Laboratory Component Record

22PH102 - ENGINEERING PHYSICS

B.E / [Link]., & Common to All Branches (Except CSBS)

I SEMESTER

Academic Year 2024-2025

Submitted by

Reg. No. : --------------------------

Name : --------------------------

BANNARI AMMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

SATHYAMANGALAM - 638 401

 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

BANNARI AMMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

SATHYAMANGALAM - 638 401

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is a Certified Bonafide Record Book of Mr. /Ms. ……………………..………..

Register number ……………….. submitted for ……………………………………..
……………………………laboratory during the academic year 2024-2025.

Staff in – charge Head of the Department

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

22PH102 - Engineering Physics

Course Outcomes (COs)

CO1: Illustrate the concept and principles of energy to understand mechanical
systems
CO2: Exemplify the types of mechanical oscillations based on vibrational energy
CO3: Infer the concept of propagation of energy as transverse and longitudinal
waves
CO4: Analyze the exchange of energy and work between the systems using
thermodynamic principles
CO5: Apply the concept of energy and entropy to understand the mechanical
properties of materials
Program Outcomes (POs)
PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,
engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of
complex engineering problems.
PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and
analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions
using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering
sciences.
PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and
as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO 1: Should be able to understand the concepts of Engineering Physics and
their applications in the field of science and technology and other relevant
areas.
PSO 2: Should have an ability to apply basic physics knowledge and usage of
modern tools related to Engineering Physics for solving real world problems.

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

Department of Physics
Vision:
To excel students’ knowledge and ability in the area of basic sciences to enhance
innovative ideas for creating new things with scientific pursuit.

Mission:

i. To inspire the young minds and realize their talents by providing

harmonious ambience through creative teaching-learning methodology.
ii. To indulge in authentic research, creativity and innovation for resource
building to meet the global competitiveness.

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

List of experiments (Syllabus):

1. Determination of thickness of given material-Screw gauge
2. Determination of breadth of given material-Vernier caliper
3. Determination of diameter of given material-Travelling microscope
4. Determination of rigidity modulus-Torsional pendulum
5. Determination of thickness of a thin wire using interference-Air wedge method
6. Determination of thermal conductivity of bad conductor-Lee’s disc method
7. Determination of Young’s modulus for the given material-non uniform bending
8. Determination of compressibility of given liquid- ultrasonic interferometer

List of Tasks: (Proposed)

[Link] LIST OF TASKS MAPPING WITH
EXPERIMENTS
(mention the experiment
number alone)
1 Assess the physical parameters of different materials for
engineering applications like radius, thickness and diameter 1, 2 & 3
to design the electrical wires, bridges and clothes.
2 Evaluate the elastic nature of different solid materials for
modern industrial applications like shock absorbers of 4
vehicles.
3 Analyze the photonic behavior of thin materials for
advanced optoelectronic applications like adjusting a 5
patient’s head, chest and neck positions as a medical tool.
4 Investigate the phonon behavior of poor conductors for
thermionic applications like polymer materials and textile 6
materials.
5 Assess the elongation of different solid materials for 7
industrial applications like buildings, bridges and vehicles.
6 Measure the compressibility of different liquids for modern
industrial applications like navigation, medicine and 8
imaging.

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

Table of Contents
S. Page Marks
Date Name of the lab task Signature
No. No. Awarded

1 Assess the physical parameters of

different materials for engineering
applications like radius, thickness and
diameter to design the electrical wires,
bridges and clothes

2 Evaluate the elastic nature of different

solid materials for modern industrial
applications like shock absorbers of
vehicles

3 Analyze the photonic behavior of thin

materials for advanced optoelectronic
applications like adjusting a patient’s
head, chest and neck positions as a
medical tool

4 Investigate the phonon behavior of poor

conductors for thermionic applications
like polymer materials and textile
materials

5 Assess the elongation of different solid

materials for industrial applications like
buildings, bridges and vehicles.

6 Measure the compressibility of different

liquids for modern industrial
applications like navigation, medicine
and imaging.

Average / 10

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

ASSESS THE PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS

Exp. No. :
Date :

AIM/ OBJECTIVE:

To determine the thickness of different materials

PRINCIPLE:

It is based upon the principle of a screw. It consists of a U-shaped metal frame. One end of
which carries a fixed stud A whereas the other end B is attached to a cylindrical tube as shown in
Fig. 1.1. A scale graduated in millimeters is marked on the cylindrical tube along its length. It is
called Pitch scale (P.S.).

The screw carries a head H which has a beveled edge. The edge is divided into 100 equal
divisions. It is called the Head scale H.S. When the head is rotated, the head scale moves on the
pitch scale.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Screw gauge and glass plate

PROCEDURE:

1. To find the least count (LC) of the screw gauge

Least count of a screw gauge is the distance through which the screw tip moves when the screw
is rotated through one division on the head scale. To find the pitch, the head or the screw is given
say 5 rotations and the distance moved by the head scale on the pitch scale is noted. Then by
using the above formula, the least count of the screw gauge is calculated.

