CHE 317
EQUIPMENT DESIGN
TUTORIAL # 3
1. A single effect calandria evaporator is to be designed to concentrate 10000 kg/h of a
solution from 10% to 20% solids by weight. Feed enters at 30℃ and the steam is
available at a pressure of 1.43 bar. Condensate leaves at the saturation temperature. The
solution boils corresponding to a pressure of 9.5 kPa maintained in the vapor space.
The specific heat of feed and concentrated liquor may be roughly taken as that of water.
The overall heat transfer coefficient can be taken as 1800 kcal/h m 2 ℃. Evaporator
tubes of 37.5 mm OD and 34.2 mm ID are to be used. Estimate the steam economy and
provide the essential dimensions of the evaporator.
2. An evaporator is used to concentrate 4536 kg/h of a 20% solution of NaOH in water
entering at 60℃ to a product of 50% solids. The pressure of the saturated steam is 172.4
kPa and the pressure in the vapor space of the evaporator is 11.7 kPa. The overall heat
transfer coefficient is 1560 W/m2K. Design a suitable calandria evaporator if the
solution to be concentrated has an appreciable boiling point elevation. Evaporator tubes
of 37.5 mm OD and 34.2 mm ID are to be used.
3. An aqueous solution at 15.5℃, and containing 4% solids (NaOH), is concentrated to
20% solids (NaOH). A single effect calandria evaporator is to be designed for the above
case with a product flow rate of 0.393 kg/s. The overall heat transfer coefficient of 2000
W m−2 K−1 is to be used. The calandria contains dry saturated steam at a pressure of
200 kPa and the evaporator operates under a vacuum of 81.3 kPa. If the boiling point
rise is 5 K, estimate the dimensions of the calandria evaporator. Evaporator tubes of
37.5 mm OD and 34.2 mm ID are to be used.
4. A Triple effect evaporator is used to concentrate 10% solution of organic solids to 50%
solids. Boling point rise is negligible. The feed is available at a temperature of 100ºF
with a flow rate of 5000 kg/h. The steam is available at a temperature of 230ºF and a
pressure of 48.8 mm Hg is available in the vapor space of the last effect. The overall
heat transfer coefficients for the first, second and third effects are U1= 6246 W/m2K,
U2= 3407 W/m2K and U3= 2271 W/m2K respectively. Evaporator tubes of 37.5 mm
OD and 34.2 mm ID are to be used. Design a forward feed evaporator for the above
case and provide the essential dimensions. Average specific heat of all solutions can be
taken as 3.348 kJ/kg K.
5. A 5% aqueous solution of a high molecular weight solute has to be concentrated to 40%
in a double effect evaporator at the rate of 8000 kg/h. The feed temperature is 40°C.
Saturated steam at 3.43 bar gauge pressure is available as a heating medium for the first
effect. A vacuum of 600 mm Hg is maintained in the second effect. The overall heat
transfer coefficients are 550 and 370 kcal/h m2℃ in the first and the second effect
respectively. The liquid heat capacity is given by Cp= 4.19 - 2.35 x, where Cp is in
kJ/kg K and x is in wt fraction. Evaporator tubes of 34.2 mm ID and 37.5 mm OD
arranged on 47.65 mm square pitch are to be used. Design a suitable forward feed
evaporator for the above case.
6. A double effect evaporator has to concentrate 10,000 kg/h of organic solids from 9%
to 47% concentration by weight. For this purpose, a backward feed arrangement is
suggested. The feed enters the evaporator at 36℃. The process steam is available at
7.87 bar and in the second effect a vacuum of 65 cm Hg is maintained. Neglect boiling
point rise. A specific heat of 0.9 kcal/kg K can be taken for all solutions. Evaporator
tubes of 34.2 mm ID and 37.5 mm OD arranged on 47.65 mm square pitch are to be
used. Design a suitable backward feed evaporator for the above case. The overall heat
transfer coefficients in the first and second effects are 2325 W/m2K and 1745 W/m2K
respectively.
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