Friction:
Tangential forces generated
between contacting surfaces
are called friction forces and
occur to some degree in the
interaction between all real
surfaces. Whenever a tendency
exists for one contacting
surface to slide along another
surface, the friction forces
developed are always in a
direction to oppose this
tendency.
Static friction and kinetic friction are the two basic types
of friction. Static friction occurs when two surfaces are
not moving relative to one another, whereas kinetic
friction occurs when two things move. Friction, often
known as viscosity, is the resistance between moving
layers of fluid in liquids.
Types of Friction
(a) Dry Friction. Dry friction occurs
when the unlubricated surfaces of two
solids are in contact under a condition of
sliding or a tendency to slide.
(b) Fluid Friction. Fluid friction occurs when
adjacent layers in a fluid (liquid or gas) are
moving at different velocities. This motion
causes frictional forces between fluid
elements, and these forces depend on the
relative velocity between layers.
(c) Internal Friction. Internal friction
occurs in all solid materials which are
subjected to cyclical loading. For
highly elastic materials the recovery
from deformation occurs with very
little loss of energy due to internal
friction.
Consider a solid block of
mass m resting on a
horizontal surface, as shown
in Fig.a. We assume that
the contacting surfaces have
some roughness. The
experiment involves the
application of a horizontal
force P which continuously
increases from zero to a
value sufficient to move the
block and give it an
appreciable velocity
The free-body diagram of
the block for any value of
Pis shown in Fig. b, where
the tangential friction force
exerted by the plane on the
block is labeled F. This
friction force acting on the
body will always be in a
direction to oppose motion or
the tendency toward motion
of the body. There is [Link] a
normal force N which in this
case equals mg, and the
total force R exerted by the
supporting surface on the
block is the resultant of
Nand F
A magnified view of the
irregularities of the mating
surfaces, Fig. c, helps us to
visualize the mechanical
action of friction. Support is
necessarily intermittent and
exists at the mating humps.
The direction of each of the
reactions on the block, R1,
R2, R3, etc., depends not
only on the geometric profile
of the irregularities but also
on the extent of local
deformation at each contact
point.
Coefficients of Friction
f £ ms N
f = mk N
ms > mk
Formulas for Dry Friction
Problem 1.
A 400 lb block is resting on a rough horizontal
surface for which the coefficient of friction is
0.40. Determine the force P required to cause
motion to impend if applied to the block a.)
horizontally or b) downward at 30 degrees with
the horizontal. C.) what minimum force is
required to start motion?
Given :
Required : Determine the force P required to cause
motion to impend if applied to the block
a.) horizontally or
b) downward at 30 degrees with the horizontal.
c.) what minimum force is required to start motion?
Solution :
a.) Force is applied horizontally
+
b.) Downward Force at 30 degrees from the
horizontal
+
b.) Downward Force at 30 degrees from the
horizontal ( Alternative Solution)
Using Sine law:
P = 240.21 lb ans.
c.) Minimum force required to cause impending
motion.
+
(1)
To minimize the value of P, In (1)
𝟏𝟔𝟎
𝑷𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝟏.𝟖𝟎+𝟎.𝟒𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝟏.𝟖
Problem 2. The 2225 N block shown below is in
contact with a 45 degrees incline. The coefficient of
static friction is 0.25. Compute the value of the
horizontal force P necessary to a.) just start the block
up the incline or b.) just prevent motion down the
incline. c.) if P 1780 N, what is the amount and
direction of the friction force?
Problem 2:
Given :
Required : Compute the value of the horizontal force
P necessary to
a.) just start the block up the incline or
b.) just prevent motion down the incline.
c.) if P 1780 N, what is the amount and direction of
the friction force?
Solution :
a.) Force P to just start the block to move up the
incline.
(1)
Solution :
a.) Force P to just start the block to move up the incline.
Solution :
b.) Force P to just prevent the block to slide down the
incline.
b.) if P 1780 N, what is the amount and direction of the friction
force?
b.) if P 1780 N, what is the amount and direction of the friction
force?