Pitch = 5 mm / 5 = 1 mm
Least Count = 1 mm / 100 = 0.01 mm
The screw head is rotated until the two plane faces A and B are just in contact.

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

Figure 1.1 Screw Gauge

Figure 1.2 Nil Error

Figure 1.3 Positive Zero Error

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

Figure 1.4 Negative Zero Error

Figure 1.5 Screw Gauge Readings

2. To find the zero correction (ZC)

i) Nil error

If the zero of the head scale coincides with the zero of the pitch scale and also lies on the base
line (B.L), the instrument has no zero error and hence there is no zero correction (See Fig.1.2)

ii) Positive zero error

If the zero of the head scale lies below the base line (B.L) of the pitch scale then the zero error is
positive and zero correction is negative. The division on the head scale, which coincides with the
base line of pitch scale, is noted. The division multiplied by the least count gives the value of the

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

positive zero error. This error is to be subtracted from the observed reading i.e. the zero correction
is negative (See Fig. 1.3).
Example
If 5th division of the head scale coincides with the base line of the pitch scale then
Zero error = +5 divisions,
Zero correction = (Z.E x LC) = - (5 x 0.01) = - 0.05 mm.
iii) Negative zero error
If the zero of head scale lies above the base line (B.L) of the pitch scale, then the zero error is
negative and zero correction is positive. The division on the head scale which coincides on the
base line of pitch scale is noted. This value is subtracted from the total head scale divisions. This
division multiplied by the least count gives the value of the negative error. This error is to be added
to the observed reading i.e. zero correction is positive (See Fig. 1.4).

Example:
Screw gauge readings: (see Fig. 1.5)
Zero error = ……. Divisions Zero correction (Z.C.) = ……….mm
LC = 0.01 mm
Corrected
H.S.R = Total Reading =
P.S.R H.S.C Reading
[Link]. (H.S. C x LC) P.S.R+ H.S.R
mm div = T.R. ± Z.C.
mm mm
mm

3
,

Mean thickness of the material =

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

Example
If the 95th division of the head scale coincides with the base line of the pitch
scale then, Zero error = -5 divisions,

Zero correction = + 0.05 mm

3. To find the thickness of the glass plate

The glass plate is gently gripped between the faces A and B. The pitch scale reading and
the head scale coincidence are noted. The readings are tabulated.

Pitch Scale Reading (P.S.R)

Number of pitch scale division just in front of the head scale fully completed is noted (see Fig. 1.5).
It is measured in millimeter.

Head Scale Coincidence (H.S.C)

Coincidence of head scale division on the base line of the pitch scale is also noted.

OBSERVATIONS/INFERENCE
Thickness of the material = ……………… x 10-3 m

RESULTS & DISCUSSION:

The thickness of different materials are determined.

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

MAPPING OF PO & PSO:

CO No PO1 PO2 PO9 PSO1

1 2 2 2 2

ASSESSMENT:

Max. Marks
Particulars
Marks awarded
Preparation 10
Conduct of Experiment 30
Results & Discussion 30
Viva - Voce 20
Report 10
Total 100
Evaluator’s Signature

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

ASSESS THE PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS

Exp. No. :
Date :

AIM/ OBJECTIVE:

To measure the dimensions of the given objects

PRINCIPLE:

The vernier calipers consist of a long rigid rectangular steel strip called the main scale (M.S)
with a jaw (A) fixed at one end at right angles to its length as shown in Fig.l. The main scale is
graduated both in centimeters and inches. The second jaw (B) carrying a vernier scale and
capable of moving along the main scale can be fixed to any position by means of a screw cap S.
The vernier scale is divided into 10 divisions, which is equivalent to 9 main scale divisions
(M.S.D). So the value of 1 vernier scale division is equal to 9/10 M.S.D. The value of 1 M.S.D.
is 1 mm.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Vernier Caliper and Wooden block

PROCEDURE:

1. To find the Least Count (LC) of the vernier caliper

Least count is the smallest length that can be measured accurately by the vernier caliper and is
measured as the difference between one main scale division and one vernier scale division. (See
Fig. 2.2)

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

Figure 2.1 Vernier Caliper

Figure 2.2 Vernier scale and main scale

Figure 2.3 Vernier Caliper readings

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

Least Count (LC) = 1 M.S.D - 1 V.S.D

Value of 1 M.S.D = 1 mm
No of divisions on the vernier scale = 10 divisions

10 V.S.D =9 M.S.D
1 V.S.D = 9/10 M.S.D = 9/10 x 1 mm = 9/10 mm
L.C. = 1 M.S.D - V.S.D
= 1 mm - 9/10 mm
= 0.1 mm = 0.01 cm
L.C. = 0.01cm

