8 Deacon't Procey for manufacture of Cla

4 HCl 02 Calla 2 H2O 202

g 8001
 Enzyme Biocatalyst
Biocatalyst are known ax enzyme the phenomenon
known ay biochemical catalysis
if
Enzyme are complex nitrogeneoux organic compound which
are produced living plant animal
by
Tey are actually protein moleculey
of
high molecular may
form colloidal solution in water

game
1 Inversion
of CaneSugar
921122011 lag t H2O e Invertaxes 84120ggag t Cotta06gag
sucrose glucose fructose
2 Conversion Maltose into glucose
of
92122011lag t H2O e Maltase 2 6641206
Maltose glucose

3 Conversion into ethanol

of glulose
coHizon lag Zymate i t 2902
glucose
4 Conpersion starch into
of maltose
2 OHIO
051 H2O Diaetate Cia4220
No
starch Diastase Maltose Maltase Glucose Zymate Alcohol
Protein Pepsin Peptide
tanto basili curd
Milly
Urea breaxe NH CO2
Extra

Characteristics
of enzyme catalysis
imp characteristics
of enzymatic catalysis
1
specific
selective
2
Efficiency
I molecule will convert 10 reactant molecule into
of enzyme
product minute
in a
3
optimum temp K optimum PH
6 300k Ramp 4 5 7 PH
4 Enzyme activator

s
Enzyme inhibitor
Mechanism
lock of Enzyme catalyis
mechanism specific in nature
key