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By: Reynel Bancal, EHS

Training Objectives

OBJECTIVES:
to provide the participants with basic knowledge and skills in fire prevention
and control.

enhances participants total awareness and capabilities in actual fire fighting

using portable fire extinguishers & fire hoses in case of accidental fires to
prevent or minimize unnecessary loss of life and property.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the training session, the participants will be able to:

1. Explain the chemistry of fire

2. Identify the four classes of fire
3. Identify sources of fire hazards
4. Discuss common sources of ignition
5. Identify different types of fire detection system and
suppression system
l Life Safety
l The primary goal of fire safety efforts is to protect building
occupants from injury and to prevent loss of life.
l Property Protection
l The secondary goal of fire safety is to prevent property
damage.
l Protection of Operations
l By preventing fires and limiting damage we can assure that
work operations will continue.

Loss Control Management

Concepts
l Loss refers to injuries, illnesses, property damage,
process losses, quality losses and undesired
environmental events

l Quote by Peter Drucker:

l “The first duty of business is to survive, and the guiding
principle of business economics is not maximization of
profit—it is avoidance of loss.”
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People, Equipment,
Materials and Environment

l Must interact properly or loss can occur

l People—establish policy, design, maintain, hire,
instruct, lead, coach
l Equipment—tools, machinery, PPE, vehicles,
ergonomics
l Materials—reagents, chemicals, raw materials
l Environment—weather, buildings, heat, cold, dust,
vapors, lighting, leadership climate, community
demographics
 DNV Loss Control Model

l Identify all loss exposures

l Evaluate the risk in each exposure
l Develop a plan to address the loss exposures
l Implement the plan
l Monitor, measure and control

DNV LOSS Causation Model:

Pre Contact Contact Post

Controls Controls Contact
Controls

Lack of Basic Immediate Incident Loss

Control Cause Cause

Inadequate Personal Substandard

System Factors Event Unintended
Acts/Practices Harm
Standards
Job/System or Damage
Compliance to Conditions Contact
Factors
Stds.
 Stages of Loss Control
l Pre-Contact Control
l Design, policy, training, inspection, BBS, ensure use of
PPE, audit findings
l Contact Control
l Lower toxicity; lower temperature, pressure, voltage, PPE,
barriers, speed bumps
l Post-Contact
l Incident response, rescue, first aid, repair, ventilation, case
management, E-stops

INTRODUCTION

FIRE – A FRIEND AND FOE!

l WITHOUT IT – LIFE IS INCONCEIVALBLE

l A VERY IMPORTANT TOOL
l A MAJOR ELEMENT OF DESTRUCTION
l CAUSE FOR PERSONAL INJURIES AND DEATH
 MAJOR CAUSES OF FIRE

l INCREASING STORES AND MATERIALS

l DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATION
l LARGER FACTORIES AND ESTABLISHMENTS
l MECHANIZATION, INCREASE SOURCES OF
IGNITION
l CARELESSNESS OF PERSONNEL

Most Fire Deaths are NOT Burn

Victims!
z Causes of Death in Fires -
SMOKE
y Hydrogen cyanide, hydrocyanic
acid
y Carbon monoxide
y Other toxic vapors
y Burns
y Trauma (non-burn).
 BIG FIRE IN MANDAUE

FIRE that broke out afternoon on March 7, 2007 in Barangay Mantu-yong, Mandaue City raged for
close to four hours and leapt to neighboring barangay Guizo. A 37-year-old man died as he was
trapped while trying to save some belongings. Three firemen and a teenager were injured in the
blaze that started about 3:45 p.m.

BLAZE TRAPS, KILLS 7

SEVEN members of a Filipino-Chinese family, five of them children, were

killed when a fire engulfed their house in Barangay Cogon-Pardo, Cebu
City. March 25, 2007 @ 1:00 a.m.
 17 STUDENTS INJURED

SEVENTEEN maritime students suffered burn injuries in a fire that destroyed eight
structures near a university on Alumnus St., Barangay Mambaling, Cebu City
yesterday noon March 21, 2007.

