MUST-READ!
VISUAL DICTIONARY OF ARCHITECTURE
BRICK 10-12 HOUSE 140-143 SOIL 232-233
BUILDING 13-19 JOINERY 144-145 STAIRS 239-241
CEILING 22-23 LIGHT 146-156 STONE 242-243
CERAMIC 24-26 MASONRY 163-168 STRUCTURE 244-252
CONCRETE 40-45 METAL 177-183 SURVEY 253-254
CONSTRUCTION 46-51 MOISTURE TRUSS 277-279
DOOR 64-67 PROTECTION 184-186 WALL 284-288
DRAWING 64-71 ORNAMENT 190-194 WINDOW 289-293
FASTENING 84-88 PAINT 195 WOOD 294-302
FIRE SAFETY 90-93 PLASTER 196-199
FLOOR 94-97 PLASTICS 200-201
FOUNDATION 102-105 PLATE 202-203
FRAME 106-109 REINFORCED
GLASS 114-115 CONCRETE 210-215
HARDWARE 116-118 ROOF 216-223
HEAT 119-128 SITEWORK 229-231
MasterFormat
1. General Requirement 9. Finishes
2. Site Construction 10. Specialties
3. Concrete 11. Equipments
4. Masonry 12. Furnishings
5. Metals 13. Special Construction
6. Woods and Plastics 14. Conveying System
7. Thermal and Moisture 15. Mechanical
Protection 16. Electrical
8. Doors and Windows
METALS are the strongest building materials
presently in common use.
PROPERTIES OF METALS
1. PLASTIC / MELTING - can be qualified by heating and will solidify as
they cool.
2. DUCTILE - can be hammered thin or drawn into wires.
3. CONDUCTIVE - most metals are prone to conduct heat and
electricity.
4. CORROSIVE - most metals corrode by oxidation.
CLASSIFICATION OF METALS
FERROUS - Consisting primarily of IRON, ferrous metals are very easy and
economical to refine as iron ore is an abundant material. Thus,
ferrous metals tend to be much less expensive than non-ferrous
metals. Besides, ferrous metals are also the strongest, but most have
a tendency to rust.
NON-FERROUS - Non-ferrous metals are more expensive, but are resistant
to corrosion. Many non-ferrous metals are also easy to work and
attractive to the eye.
ALLOYS. Metal mixed with other elements or other metals to modify its
properties for a particular purpose
EXAMPLE: BRONZE = COPPER + small amount of TIN
STEEL = IRON + controlled amount of CARBON
Crystal Palace, 1851
Joseph Paxton
CAST IRON
Eiffel Tower, 1889
Gustav Eiffel
WROUGHT IRON
Home Insurance
Company Building, 1893
William LeBaron Jenney
STEEL
CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
Main Use
ü To resist tension
Other Uses
ü To resist compression
ü To resist diagonal tension or shear
(use of stirrups, ties, hoops, spirals)
ü To resist bursting stresses from compression
ü To resist internal pressure from round structures
(tanks, pipes)
ü To minimize cracking
ü To control spacing of cracks (temperature / shrinkage bars
CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
Steel reinforcement is available in the form of plain steel bars,
deformed dteel bars, cold-drawn wire, welded wire fabric, and
deformed welded wire fabric. Reinforcing steel must conform to
applicable ASTM standard specifications.
“Mpa” ”psi”
(x1000)
DEFORMED REINFORCING BARS
“S” Billet-Steel ( Carbon Steel)
“W” Low-Alloy Steel
“R” Rail Steel
“A” Axle Steel
DEFORMED REINFORCING BARS
ASTM Standard Reinforcing Bars
CUTTING
Reinforcing bars are usually cut to length by shearing,
although sawing is required where compressive bars are to be
spliced end-to-end. Cutting by burning with oxyacetylene
equipment is discouraged. Heating of reinforcing of bars are for
bending or straightening is permittedonly when specially
a p p ro v e d b y t h e e n g i n e e r. H e a t i n g c a n c h a n g e t h e
characteristics of the steel. This can weaken the bars by making
them brittle and dangerous to handle.
BENDING
END
HOOKS
HOOKS
FOR
STIRRUPS
& TIES
OTHER
REINFORCEMENT
PRODUCTS
Threaded Steel Bars
These bars can be spliced with threaded
couplers or anchored through steel plates, while still providing
continous bond between the bar and concrete. they are used as an
alternative to lapping standard deformed bars when long bar
lengths are required and lap splices are impractical, or where bars
need to be anchored close to the edge of a member.
OTHER
REINFORCEMENT
PRODUCTS
Welded Wire Fabric
(“WWF”)
It is used for many appplications such as to resist temperature
and shrinkage cracks in slabs, as web stirrups in beams, and as tie
reinforcements in columns. It is manufactured with either plain or
deformed wire according to ASTM standards A 184M/A 184 (deformed
steel bar mats), A 185 (plain steel welded wire fabric), A 497 (deformed
steel welded wire fabric) or A 884M/A 884 (eposy coated steel wire and
welded wire fabric).
OTHER REINFORCEMENT PRODUCTS
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Bars
FRP bars are sometimes used as an alternative to
steel deformed bars where corrosion of steel bars is likely
or where sensitive electrical or magnetic equipment might
be affected by a large amount of steel reinforcement.
FRP bars have several qualities that make them
suitable as reinforcement for concrete: they thermally
expand and contrct at a rate very close to that of concrete,
they do not rust, and they have a very high strength-weight
ratio. In addition, FRP in nonmagnetic.
OTHER REINFORCEMENT PRODUCTS
Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
3.3.1 Applications - The major applications of FRC are
slab-on-grade construction, precast concrete, and shortcrete.