Example:
Vernier Caliper readings: (See Fig. 2.3)
LC = 0.01cm
V.S.R = Total Reading = Corrected Reading
M.S.R V.S.C.
[Link]. (V.S.C x LC) M.S.R+ V.S.R = T.R. ± Z.C.
cm div
cm cm cm
1

Mean length of the given object =

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

2. To find the Zero Correction (ZC)

Before taking the readings with the vernier caliper, we must note the zero error of the vernier
caliper. When the two jaws of the vernier caliper are pressed together, if the zero of the vernier
scale coincides with the zero of the main scale the instrument has no error, otherwise there is
a zero error. The zero error is positive if the vernier zero is after the main scale zero. The zero
error is negative when the vernier zero is before the main scale zero. Ordinarily, the zero error
is negligible in the case of vernier caliper and so zero error can be considered to be nil.

3. To find the length of the given object

The given object is firmly gripped between the jaws, taking care not to press it too hard. The
main scale reading and the vernier coincidence are noted. The main scale reading is the
reading on the main scale that is just before the vernier zero. The vernier scale coincidence is
found by noting the vernier division that coincides with any one of the main scale. Then the
vernier scale reading is found by multiplying the vernier coincidence with the least count. The
observations are repeated for various positions of the object.

OBSERVATIONS/INFERENCE
Breadth of the material = ……………… x 10-2 m

RESULTS & DISCUSSION:

The dimensions of the given objects are measured.

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

MAPPING OF PO & PSO:

CO No PO1 PO2 PO9 PSO1

1 2 2 2 2

ASSESSMENT:

Max. Marks
Particulars
Marks awarded
Preparation 10
Conduct of Experiment 30
Results & Discussion 30
Viva - Voce 20
Report 10
Total 100
Evaluator’s Signature

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

ASSESS THE PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS

Exp. No. :
Date :

AIM/ OBJECTIVE:

To learn the parts of a travelling microscope and to read a reading

PRINCIPLE:

It is a compound microscope attached to a graduated vertical pillar, which is mounted on rigid

platform (Fig. 3.1). The platform is provided with three leveling screws. The microscope can be
set with its axis either in the vertical or the horizontal position. The microscope can be moved in
the vertical or horizontal direction by means of a screw arrangement attached to it. The distance
through which the microscope is moved is read on the scale. There are two scales one for horizontal
movement and the other for the vertical movement. Each scale has a main scale (M1, M2) and a
vernier scale (V1, V2). The vernier moves with the microscope. As in the spectrometer, there is a
set of main screw and fine adjustment screw, for the horizontal and the vertical movements. One
set is fixed to the pillar for vertical movement and the other set is fixed to the platform for
horizontal movement. The eyepiece of the microscope is provided with cross-wires. The image of
an object is focused by the microscope using a side screw (focusing screw) attached to the
microscope.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Travelling microscope, reading lens and capillary tube

PROCEDURE:

1. To find the Least Count (LC) of the travelling microscope

The main scale is graduated in mm. There are 50 V.S.D equivalent to 49 M.S.D.
The value of one M.S.D. is 0.5 mm = 0.05 cm
LC = 1 M.S.D –1 V.S.D.

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

1 M.S.D = 0.05 cm
50 V.S.D = 49 M.S.D
1 V.S.D = 49/50 x 0.05 = 0.049 cm
LC = 0.05 -- 0.049 cm
LC = 0.001cm

2. To read a reading

When the microscope is clamped by the main screw or fine adjustment screw at any position, the
reading is taken in the vertical scale or in the horizontal scale according to the requirement. M.S.R
and V.S.R are taken as in the vernier caliper. For example, see Fig. 3.2. and write the M.S.R and
V.S.R.

Figure 3.1 Travelling Microscope

Figure 3.2 Vernier and Main scale

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

Example:
Travelling microscope readings:
LC = 0.001cm

V.S.R = T.R =
M.S.R V.S.C
S. No. (V.S.C x LC) M.S.R + V.S.R
cm div
cm cm

Mean value =

OBSERVATIONS/ INFERENCE
Depression for given load = ………….. x 10-2 m

RESULTS & DISCUSSION:

The parts and functions of the travelling microscope are studied and a few readings are taken.

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

MAPPING OF PO & PSO:

CO No PO1 PO2 PO9 PSO1

1 2 2 2 2

ASSESSMENT:

Max. Marks
Particulars
Marks awarded
Preparation 10
Conduct of Experiment 30
Results & Discussion 30
Viva - Voce 20
Report 10
Total 100
Evaluator’s Signature

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

Torsion Pendulum Torsion Pendulum Torsion Pendulum

(Without masses) (Masses close to the axis) (Masses away from the axis)

Figure 4.1 Torsion Pendulum

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

EVALUATE THE ELASTIC NATURE OF DIFFERENT SOLID MATERIALS

Exp. No. :
Date :

AIM/ OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the elastic nature of different solid materials for modern industrial applications like
shock absorbers of vehicles.