FIRE INCIDENTS IN THE

PHILIPPINES
l OZONE DISCO – MANILA
l LUNG CENTER – MANILA
l ORPHANAGE HOUSE – MANILA
l ONGKING TRADING – CEBU
l PLAZA FAIR – CEBU
l GREAT CEBU FIRE
ABROAD
l GREAT LONDON FIRE
l GREAT CHICAGO FIRE
 Elements of Fire Safety
Fire Prevention
Fire Safety Engineering, design of building,
operations, processes
Good Housekeeping
Electrical Safety
Proper storage of materials
(Combustible/Flammable)

Safety practices
Fire Protection
Detection
Alarm
Fire Locator
Extinguishment
Evacuation & Rescue
First Aid
Salvage

LEGAL BASIS

BUILDING CODE
REP. ACT No. 6541
REVISED PD No. 1096
 FIRE CODE
Formulated in August 26, 1977

PHILIPPINE
OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY & HEALTH
STANDARDS
Formulated in 1978
 STANDARDS BASIS
l NFPA – NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION
ASSOCIATION
q ULC – UNDERWRITERS’ LABORATIES
OF CANADA
o FM – FACTORY MUTUAL
LABORATORIES
o CSA – CANADIAN STANDARDS
ASSOCIATION
o NIOSH – NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
OSH

HOW FIRE START

Fire is a by-product of a larger process called

Combustion. Fire is a result of rapid oxidation.

Two Models that explains Combustion

lFIRE TRIANGLE – Smouldering Mode

lFIRE TETRAHEDRON – Flaming Mode
The Strategy of Preventing a Fire
l A fire must have three things to ignite and maintain
combustion:
l Fuel
l Heat
l Oxygen
l The basic strategy of fire prevention is to control or isolate
sources of fuel and heat in order to prevent combustion.
If all three are not present in sufficient quantities a
fire will not ignite or a fire will not be able to
sustain combustion
 In either the fire triangle
or the tetrahedron, all
components must be
present in order for a fire
to be produced. By
understanding and
controlling any one or
combination of these
components, we can
effectively control the
threat of fire.

How Fires Start?

FIRE CHEMISTRY
Fire is a chemical reaction involving rapid
oxidation or burning of a fuel. It needs
three elements to occur:

FUEL - Fuel can be any combustible

material - solid, liquid or gas.

OXYGEN - The air we breathe is about 21

percent oxygen. fire only needs an
atmosphere with at least 16 percent
oxygen.

HEAT - a point where sufficient vapors are CHEMICAL REACTION - A chain

given off for ignition to occur. reaction can occur when the three
elements of fire are present in the
proper conditions and proportions.
 HEAT SOURCES

l Chemical Heat Energy – heat from

combustion, spontaneous combustion from
organic substance, decomposing
compounds.
l Electrical Heat Energy – short circuit, loose
connection, overloaded circuit, octopus
connection.
l Mechanical Heat Energy – friction, heated
compressed gases, sparks, inefficient
machines.

HEAT TRANSFER

Conduction – object to object

- direct thermal energy transfer
Convection – object to air
- heat transfer through the movement
of hot gases
Radiation – space to object
- electromagnetic wave transfer of
heat to solids
 Stages of Combustion
Explosions excepted, most fires have quite humble beginnings and grow through four
stages:

1. Incipient Stage - During the first, incipient stage, which may last for seconds to
days, there is no noticeable smoke, heat or flame. During this stage, flammable
gasses, or “products of combustion” are emitted. Decomposition is occurring at the
surface of the fuel due to the influence of some form of heat. Products of combustion
given off at this stage are invisible to the eye.
2. Smoldering Stage - there still is no substantial flame or heat, but the combustion
increases enough to create visible smoke. up to 10% of the decomposing products
released at the surface of the fuel are visible.
3. Flaming Stage - usually involves less smoke, but flames break out generating
substantial heat. Vapors from the decomposing fuel have ignited and are at the
stage where flames are self propagating.
4. Heat Stage - At this point, the fire has spread rapidly, producing extensive flames,
extreme heat and many toxic gases. Burning has progressed to the point where the
fire is still small but generating sufficient heat to warm the air immediately around the
fire, sending warm products of combustion upwards by convection.

