Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) as a potential raw

material for paper production

In partial fulfillment of the requirement

in Research III
Science, Technology, and Engineering (STE)

Ma. Theresa Z. Catangui

Daniella Cassandra C. Salvadora
Student Researchers

Mrs. Mae B. Racelis

Research Adviser

March 2024
 ABSTRACT

Bagasse is the fibrous residue which is remaining after sugarcane is crashed to

extract its juice. By using agricultural residue rather than wood will add advantages
of reducing deforestation. Sugarcane particularly studied because it is one of the most
important raw materials for paper pulp production in many countries. Bagasse is well
suited for tissue, corrugating medium, news print and writing paper. Sugarcane can
really be used on making a paper. To make sugarcane you’ll have to get the
ingredients and materials used, sugarcane, table spoon, baking soda, blender, glass
for water, gauze or soft towel, stone mortal, water tank or basin, then after getting the
materials and the ingredients you may now start, cut it into chunks, blend it, add
bagasse, water, baking soda, boil, grind, stir, fish out, distribute pulp evenly, and dry
in the sun. after all of that you will have your paper made of sugarcane. Overall,
sugarcane-based paper offers a sustainable alternative to traditional paper, addressing
environmental concerns while meeting the needs of businesses and consumers.

Key terms: sugarcane, agricultural residue, reducing deforestation, pulp

production, paper made of sugarcane.
 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) as a potential raw material for paper production
March 2024 Ma. Theresa Z. Catangui, Daniella Cassandra C. Salvadora

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page-----------------------------------------------------I
Abstract------------------------------------------------------2
Introduction-------------------------------------------------4
Literature Review-------------------------------------------5
Methodology

Location And Duration Of The

Study---------------------------------8
Research Design 8
Process Flow Chart-------------------------------------------------------9
Gathering Of Materials-------------------------------------------
10
Making the sugarcane paper-----------------------------------
12

Gathering Of Sample Images For

Dataset--------------------12
Risks And Safety--------------------------------------------------
13
Data Analysis 13
Results And Discussion---------------------------------13
Conclusion-------------------------------------------------14
Recommendations---------------------------------------14
Acknowledgments------------------------------------------14
Bibliography ------------------------------------------------15
 INTRODUCTION

Sugarcane is a Thrifty Source for Sustainable Paper Manufacturing Sugarcane (Saccharum

officinarum) has become a viable contender in the paper industry's search for sustainable and

renewable raw materials. Once grown primarily for its sugar content, sugarcane is gaining interest

as a flexible feedstock that can help create an environment for the production of paper that is more

sustainable. Tall and perennial, sugarcane is commonly grown throughout the world's tropical and

subtropical climates. The main ingredient in sugar, sucrose, is produced in large quantities by this

agricultural crop, which is well-known for this trait. Nonetheless, sugarcane's natural qualities make

it a fascinating option for paper production as well. A significant benefit of utilizing sugarcane for

papermaking is its elevated fiber content, varying between 40% and 50% of the plant's dry weight.

These fibers, which are composed primarily of cellulosic materials, are what give paper its strength,

durability, and flexibility across a range of uses. Sugarcane is an easily available and sustainable

raw resource for the paper industry due to its availability and regenerative nature.

Moreover, the recycling of sugarcane bagasse—the fibrous residue left over after sugar is extracted

—offers a chance to minimize waste and advance the concepts of the circular economy. Paper

producers can improve their overall productivity and ecological responsibility by repurposing this

sugar industry byproduct. Pilot-scale studies and extensive research have shown that it is feasible to

use sugarcane fibers to make high-quality paper products. These research have shown that

sugarcane-based paper has the potential to display favorable qualities, such as superior tear

resistance, good tensile strength, and printability, which make it appropriate for a variety of uses.
 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) as a potential raw material for paper production
March 2024 Ma. Theresa Z. Catangui, Daniella Cassandra C. Salvadora

It is becoming more and more important to investigate substitute and sustainable raw materials like

sugarcane as the demand for paper and paper-based products grows worldwide. The paper industry

can help create a future that is more resource-efficient and environmentally mindful by utilizing the

natural benefits of this adaptable crop. This introduction lays the groundwork for future discussions

on the technical, economic, and practical factors involved in integrating sugarcane into the paper

manufacturing landscape by giving a thorough overview of the crop's potential as a raw material for

paper production and highlighting its fiber content, availability, and environmental benefits.