PRINCIPLE:

A torsion pendulum is used for torsional oscillation which consists of a disk-like mass suspended
from thin wire. When the mass is twisted with couple of forces about the axis of the wire, the wire
exerts a torque on the mass, tending to rotate it back to its original position. Calculate the time
period for each oscillation followed by moment of inertia and rigidity modulus.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

1. Metallic disc
2. Torsion wire
3. Symmetrical masses
4. Stop clock
5. Meter scale
6. Screw gauge

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FORMULA
Moment of Inertia of the Disc
T02
I  2m(d  d ) 2
2 2

(T2  T12 )
2 1
kg m2

Symbol Explanation Unit

I moment of inertia of the disc kg m2
m Mass placed on the disc (mass of one of the symmetrical masses) kg
d1 closest distance between the center of mass and the wire m
d2 farthest distance between the center of mass and the wire m
T0 time period without any mass placed on the disc s
T1 Time period when equal masses are placed at a distance d 1 s
T2 Time period when equal masses are placed at a distance d 2 s

PROCEDURE:

1. One end of the material of the wire is clamped using a vertical chuck. A metallic disc is
attached to the other end of the wire.
2. The length of the suspension wire is fixed to a particular value. The disc is slightly twisted
so that the disc executes torsional oscillations.
3. The time taken for ten oscillations is noted using a stop clock. Two trials are taken for each
length. The mean time period T0 is found.
4. Now two equal masses are placed on either side of the center of the disc close to the
suspension wire.
5. The closest distance d1 from the center of the mass to the center of the suspension wire is
found.
6. Now the disc is made to execute torsional oscillations. The time taken for 10 oscillations
is measured and the time period T1 is calculated.
7. Now the two equal masses are placed at the edges of the disc. The farthest distance d2 from
the center of the mass to the center of the suspension wire is found.
8. Now the disc is made to execute torsional oscillations. The procedure is repeated and the
time period T2 is calculated.
9. The radius of the wire (r) is found using a screw gauge

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TABULATION - I

L T02
To Calculate 2 and
TO (T22  T12 )
Length Distance Time for 10 oscillations(s)
S. of between Period L / T02 T02
No the the T 10-2 ---------
suspension masses Trial I Trial Mean (s) (m/s2 ) ( T22-T12)
wire L (10-2m) II
(10-2m)
No mass

1 d1 =

d2 =

No mass

2 d1 =

d2 =

Mean

LEAST COUNT FOR SCREW GAUGE

Pitch
Least count =
Number of head scale divisions

Distance moved 5 mm
Pitch = = = 1mm
Number of rotaions given 5

1 mm
Least count = = 0.01mm
100

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

TABULATION - II

To determine the radius of the wire using screw gauge

Least Count: 0.01 mm Zero error : div

Zero correction : mm

Pitch Scale Head Scale Observed Reading OR = Correct Reading

[Link] Reading Coincidence PSR + ( HSC X LC ) CR = OR ±ZC
PSR HSC
( 10-3 m) (div) (10-3 m) ( 10-3 m)
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Mean diameter (d) = 10-3 m

Radius (r = d/2) = 10-3 m

OBSERVATIONS/ INFERENCE

Mass placed on the disc m= x 10-3 kg

The closest distance between the suspension wire

and the center of the mass d1 = x 10-2m

The farthest distance between the suspension wire

and the center of the mass d2 = x 10-2 m

Radius of the suspension wire r= x 10-3 m

Mean value of L/T02 = 10-2 m/s2

Mean value of T02 /( T22 - T12) =

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CALCULATION
Moment of Inertia of the Disc
T02
I  2m(d  d ) 2
2 2
2 kg m
2
(T2  T1 )
2 1

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Rigidity Modulus of the material of the wire

8I L
n N/m2
r 4 T02

RESULTS & DISCUSSION:

The elastic nature of different solid materials are evaluated.

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

MAPPING OF PO & PSO:

CO No PO1 PO2 PO9 PSO1

1 2 2 2 2

ASSESSMENT:

Max. Marks
Particulars
Marks awarded
Preparation 10
Conduct of Experiment 30
Results & Discussion 30
Viva - Voce 20
Report 10
Total 100
Evaluator’s Signature

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

Figure 5.1 Air wedge arrangement

Figure 5.2 Fringe pattern

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

ANALYZE THE PHOTONIC BEHAVIOR OF THIN MATERIALS

Exp. No. :
Date :

AIM/ OBJECTIVE:

To analyze the photonic behavior of thin materials for advanced optoelectronic applications like
adjusting a patient’s head, chest and neck positions as a medical tool.