THE FOUR STAGES OF

COMBUSTION
l The time required for a fire to develop
through the first two stages is usually quite
long when compared to the last two.

l Depending on conditions, the time

involved going through all stages may be
anything from seconds to days.
THE CHEMISTRY OF FIRE
EXTINCTION
The principles of fire extinction consist of the elimination or
removal of one or more of the four elements. These
principles are:

l COOLING
The most commonly used fire fighting medium is water.
Water absorbs heat from the fire and cools the fuel to a
temperature where it no longer produces flammable
vapors.

l SMOTHERING
By excluding the oxygen in the surrounding atmosphere,
the fire will be extinguished.

THE CHEMISTRY OF FIRE

EXTINCTION (con’t)
l STARVATION
Starvation is achieved by removal of the fuel burning in
the fire. Sometimes combustible material can be
removed such as by shutting off gas valves or fuel flows.

l STOP CHAIN REACTION

Stop or interrupt the chain reaction between the fuel,
heat and oxygen the fire will be extinguished.

Specific methods of extinguishing fires often involve a

combination of more than one of the four principles
SMOKE-filled room:

• Within 30 seconds - Disorientation

• Within 2 minutes - Unconsciousness
• Within 3 minutes - Death

How Fires are Classified?

Class A Fires: Solid Combustibles
Paper, Wood, Rubber , Metal, Leather, Plastics,
Copper/Aluminum Wires , Garments, etc.

Class B Fires: Liquid Combustibles

gasoline, diesel, kerosene, perfumes, paints, thinner,
alcohol, oil, grease, etc.

Class C Fires: Electrical Fires

appliances, switches, panel boxes and power tools.

Class D Fires: Metal Fires

magnesium, titanium, potassium and sodium. These metals
burn at high temperatures and give off sufficient oxygen to
support combustion.

Class K Fires: Kitchen Fires

Class K fires involve combustible cooking media such as oils
and grease commonly found in commercial kitchens
 COMBUSTIBLE

• magnesium
• sodium
• potassium
• titanium
D • zirconium
• other
METALS flammable
metals

CLASS K FIRES
K Cooking Media • Recently recognized by NFPA 10.

• Fires involving combustible

vegetable or animal non-saturated
cooking fats in commercial cooking
equipment.

Fire Protection Systems

 Fire Detection System

Smoke detectors are designed to

identify a fire during its smoldering or
early flame stages and will meet the
Heat & Flame needs of most areas containing
primarily wood, paper, fabric, and plastic
Detectors materials

Heat detectors are ideal for areas where

Smoke Detector flammable gasses and liquids are
handled or any area where a fire will
quickly cause a large change in the
surrounding temperature

Sprinkler System

Fire Alarm Box

Fire Alarm & Notification System

 Fire Suppression System

1. Dry Chemical: Powder type, For

class A, B, C Fires, Smothers Fire.

2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Dry ice,

has a wider/bigger nozzle, for class
B, C, optional for greater pressure
than any other, cools down fires.

3. HydrochloroFlouroCarbon
(HCFC): Has no residue, for Class
A , B, C fires.

4. Aqueous Film forming Foam

(AFFF): Foam Type, for Class
A,B only.

Special Fire Protection System

• FM 200: FM-200 (Heptafluoropropane) is a

compound of Carbon, Fluorine and Hydrogen.
It is colorless, odorless and electrically non-
conductive.
• Installation: Computer Room, Powerhouse
Control room, Change Control room

• INERGEN: Inergen is an environmentally green three dimensional fire

suppression agent replacing Halon 1301. Critical facilities such as data
processing rooms, telecommunications switching facilities, process control
rooms, and others, require a non-water based extinguishing agent
• Installation: ME Control room, E-cell central storess

• KIDDE Aqua Blue Kitchen FP System

 How To Use a Fire Extinguisher?

ULL THE PIN

IM AT THE BASE

QUEEZE THE LEVER

WEEP SIDE 2 SIDE

Fire Extinguisher Anatomy

PRESSURE GAUGE
DISCHARGE LEVER (not found on CO2
extinguishers)

DISCHARGE LOCKING PIN CARRYING

AND SEAL HANDLE

DISCHARGE HOSE

DATA PLATE

DISCHARGE NOZZLE BODY

DISCHARGE ORIFICE