Literature Review

Sugarcane is one of the major industrial crops and it has been cultivated in Myanmar for the

traditional use as juice and tonic since the Inwa era (AD 729-762). With the continuous rising

demands for local use and trade, extension of areas and the commissioning of a number of sugar

mills had already been in process since pre-war days. Sugarcane production plan was adopted in

1932 and its sown area was increased. Establishment of sugar mills and expansion of sown area

were also made in 1950 by the Pyi-daw-tha project. Myanma Sugarcane Enterprise (MSE) was

instituted under the umbrella of ministry of agriculture and irrigation on 25th May, 1994 to promote

sugar production through cane area expansion and yield increase. Nowadays, 21 modern sugar

mills were constructed and commissioned in Myanmar (M.O.A.I, 2011). Pujar et al. (2010) stated

that the productivity of sugarcane is affected by many factors, one of them is soil nutrients, the

imbalance of which constraints the cane productivity. The soil fertility status determines the level

of crop productivity. In Myanmar, a common system in sugarcane production is continuous

monoculture and this system leads to decline cane yield and soil fertility depletion. Nowadays,

because of the limitation of natural resources such as land and water, the importance of this field is

still expanding, sustainable agriculture and concern about environmental problems (Fageria, 2007).

The fertilizer responsive crop varieties and shortages of manure had seriously depleted soil fertility
 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) as a potential raw material for paper production
March 2024 Ma. Theresa Z. Catangui, Daniella Cassandra C. Salvadora

and creating secondary crop pest problems that contributing to stagnating yield (Listinger, 1993).

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)

Table 1.0 Taxonomy of (Saccharum

officinarum)
Common name Sugarcane

Family Panicoideae

Kingdom Plantae

Order Poales

Genus Saccharum

Specie Saccharum
officinarum
Figure 1. Sugarcane (Saccharum
officinarum)) fruit Photo taken by: Ma.
Theresa Z. Catangui

Composition of paper

Paper and paperboard have a wide range of qualities that make them useful in a variety of
applications. Some qualities differ very slightly and others greatly among the thousands of paper
kinds available. The implementation of standard test procedures, as defined by industry and
engineering organisations in the papermaking countries of the world, is required for the detection
and representation of these variances.

Sugarcane paper Vs Commercial paper

In the pursuit of sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional packaging

materials, two options that often come into consideration are sugarcane bagasse and paper products.
Both possess their own merits and applications, but gaining an understanding of the distinctions
between them can empower businesses and consumers to make well-informed choices. Within this
 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) as a potential raw material for paper production
March 2024 Ma. Theresa Z. Catangui, Daniella Cassandra C. Salvadora

article, we undertake a comparison of sugarcane bagasse and paper products, delving into their
characteristics, environmental impact, and suitability for various uses.

Sugarcane bagasse and paper products diverge in terms of their material composition. Sugarcane
bagasse represents the fibrous residue that remains after the extraction of juice from sugarcane
stalks. It serves as a byproduct of the sugar industry, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional
materials derived from plastic. Conversely, paper products emerge from wood pulp, which
undergoes a complex process encompassing pulping, pressing, and drying, eventually forming
sheets.

With respect to their environmental impact, both sugarcane bagasse and paper products possess
distinctive advantages. Sugarcane bagasse is regarded as more sustainable due to its origin as a
byproduct of the sugar industry, which would otherwise be discarded as waste. Through the
utilization of bagasse, we mitigate waste generation and reduce reliance on non-renewable resources.
Furthermore, sugarcane represents a rapidly renewable resource characterized by a short growth
cycle.

Paper products, on the other hand, rely on the harvesting of trees. While responsible forestry
practices can facilitate the sustainable management of trees, the process of converting wood into
pulp necessitates a greater expenditure of energy and involves chemical treatments when compared
to sugarcane bagasse. Additionally, the demand for paper contributes to deforestation, which in turn
engenders habitat loss and adversely impacts biodiversity.

Strength and durability constitute areas where both sugarcane bagasse and paper products possess
distinct strengths. Sugarcane bagasse products are renowned for their robustness and their capacity
to retain liquids, rendering them suitable for food containers and disposable tableware. They exhibit
commendable resistance to grease and oil, thereby delivering reliable performance across a spectrum
of applications.

Conversely, paper products vary in strength contingent upon factors such as thickness, quality, and
the manufacturing process. While paper generally proves well-suited to lightweight applications like
packaging and printing, it may prove less resilient in the face of moisture, and it can be susceptible
to tearing or damage.
 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) as a potential raw material for paper production
March 2024 Ma. Theresa Z. Catangui, Daniella Cassandra C. Salvadora

Significant disparities emerge between sugarcane bagasse and paper products in terms of their water
and heat resistance. Sugarcane bagasse products, owing to their fibrous structure, manifest strong
resistance to water, oil, and heat. They withstand moderate levels of moisture without succumbing to
sogginess or compromising their structural integrity. Consequently, they represent viable options for
containers intended to accommodate hot or cold food and beverages.