PRINCIPLE:

i. Air wedge

A wedge shaped air film enclosed between two plane glass plates.
ii. Interference

When two light waves from different coherent sources meet together, the distribution of energy
due to one wave is disturbed by the other. This modification in the distribution of light energy due
to superposition of two light waves is called "Interference".
iii. Fringe width

The distance between any two consecutive bright or dark bands is called fringe width.

iv. Constructive and destructive interference

When the crests or troughs of two interfering waves meet, constructive interferences are formed.
When the crest of one wave meets the trough of another wave, destructive interferences are formed.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:

1. Travelling microscope
2. Optically plane glass plates
3. A thin wire
4. Sodium vapour lamp
5. Reading lens
6. Scale

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FORMULA
Thickness of the given wire
t = L/2  (m)

Symbol Explanation Unit

t thickness of the given wire m
L distance between the tied end and the thin wire m

 wavelength of sodium vapour light m

 fringe width m

PROCEDURE:

1. Two optically plane glass plates are placed one over the other and tied at one end. The given
wire is introduced near the other end, so that an air wedge is formed.
2. The distance between the wire and the tied end (L) is measured using a scale.
3. Light from a sodium vapour lamp is incident on a plane glass plate inclined at 45to the
horizontal.
4. The reflected light from the plane glass plate is incident normally on the optically plane
glass plates forming the air wedge and reflected back.
5. The reflected light from the air-wedge is viewed through the eye-piece of a microscope.
The microscope is moved up and down and adjusted for clear interference fringes of
alternate dark and bright.
6. The microscope is fixed so that the vertical cross-wire coincides with the dark band (say nth
band) and the reading is noted.
7. The microscope is moved across the fringes and readings are noted when the vertical cross-
wire coincides with the (n+5)th, (n+10)th….. dark bands.
8. The observed readings are tabulated and the band width () is calculated.
9. The thickness of the given wire/thin-sheet is calculated using the formula.

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LEAST COUNT FOR TRAVELLING MICROSCOPE

Least Count (LC) = Value of 1 Main Scale Division (MSD)/ Number

of divisions in the vernier
20 MSD = 1 cm
Value of 1 MSD = 1/20 cm = 0.05 cm
Number of divisions in the vernier = 50
LC = 0.05/50= 0.001 cm
TABLE – I

To determine the fringe width ( )

LC = 0.001 cm *TR=MSR + (VSC LC)

Microscope reading
Order of Width for-fringes Fringe width 
Fringes MSR VC TR (10-2 m) (10-2 m)
(10-2 m) (div) (10-2 m)
n
n+
n+
n+
n+
n+
n+
n+
n+
n+
n+

Mean () = ………. ×10-2m

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OBSERVATIONS/ INFERENCE:

Length of the air wedge L= 10-2 m

Wavelength of the sodium light = 10–10 m
Band width  = ………. × 10-2 m

CALCULATION
Thickness of the given wire,

t = L/2 (m)

RESULTS & DISCUSSION:

The photonic behavior of thin materials are analyzed.

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

MAPPING OF PO & PSO:

CO No PO1 PO2 PO9 PSO1

2 2 2 2 2

ASSESSMENT:

Particulars Max. Marks

Marks awarded
Preparation 10
Conduct of Experiment 30
Results & Discussion 30
Viva - Voce 20
Report 10
Total 100
Evaluator’s Signature

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Figure 6.1 Lee’s disc apparatus

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

INVESTIGATE THE PHONON BEHAVIOR OF POOR CONDUCTORS

Exp. No. :
Date :

AIM/ OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the phonon behavior of poor conductors for thermionic applications like polymer
materials and textile materials.

PRINCIPLE:
1. Thermal Conductivity
A measure of the ability of a material to allow the flow of heat from its warmer surface through
the material to its colder surface
2. Coefficient of thermal conductivity
The amount of heat conducted per second normally across unit area of cross section maintained
at unit temperature gradient.
3. Specific heat capacity
The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one
degree Celsius.
4. Temperature gradient
The change in temperature with respect to the distance is called as temperature gradient.
5. Newton’s law of cooling
The rate of heat loss of a body is directly proportional to the temperature difference between the
body and its surrounding of same nature.
6. Thermal diffusivity
The ratio of thermal conductivity (K) to the product of density (ρ) and specific heat capacity (s)
of a material is known as thermal diffusivity (h) of the material.

