Assignment topic:

Machine learning

 Definition:
Machine learning is a field of artificial
intelligence that allows systems to learn and improve from
experience without being explicitly programmed. It has
become an increasingly popular topic in recent years due
to the many practical applications it has in a variety of
industries.

What is Machine Learning?

Machine learning is an application of

artificial intelligence that uses statistical techniques to
enable computers to learn and make decisions without
being explicitly programmed. It is predicated on the notion
that computers can learn from data, spot patterns, and
make judgments with little assistance from humans.

It is a subset of Artificial Intelligence. It is the study of

making machines more human-like in their behavior and
decisions by giving them the ability to learn and develop
their own programs. This is done with minimum human
intervention, i.e., no explicit programming. The learning
process is automated and improved based on the
experiences of the machines throughout the process.
Why Should We Learn Machine Learning?

 Machine learning is widely used in many

industries, including healthcare, finance, and e-
commerce. By learning machine learning, you
can open up a wide range of career opportunities
in these fields.
 Machine learning can be used to build intelligent
systems that can make decisions and predictions
based on data. This can help organizations make
better decisions, improve their operations, and
create new products and services.


 Machine learning is an important tool for data analysis

and visualization. It allows you to extract insights and
patterns from large datasets, which can be used to
understand complex systems and make informed
decisions.
 Machine learning is a rapidly growing field with many
exciting developments and research opportunities. By
learning machine learning, you can stay up-to-date
with the latest research and developments in the field.

How does Machine Learning work?

The three major building blocks of a system are the model,

the parameters, and the learner.

 Model is the system which makes predictions

 The parameters are the factors which are
considered by the model to make predictions
  The learner makes the adjustments in the
parameters and the model to align the predictions
with the actual results
Let us build on the beer and wine example from above to
understand how machine learning works. A machine
learning model here has to predict if a drink is a beer or
wine. The parameters selected are the color of the drink
and the alcohol percentage. The first step is:

1.Learning from the training set

This involves taking a sample data set of several drinks for

which the colour and alcohol percentage is specified. Now,
we have to define the description of each classification,
that is wine and beer, in terms of the value of parameters
for each type. The model can use the description to decide
if a new drink is a wine or beer.

You can represent the values of the parameters, ‘colour’

and ‘alcohol percentages’ as ‘x’ and ‘y’ respectively. Then
(x,y) defines the parameters of each drink in the training
data. This set of data is called a training set. These
values, when plotted on a graph, present a hypothesis in
the form of a line, a rectangle, or a polynomial that fits best
to the desired results.

2. Measure error:

Once the model is trained on a defined training set, it

needs to be checked for discrepancies and errors. We use
a fresh set of data to accomplish this task. The outcome of
this test would be one of

 True Positive: When the model predicts the

condition when it is present
 True Negative: When the model does not predict
a condition when it is absent
 False Positive: When the model predicts a
condition when it is absent
 False Negative: When the model does not predict
a condition when it is present.


Applications of Machine Learning:

These algorithms help in building intelligent

systems that can learn from their past experiences and
historical data to give accurate results. Many industries
are thus applying ML solutions to their business problems,
or to create new and better products and services.
Healthcare, defense, financial services, marketing, and
security services, among others, make use of ML.

1. Facial recognition/Image recognition:

The most common application is Facial

Recognition, and the simplest example of this application
is the iPhone. There are a lot of use-cases of facial
recognition, mostly for security purposes like identifying
criminals, searching for missing individuals, aid forensic
investigations, etc. Intelligent marketing, diagnose
diseases, track attendance in schools, are some other
uses.

2. Automatic Speech Recognition:

Abbreviated as ASR, automatic speech

recognition is used to convert speech into digital text. Its
applications lie in authenticating users based on their
voice and performing tasks based on the human voice
inputs. Speech patterns and vocabulary are fed into the
system to train the model. Presently ASR systems find a
wide variety of applications in the following domains:

 Medical Assistance
 Industrial Robotics
 Forensic and Law enforcement
 Defense & Aviation
 Telecommunications Industry
 Home Automation and Security Access Control
 I.T. and Consumer Electronics


3. Financial Services:

. Machine learning has many use cases in

Financial Services. Machine Learning algorithms prove to
be excellent at detecting frauds by monitoring activities of
each user and assess that if an attempted activity is
typical of that user or not. Financial monitoring to detect
money laundering activities is also a critical security use
case.
It also helps in making better trading decisions with the
help of algorithms that can analyze thousands of data
sources simultaneously. Credit scoring and underwriting
are some of the other applications. The most common
application in our day to day activities is the virtual
personal assistants like Siri and Alexa

4.Healthcare:

A vital application is in the diagnosis of

diseases and ailments, which are otherwise difficult to
diagnose. Radiotherapy is also becoming better.

Early-stage drug discovery is another crucial application

which involves technologies such as precision medicine
and next-generation sequencing. Clinical trials cost a lot of
time and money to complete and deliver results. Applying
ML based predictive analytics could improve on these
factors and give better results.

These technologies are also critical to make outbreak

predictions. Scientists around the world are using ML
technologies to predict epidemic outbreaks.