CHAPTER 2
Kinematics in Two
Dimensions-2D
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Units of Chapter 2, Continue....
• Projectile Motion
• Solving Problems Involving Projectile Motion
• Circular Motion
•Relative Velocity
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2-1 Projectile Motion
A projectile is an object
moving in two
dimensions under the
influence of Earth's
gravity; its path is a
parabola.
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2-1 Projectile Motion
It can be understood by
analyzing the horizontal and
vertical motions separately.
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2-1 Projectile Motion
The speed in the x-direction
is constant; in the y-
direction the object moves
with constant acceleration g.
This photograph shows two balls
that start to fall at the same time.
The one on the right has an initial
speed in the x-direction. It can be
seen that vertical positions of the
two balls are identical at identical
times, while the horizontal
position of the yellow ball
increases linearly.
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2-1 Projectile Motion
If an object is launched at an initial angle of θ0
with the horizontal, the analysis is similar except
that the initial velocity has a vertical component.
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2-2 Solving Problems Involving Projectile
Motion
Projectile motion is motion with constant
acceleration in two dimensions, where the
acceleration is g and is down.
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2-2 Solving Problems Involving
Projectile Motion
1. Read the problem carefully, and choose the
object(s) you are going to analyze.
2. Draw a diagram.
3. Choose an origin and a coordinate system.
4. Decide on the time interval; this is the same in
both directions, and includes only the time the
object is moving with constant acceleration g.
5. Examine the x and y motions separately.
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2-2 Solving Problems Involving
Projectile Motion
6. List known and unknown quantities.
Remember that vx never changes, and that
vy = 0 at the highest point.
7. Plan how you will proceed. Use the
appropriate equations; you may have to
combine some of them.
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2-3 Projectile Motion Is Parabolic
In order to demonstrate that
projectile motion is parabolic,
we need to write y as a function
of x. When we do, we find that it
has the form:
This is
indeed the
equation for
a parabola.
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2-4 Circular Motion
Uniform circular motion
Ø Uniform circular motion is the motion of an object
traveling at a constant speed on a circular path.
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2-4 Circular Motion
Let T be the time it takes for the object to
2 r
travel once around the circle. v
T
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2-4 Circular Motion
In uniform circular motion, the speed is constant, but the
direction of the velocity vector is not constant.
90
90
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2-4 Circular Motion
Example: A Tire-Balancing Machine
The wheel of a car has a radius of 0.29m and it being rotated
at 830 revolutions per minute on a tire-balancing machine.
Determine the speed at which the outer edge of the wheel is
moving.
1
1.2 10 3 min revolution
830 revolutions min
T 1.2 10 3 min 0.072 s
2 r 2 0.29 m
v 25 m s
T 0.072 s
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2-4 Circular Motion
• The instantaneous
acceleration always points
toward the center, is known
as called the centripetal
acceleration, ac
• ac also known as arad (radial
acceleration).
• The magnitude is determine
with ac = v2/r.
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2-4 Circular Motion
v vt
Centripetal Acceleration
v r
2
v v
t r
2
v
ac
r
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2-4 Circular Motion
• The direction of the centripetal acceleration, ac is
towards the center of the circle; in the same direction
as the change in velocity.
2
v
ac
r
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2-4 Circular Motion
Centripetal Acceleration
Conceptual Example
Which Way Will the Object Go?
An object is in uniform circular
motion. At point O it is released
from its circular path.
Does the
object move along the straight
path between O and A or along
the circular arc between points
O and P ?
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2-4 Circular Motion
Example: The Effect of Radius on
Centripetal Acceleration
The bobsled track contains turns
with radii of 33 m and 24 m.
Find the centripetal acceleration
at each turn for a speed of
34 m/s. Express answers as
multiples of g 9.8 m s2 .
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2-4 Circular Motion
Centripetal Acceleration
ac v 2 r
ac
34 m s
2
2
35 m s 3.6 g
33 m
ac
34 m s
2
48 m s 2 4.9 g
24 m
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2-4 Circular Motion
Nonuniform circular motion
• If the speed varies, the
motion is nonuniform
circular motion.
• The radial acceleration
component is still
arad = v2/R, but there
is also a tangential
acceleration
component atan that
is parallel to the
instantaneous velocity.
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2-5 Relative Velocity
We already considered relative speed in one
dimension; it is similar in two dimensions
except that we must add and subtract velocities
as vectors.
Each velocity is labeled first with the object, and
second with the reference frame in which it has
this velocity. Therefore, vWS is the velocity of the
water in the shore frame, vBS is the velocity of the
boat in the shore frame, and vBW is the velocity of
the boat in the water frame.
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2-5 Relative Velocity
In this case, the relationship between the
three velocities is:
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2-5 Relative Velocity
• The velocity of a moving body seen by a particular observer is called
the velocity relative to that observer, or simply the relative velocity.
• A frame of reference is a coordinate system plus a time scale.
• We extend relative velocity to two or three dimensions by using vector
addition to combine velocities.
• In this Figure , a passenger’s motion is viewed in the frame of the train
and the cyclist.
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• Projectile motion is the motion of an object
near the Earth’s surface under the influence of
gravity.
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