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MATERIALS REQUIRED:

1. Lee’s disc apparatus

2. Bad conductor in the form of thin disc
3. Steam generator
°
4. Two thermometers of 110 C range
5. Stopwatch
6. Screw gauge

FORMULA:
The thermal conductivity of a bad conductor
 dθ 
MS   d r  2h 
K 2  
dt
W m 1 K 1
πr θ1  θ 2 2r  2h 

Symbol Explanation Unit

M Mass of the metallic disc kg

S Specific heat capacity of the material of the disc -1 -1

J kg K
Rate of cooling at steady temperature K/s

θ1 Steady temperature of a steam chamber K

θ2 Steady temperature of the metallic disc K

r Radius of the metallic disc m

h Thickness of the metallic disc m

d Thickness of the bad conductor m

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

PROCEDURE:

1. The experimental arrangement is shown in Fig. 6.1, steam is allowed to pass through the
inlet of the vessel B and it escapes out through the outlet. The temperature indicated by
the two thermometers will start rising.
2. After the steady state is reached (there will be no change in the temperature with time),
the temperatures in both the thermometers are noted as 1 and 2 respectively. This is the
static part of the experiment.
3. The bad conductor is removed by gently lifting the upper steam chamber. Now the lower
metallic disc is allowed to be directly in contact with the steam chamber.

4. When the temperature of the lower disc attains a value of about 10 C more than its steady
state temperature (2), the steam chamber is then removed and the lower metallic disc is
allowed to cool down on its own.
5. A stopwatch is started when the temperature is 5ºC above the steady temperature θ2 and
time is noted for every1ºC fall in temperature until the metallic disc attains 5ºC below θ2.
6. A graph between temperature and time is drawn. Rate of cooling dθ/dt at θ2 is calculated
from the graph.
7. The mass of the disc (M) is found using rough balance and the thickness (d) of the bad
conductor and thickness of the metallic disc (h) are measured using screw gauge.

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TABLE- I
To measure the thickness of the given bad conductor (d) using screw gauge
Least Count=0.01mm Zero Error (ZE) :…….. divisions
Zero Correction(ZC) : …...... divisions
C
Corrected Head Correct Reading
Pitch Scale Head Scale
S. Scale Coincidence CR = PSR + (CHSC
Reading Coincidence
No. CHSC = HSC ± X LC)
PSR HSC
ZC
(10-3 m) (div)
(div) ( 10-3 m)
1

–3
Mean (d) = …….. x10 m

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

TABLE- II
To determine the thickness of the metallic disc (h) using screw gauge
Least Count = 0.01mm Zero Error (ZE) :…….. divisions
Zero Correction (ZC) :…...... divisions

Correct Reading
Pitch Scale Head Scale Corrected Head
CR = PSR +
S. No. Reading Coincidence Scale Coincidence
(CHSC X LC)
PSR HSC CHSC = HSC ± ZC
(10-3 m) (div) (div)
( 10-3 m)
1

–3
Mean (h) = ……..x10 m

To determine the radius of the metallic disc(r),

–2
Circumference of the metallic disc, 2πr = ……..x10 m
–2
r = ……..x10 m

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

TABLE - III
To determine the rate of cooling of disc at θ2

S. No. Temperature (oC) Temperature (K) Time (Seconds)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

 dθ 
From graph,   = K/s
 dt 
Figure 6.2 Rate of cooling

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

OBSERVATIONS / INFERENCE:

Steady temperature of steam chamber θ1 = ……..K

Steady temperature of the metallic disc θ2 = ……..K

–3
Mass of the metallic disc M = ……..x10 kg
-1 -1
Specific heat capacity of the metallic disc S = ……..J kg K
-3
Thickness of the bad conductor d = ……..x10 m
-3
Thickness of the metallic disc h = ……..x10 m
-2
Radius of the metallic disc r = ……..x 10 m

 dθ 
Mean rate of fall of temperature at a mean   = K/s
 dt 
temperature, θ2

CALCULATION:
The thermal conductivity of bad conductor

 dθ 
MS   d r  2h 
K 2  
dt
W m 1 K 1
πr θ1  θ 2 2r  2h 

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

RESULTS & DISCUSSION:

The phonon behavior of poor conductors are investigated.

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

MAPPING OF PO & PSO:

CO No PO1 PO2 PO9 PSO1

4 2 2 2 2

ASSESSMENT:

Particulars Max. Marks

Marks awarded
Preparation 10
Conduct of Experiment 30
Results & Discussion 30
Viva - Voce 20
Report 10
Total 100
Evaluator’s Signature

45
 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

A, B – Knife edge
C - Midpoint
P – Pin
L – Distance between the two knife edges

Figure 7.1 Young’s modulus: Non-uniform bending

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

ASSESS THE ELONGATION OF DIFFERENT SOLID MATERIALS

Exp. No. :
Date :

AIM/ OBJECTIVE:

To assess the elongation of different solid materials for industrial applications like buildings,
bridges and vehicles.