Conversely, paper products prove more susceptible to water damage. While select paper products
can be treated with coatings or additives to bolster their resistance to liquids, they generally fail to
rival sugarcane bagasse when confronted with wet conditions. Overexposure to moisture can render
paper fragile, causing it to disintegrate or lose its form.

Both sugarcane bagasse and paper products provide benefits in terms of biodegradability and
compostability. Sugarcane bagasse, being a plant-based material, undergoes natural decomposition
over time through microbial activity. It can be composted alongside organic waste, thereby enriching
the soil and reducing the volume of waste destined for landfills.

Similarly, paper products can biodegrade and be composted when devoid of non-biodegradable
coatings or contaminants. However, it merits noting that certain paper products, such as those coated
with plastic or containing inks and dyes, may not readily break down within composting systems and
necessitate specialized treatment.

To conclude, when comparing sugarcane bagasse and paper products, it proves vital to account for
factors such as material composition, environmental impact, strength and durability, water and heat
resistance, as well as biodegradability. Sugarcane bagasse products furnish a sustainable alternative
stemming from the byproduct of the sugar industry, and they exhibit commendable resistance to
water and heat. Paper products, while possessing their own merits, may prove more vulnerable to
water damage and necessitate adherence to responsible forestry practices. Ultimately, the selection
between these materials hinges on specific requirements, applications, and environmental
considerations.
 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) as a potential raw material for paper production
March 2024 Ma. Theresa Z. Catangui, Daniella Cassandra C. Salvadora

Microbiological Testing

During the sugarcane plant's biological cycle, a wide variety of microorganisms are involved in
partnerships that are either neutral, harmful, or beneficial. Despite the fact that many bacterial and
fungal species are considered for causing diseases; others have positive impact on sugarcane.
Plants and beneficial microorganisms work together to provide positive results in the field. By
existing as endophytes, microbes that do not cause illness developed mutualistic or commensal
relationships with sugarcane. Such endophytes have a surface-level existence via inhabiting the
rhizosphere or colonizing the tissues as epiphytes.

Convolutional Neural Network in Plant Disease

CNNs can be used to analyze images of paper samples to detect defects, such as discoloration,
holes, or uneven surfaces. This can help automate the quality inspection process and improve the
consistency of the final product. CNNs can be used to analyze microscopic images of paper fibers
to determine their properties, such as length, with, and orientation. This information can be used to
optimize the paper-making process and ensure the desired paper. CNNs can be used to analyze
sensor data from various stages of the paper-making process, such as pulp consistency, pH, or
temperature. This can help identify potential issues or deviations from the optimal process
parameters, allowing for timely adjustments. CNNs can be used to analyze sensor data and
equipment performance to predict when maintenance or repairs may be needed. This can help
reduce downtime and improve the overall efficiency of the paper-making operation.

CNNs can be used to classify different types of paper products, such as newsprint, office paper, or
packaging paper, based on their visual and physical characteristics. This can be useful for inventory
management, product traceability, and market analysis. Overall, the application of Convolutional
Neural Networks in the paper-making industry can lead to improved quality control, process
optimization, and predictive maintenance, ultimately enhancing the efficiency and competitiveness
of paper production.
 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) as a potential raw material for paper production
March 2024 Ma. Theresa Z. Catangui, Daniella Cassandra C. Salvadora

METHODOLOGY

Location and Duration of the Study

The sugarcane paper were created or made at the house of Ma. Theresa Catangui at
Barangay San Isidro, Iriga City, Camarines Sur, in March 24, 2024.