PRINCIPLE:
1. Stress
Stress is defined as the ratio of restoring force acting per unit area.
2. Strain
Strain is defined as the ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension.
3. Young’s Modulus
Young’s modulus is defined as the ratio of linear stress to linear strain.
4. Non-uniform bending
The beam is depressed due to load and the radius of curvature is not the same for all
elements in the beam.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:

1. Given wooden beam

2. Weight hanger with slotted weights
3. Knife edges
4. Travelling Microscope
5. Vernier caliper
6. Screw gauge
7. Meter scale

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

FORMULA:
Young’s modulus of the given wooden beam

MgL3
Y N/m2
4sbd 3
Symbol Explanation Unit
Y Young’s modulus of the wooden beam Nm-2
M Load applied kg
L Distance between the knife edges m
g Acceleration due to gravity ms-2
b Breadth of the beam m
d Thickness of the beam m

s Depression produced for ‘M’ kg load m

PROCEDURE:

1. The given beam is supported on two knife edges separated by a distance ‘L’. A pin is fixed
vertically at the mid-point. A weight hanger is suspended at the mid-point of the beam. The
beam is brought to the elastic mode by loading and unloading for several times.
2. With the dead load ‘W’, the pin is focused through microscope. The microscope is adjusted
so that the horizontal wire coincides with the tip of the pin and the microscope reading is
taken.
3. The load is changed in steps of 0.05 kg and in each case the microscope reading is taken
during loading and unloading. The readings are tabulated and the depression at the mid-
point for ‘M’ kg is calculated.
4. The distance between the knife edges (L) is measured using a meter scale. The breadth (b)
and thickness (d) of the beam are found using vernier caliper and screw gauge respectively.

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

5. By substituting all the measured physical quantities in the formula, the Young’s modulus
of the given material is calculated.

Least Count for Travelling Microscope

Value of 1 Main Scale Division (MSD)

Least Count (LC) =
Number of Divisions in the vernier

20 MSD = 1 cm
Value of 1 MSD = 1/20 cm = 0.05 cm
Number of divisions in the vernier = 50
LC = 0.05 / 50 = 0.001 cm

TABLE -I
To find the depression‘s’

LC = 0.001 cm TR= MSR + (VSC  LC)

Microscope reading Depressio

Load n ‘s’ for
M Loading Unloading M kg
(10-3 kg) Mean (10-2 m)
MSR VSC TR MSR VSC TR (10-2 m)
(10-2 m) (div) (10-2 m) (10-2m) (div) (10-2 m)

W + 50

W + 100

W + 150

W+ 200

Mean (s) = …………. × 10-2 m

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

Least Count for Screw Gauge

Pitch
Least Count (LC) =
Number of head scale divisions
Distance moved 5 mm
Pitch = = = 1 mm
Number of rotations given 5

1 mm
LC = = 0.01 mm
100

TABLE – II
To determine the thickness (d) of the beam using screw gauge

Zero Error (ZE) =……divisions Zero Correction (ZC) = ……..divisions

Pitch Scale Head Scale Corrected Head Correct Reading

S. No. Reading Coincidence Scale Coincidence CR = PSR + (CHSC
PSR HSC CHSC = HSC ± ZC X LC)
(10-3 m) (divisions) (divisions) (10-3 m)
1

Mean (d) = …………. x10-3 m

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

Least Count for Vernier Caliper

Value of 1 Main Scale Division (MSD)
Least Count (LC) =
Number of Divisions in the vernier
10 MSD = 1 cm
Value of 1 MSD = 1/10 cm = 0.1 cm
Number of divisions in the vernier = 10
LC = 0.1/ 10 = 0.01 cm

TABLE - III
To determine the breadth (b) of the beam using vernier caliper
Zero Error (ZE) = ……divisions Zero Correction (ZC) = ……..divisions

Main Scale Vernier Scale Corrected Vernier Correct Reading

Reading Coincidence Scale Coincidence CR = MSR +
S. No. MSR VSC CVSC = VSC ± ZC (CVSC X LC)
(10-2 m) (divisions) (divisions) (10-2 m)

Mean (b) = …..………. x 10-2 m

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

OBSERVATIONS/ INFERENCE:

Mass added for the depression of the beam M = ………. ×10-3 kg

Distance between the two knife edges L = ………. ×10-2 m

Acceleration due to gravity g = ………. ms-2

Breadth of the beam b = ………. × 10-2 m

Thickness of the beam d = ………. × 10-3 m

Depression produced for ‘M’ kg of load s = ………. × 10-2 m

CALCULATION:

Young’s Modulus of the given wooden beam

MgL3
Y N/m2
4sbd 3

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

RESULTS & DISCUSSION:

The elongation of different solid materials are assessed.