Research Design

One-shot design in sugarcane as a potential raw material for paper production is a

concept that has gained attention in the field of sustainable paper manufacturing.
Sugarcane, a widely cultivated crop, has been identified as a promising alternative to
traditional wood-based pulp sources for paper production.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE Pulping method, Pulping conditions

DEPENDENT VARIABLE Pulp yield and quality, Paper properties
CONTROL VARIABLE Papermaking process, Sugarcane feedstock
 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) as a potential raw material for paper production
March 2024 Ma. Theresa Z. Catangui, Daniella Cassandra C. Salvadora

Process Flow Chart

Data Analysis

Results and Discussion

 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) as a potential raw material for paper production
March 2024 Ma. Theresa Z. Catangui, Daniella Cassandra C. Salvadora

Gathering of materials

TOOLS THAT WILL

BASIC
BE USED ON
INGREDIENTS IN
MAKING THE Sugarcane MAKING THE
SUGARCANE PAPER PAPER

Making the sugarcane paper

Gathering the images for dataset

Risk and safety

Conclusion

Recommendation

Acknowledgement

Bibliography
 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) as a potential raw material for paper production
March 2024 Ma. Theresa Z. Catangui, Daniella Cassandra C. Salvadora

Material preparation (Basic ingredients, tools for sugarcane paper making)

Basic ingredients for sugarcane paper making:

The two basic ingredients on making the sugarcane paper is Water, baking soda, and
sugarcane. The use of water, baking soda, and the natural fibers from the sugarcane all play
important roles in the papermaking process. The water helps to break down the sugarcane, the
baking soda acts as a pulping agent, and the sugarcane fibers provide the raw material for the
paper. This process results in a unique, eco-friendly paper product with a distinctive texture and
appearance.

Figure 2. Glass of water Figure 3. Baking soda

Photo taken by: Catangui Photon taken by:
(2024, March 24 ). Catangui
(2024, March 24).

Figure 4. Sugarcane
Photo taken by: Catangui
(2024,March 24).

The tools that will be used on making the sugarcane paper:

On making the sugarcane paper we will be using the tools blender, bowl, tablespoon, stone mortar,
glass for water, gauze/soft towel and water thank/basin. The blender helps to create a smooth, even
 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) as a potential raw material for paper production
March 2024 Ma. Theresa Z. Catangui, Daniella Cassandra C. Salvadora

pulp, while the stone mortar is used for additional refining. The bowl, tablespoon, and water tank or
basin are used for the cooking and sheet formation processes. The gauze or soft towel helps to
support the paper sheet during the drying stage. This process allows you to make sugarcane paper
using readily available materials and simple equipment. The key steps are the pulping, cooking, and
sheet formation, which help to extract and process the cellulose fibers from the sugarcane to create
a unique and eco-friendly paper product.
Figure 5. Tablespoon Figure 6. Blender Figure 7. Bowl Photo
Photo taken by: Ma. Theresa Photo taken by: Ma. taken by: Ma. Theresa Z.
Z. Catangui Theresa Z. Catangui Catangui

Figure 8. Stone mortar Photo Figure 9. Gauze/Soft Figure 10. Water

taken by: Ma. Theresa Z. towel Photo taken by: Ma. tank/Basin Photo taken by:
Catangui Theresa Z. Catangui Ma. Theresa Z. Catangui
 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinaru) as a potential raw material for paper
March 2024 production
Ma. Theresa Z. Catangui, Daniella Cassandra C. Salvadora

Making the sugarcane paper:

As for a parent or adult sponsor to help get sugarcane then clean it, after cleaning it, First, cut the
sugarcane into chunks and mine pieces, Second put in in the blender, then blend it, third step is, put
it in the bagasse, Fourth step is you have to put water in the in the bagasse, Fifth, add two
tablespoon with baking soda, Sixth, Boil it over a high heat Seventh, grind well with a stone mortar,
Eight, pair it into the water tank and stir it well, Ninth, fish it out with a gauze, Tenth, make sure
that the pulp is evenly distributed, and Finally, dry it in the sun.

Gathering of Sample Image for Dataset

These sample image can be used to create a comprehensive dataset for training and validating
machine learning models, as well as for visual documentation and communication of the research
and development efforts. The collection of these image covers the major aspects of the production
process of sugarcane-based paper, from feedstock to final product, as well as the utilization of
byproducts and environmental considerations.

Figure 11. Distributing the pulp Photo taken by: Daniella

Salvadora (2024 March 24)
 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinaru) as a potential raw material for paper
March 2024 production
Ma. Theresa Z. Catangui, Daniella Cassandra C. Salvadora

Risks and Safety

Sugarcane paper production is a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative

to traditional wood pulp paper production. However, proper handling and disposal of
chemicals, energy consumption, and mechanical hazards are essential for safety and
environmental protection. Renewable energy sources like solar or wind power can mitigate
these risks. Proper waste management and proper worker safety protocols are also crucial.
Despite the environmental benefits, it's essential to prioritize safety and sustainability
throughout the production process, requiring careful management, adherence to regulations,
and continuous improvement efforts.