53
 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

MAPPING OF PO & PSO:

CO No PO1 PO2 PO9 PSO1

5 2 2 2 2

ASSESSMENT:

Particulars Max. Marks

Marks awarded
Preparation 10
Conduct of Experiment 30
Results & Discussion 30
Viva - Voce 20
Report 10
Total 100
Evaluator’s Signature

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

Figure 8.1 Ultrasonic Interferometer

Figure 8.2 Maxima and minima in the ammeter reading

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

MEASURE THE COMPRESSIBILITY OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS

Exp. No. :
Date :

AIM/ OBJECTIVE:
To measure the compressibility of different liquids for modern industrial applications like
navigation, medicine and imaging

PRINCIPLE:
1. Ultrasonic waves
Ultrasonic waves are the sound waves of frequency above audible range (i.e.)
above 20000 Hz.
2. Properties of ultrasonic waves
 highly energetic
 travel through long distances
 undergo reflection, refraction and absorption similar to ordinary sound waves
 produce stationary wave pattern in liquids of suitable dimension and behave as an
acoustical grating
 generate heat in materials for a longer time of exposure
3. Ultrasonic interferometer
An ultrasonic interferometer is a simple and NDT device to determine the ultrasonic
velocity in liquids with a high degree of accuracy.
4. Standing wave
It is a wave in a medium in which each point on the axis of the wave has associated constant
amplitude.
5. Adiabatic compressibility
Compressibility is a measure of the relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a response
to a pressure (or mean stress) change.

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. Ultrasonic interferometer
2. Sample liquid (Water/Kerosene)
3. High frequency piezoelectric generator

FORMULA:
1. Wavelength of the ultrasonic wave
λ = 2d (m)
2. Velocity of ultrasonic waves in a given liquid
ν = f λ (m s-1)
3. Compressibility of the liquid
1
  (m2 N-1)
 2

Symbol Explanation Unit

λ Wavelength of the stationary ultrasonic wave M

d Distance between two successive maxima or minima M

v Velocity of ultrasonic wave ms-1

f Frequency of the ultrasonic wave (2 106 Hz) Hz

ρ Density of the given liquid kgm-3

β Adiabatic compressibility of the given liquid m2 N-1

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

PROCEDURE:

1. Ultrasonic interferometer is used to determine the velocity of ultrasonic waves in liquids. It

consists of a high frequency generator and a measuring cell.
2. The high frequency generator is used to excite the quartz crystal fixed at the bottom of the
measuring cell. The measuring cell is a double walled cell to maintain the temperature of the cell
at a constant value.
3. The measuring cell is connected to a high frequency generator. The cell is filled with the given
liquid and the frequency of the generator is set at a desired value.
4. Then ultrasonic waves are reflected back from the movable plate, and standing waves are formed
between the quartz crystal and the reflector plate.
5. The micrometer screw is moved till the anode current reaches maximum. Micro ammeter
readings are noted for ‘n’ number of maxima / minima.
6. The distance ‘d’ between two successive maxima and minima is obtained from the readings
taken.
7. The wavelength of the ultrasound is calculated using the ‘d’ value and hence the velocity of the
ultrasonic wave can be calculated using the known frequency.
8. The compressibility of the given liquid is determined by knowing the density of the given liquid.
9. By substituting all the measured physical quantities in the formula, adiabatic compressibility of
the given liquid is calculated.

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

TABLE - I
To calculate ‘d’
Least Count (LC) = 0.01 mm TR = PSR + (HSC × LC)

Micrometer reading for n (n+15)th – nth =

Order of maximum deflections 15 d d
[Link]. maxima or
minima PSR HSC TR
(10-3 m) (10-3 m)
(10-3 m) (div) (10-3 m)
1. n

2. n+5

3. n+10

4. n+15

5. n+20

6. n+25

7. n+30

8. n+35

9. n+40

10. n+45

11. n+50

Mean (d) = ……….…. x 10-3 m

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

OBSERVATIONS/ INFERENCE:

Distance between two successive maxima or minima (d) = ………….m

Frequency of the ultrasonic waves (f) = 2 106 Hz

Density of the given liquid (ρ) = …………. kgm-3

Example:

Water : 997 kg/m³

Toluene : 867 kg/m³
Methanol : 792 kg/m³
Isopropyl alcohol : 786 kg/m³

CALCULATION:
1. Wavelength of the ultrasonic wave

λ = 2d m

2. Velocity of ultrasonic waves in a given liquid

ν=fλ ms-1

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

3. Compressibility of the liquid

1
 m2N-1
 2

RESULTS & DISCUSSION:

The compressibility of different liquids are measured.

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

MAPPING OF PO & PSO:

CO No PO1 PO2 PO9 PSO1

3 2 2 2 2

ASSESSMENT:

Particulars Max. Marks

Marks awarded
Preparation 10
Conduct of Experiment 30
Results & Discussion 30
Viva - Voce 20
Report 10
Total 100
Evaluator’s Signature

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 22PH102 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

Declaration

The students has completed all the experiments as per the course syllabus on_____________

Signature of Faculty

63