Data Analysis

Sugarcane paper is environmentally friendly, renewable, and biodegradable, making it a viable

alternative to conventional wood pulp paper. Its manufacture uses fewer chemicals and energy,
lowering carbon footprint. Sugarcane paper is as durable and high-quality as regular wood pulp
paper. Consumers' perceptions of sustainable materials can influence demand. Regulatory
compliance is critical to sugarcane paper's environmental claims. Evaluating the complete supply
chain is critical for determining the environmental impact.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Sugarcane paper is a sustainable alternative to traditional paper, and its physical qualities,
environmental impact, economic feasibility, and possible applications are being investigated. Its
compatibility for different printing methods, writing instruments, and packaging needs is assessed.
The paper's biodegradability and compostability are also addressed. Economic viability is evaluated
based on production techniques, raw material availability, energy usage, and market demand.
Sugarcane paper has the potential to be used in publishing, printing, packaging, and stationery, as
well as in various market segments and customer preferences. Challenges include increased
production, supply chain logistics, technical developments, regulatory hurdles, and R&D activities.
 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinaru) as a potential raw material for paper
March 2024 production
Ma. Theresa Z. Catangui, Daniella Cassandra C. Salvadora

CONCLUSION

About half of the sugarcane bagasse might well be utilized for papermaking after the sugar press.
Some cane marrow has little interweaving strength and must be eliminated before pulping. As a
result, materials must be prepared before pulping. The typical bagasse preparation begins with
semi-dry decontamination at the sugar factory, followed by packaging and shipment to the paper
manufacturing plant for dry storage. After that, the degumming machine, either horizontal or
vertical, is used to remove the gum. because of this sugarcane can be truly be used on making a
paper which is eco-friendly and every people can make it even in just in our home.

RECOMMENDATIONS

As the researchers of this study, we sujest that the bagasse should cutted into mine

pieces or small pieces so that you will get or have a smooth texture of the pulp and so that it

can be easy dry it in the high heat of the sun.

Acknowledgment
We want to express our sincerest gratitude the people that helped us finish our research :

To Mrs. Mae B. Racelis for your expertise, feedback, and encouragement were invaluable in
helping me successfully complete this wok. Your mentorship has been instrumental in developing
our research skills and deepening our understanding in research III.

To The Parents of the researchers, we are grateful for the sacrifices you have made to provide
with the resources and opportunities.. Your willingness to listen, offer advice, and celebrate our
successes has been truly appreciated. This research project has been a significant milestone, and
we could not have accomplished it without your love and support. Thank you for being there for
us every step of the way.
 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinaru) as a potential raw material for paper
March 2024 production
Ma. Theresa Z. Catangui, Daniella Cassandra C. Salvadora

The key is to express genuine appreciation for the guidance, support, and encouragement provided
by the teacher and our parents during the research project. Highlight specific ways they have helped
us and the impact it has had on our learning and growth.

The Researchers

Bibliography

Table 1 Current sugarcane classification. (n.d.).

ResearchGate. [Link]
sugarcane-classification_tbl1_51166727

Ullah, H., Khan, A., Lateef, M., & Khan, W. (2020). A comprehensive review of Sugarcane.

ResearchGate.

[Link]

cane

Rainey, T. J., & Covey, G. (2016). Pulp and paper production from sugarcane bagasse. Wiley, 259–

280. [Link]

Know about the composition of paper. (2022, May 17). Unacademy.

[Link]

Al-Sulaimani, K., & Dwivedi, P. (2017). PRODUCTION OF HANDMADE PAPERS FROM

SUGAR CANE BAGASSE AND BANANA FIBERS IN OMAN. International Journal of

Students’ Research in Technology & Management, 5(3), 16–20.

[Link]
 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinaru) as a potential raw material for paper
March 2024 production
Ma. Theresa Z. Catangui, Daniella Cassandra C. Salvadora
Know about the composition of paper. (2022b, May 17). Unacademy.

[Link]

#:~:text=The%20majority%20of%20paper%20grades,including%20filling%20and

%20loading%20materials

Sustainable paper box packaging Supplier | KingHome. (2023, January 5). | KingHome Printing &

Packaging. [Link]

Cockburn, J. J., Coetzee, H. C., J, V. D. B., Conlong, D. E., & Witthöft, J. (n.d.). Exploring the role

of sugarcane in small-scale farmers’ livelihoods in the Noodsberg area, KwaZulu-Natal,

South Africa. [Link]

603X2014000100008
 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinaru) as a potential raw material for paper
March 2024 production
Ma. Theresa Z. Catangui, Daniella Cassandra C. Salvadora