Some examples of slab-on-grade construction are airport
runways, residential, commercial, and industrial floor slabs,
and hydraulic structures. There are a number of precast
applications such as septic tanks and bumper blocks. Fiber-
reinforced shortcree is used for rockslope stabilization, tunnel
liners, hydraulic structures, and maintenance of existing
concrete. Fibers are also used in conjunction with steel
reinforcing bar. FRC is also used in repair applications, such as
repair of bridge decks, piers, and parapets.
FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE
Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (SFRC)
Glass Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (GFRC)
Synthetic Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (SNFRC)
GFRC
Curtain Wall
Panel
OTHER REINFORCEMENT PRODUCTS
Corrosion-Resistant Concrete
Several methods a re co m m o nly us ed to pro tec t steel
reinfocement from rusting. The most common of these methods
is epoxy coating. Galvanized and stainless steel reinfocement,
cathodic protection systems, and chemical and mineral corrosion
protection systems are also used to protect steel reinforcement,
but are less common than epoxy-coated reinforcement.
ü Epoxy-Coated Steeel Reinforcement
ü Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Reinforcement
ü Stainless Steel Reinforcement
ü Cathodic Protection Systems
ü Chemical and Mineral Protection Systems
OTHER REINFORCEMENT PRODUCTS
Prestressing Materials
High-strength steel is the ost commonly used material
for prestressing concrete; however, other materials such as
fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) are also used.
Prestressing steel is available in the form of strand, wire,
and bar used singly or in bundles, and normally conforms to
ASTM standard specifications.
ü Seven-Wire Strand
ü Wire
ü Bars
ü FRP
OTHER
REINFORCEMENT
PRODUCTS
Prestressing Steel
4.1.1 Seven-wire strand - The most commonly used
prestressing steel is seven-wire strand. Seven-wire strand
comes in two grades, Grade 1725 (250) and Grade 1860 (270)
with minimum ultimate strengths (MUTS) - breaking strengths -
of 1725 MPa (250,000 psi) and 1860 MPa (270,000 psi),
respectively. In addition, seven-wire strands are classified as
stress-relieved or low-relaxation (also known as Lowax).
Wire
4.1.2 Wire - Prestressing wire conforming to ASTM A 421M/A
421 is manufactured in Grade 1620 (235) and 1655 (240) in
type BA (used for applications with button anchors), and in
Grades 1620 (235), 1655 (240) and 1725 (250) in type WA
(used for applications with wedge anchors).
FRP
FRP prestressing is used in much the same manner as steel.
if tendons are placed in ducts, the ducts may be undergrouted or
they may be filled with grout to provide added protection to the
tendon. Sheet materials are not used for prestressing.
The ultimate strength of FRP tendons is comparable to
that of steel prestressing strand. The tensile strength of steel
tendons generally ranges between about 1400 and 1900 MPa
(200 to 270 ksi); for glass fiber tendons, the range is fro about
1400 to 1700 MPa (200 to 250 ksi); for carbon fiber tendons,
which are among the strongest of the fibers, the range is from
1650 to 2400 MPa (240 to 350 ksi); and for aramid fiber tendons,
the range is from 1200 to almost 2100 MPa (170 to 300 ksi).
”Pretensioning” “Posttensioning”
CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT PROTECTION
Cast-in-Place Concrete Cast-in-Place Concrete
cover, mm
cover, mm
(a) Concrete cast against and (a) Concrete cast against and
permanently exposed to earth.........................................75 permanently exposed to earth.....................................75
(b) Concrete exposed to earth or weather: (b) Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
No. 19 through No. 57 bars.........................................50 Wall panel, slabs, joists............................................50
No. 16 bar, MW200 or MD200 wire, and smaller........40 Other members........................................................40
(c) Concrete not exposed to weather (c) Concrete not exposed to weather
or in contact with ground: or in contact with ground:
Slabs, walls, joists: Slabs, walls, joists.....................................................20
No. 43 and No. 57 bars............................................40 Beams, columns:
No. 36 bar and smaller............................................20 Primary reinforcement..........................................40
Beams, columns: Ties, stirrups, spirals..............................................25
Primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, Shells, folded plate members:
spirals......................................................................40 No. 16 bar, MW200 or MD200 wire, and smaller..10
Shells, folded plate members: Other reinforcement.............db but not less than 20
No. 19 bar and larger..............................................20
No. 16 bar, MW200 or MD200 wire, and smaller...13
STRUCTURAL STEEL PRODUCTS
Comparative Physical Properties of the
Four Common Structural Materials
JOINING STEEL MEMBERS
RIVETS
Hot steel rivet is The head is placed in the cup-shaped The rivet shrinks
inserted through depression of a heavy, hand-held as it cools,
holes in the two hammer. A pneumatic hammer drives a drawing the
members to be rivet set repeatedly against the body of members tightly
joined. the rivet to form the second head. together.
BOLTS
CARBON STEEL BOLTS (ASTM A307). Also called Unfinished or Common Bolts.
HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS (ASTM A325 and A490)
METHOD OF DETERMINING THE AMOUNT OF TENSION IN A BOLT
TURN-OFF-NUT METHOD
LOAD INDICATOR WASHER
The wrench holds both
the nut and the splined
body of the bolt, and
turns them against one
another to tighten the
bolt.
When the required
torque has been
achieved, the splined
end twists off in the
wrench.
A plunger inside the
wrench discharges the
splines end into a
container.
FIGURE 11.21
The compact design of electric wrench for tightening tension
control bolts makes it easy to reach bolts in tight situations
JOINING STEEL MEMBERS
WELDING
Welding for Structural Steel
In total, there are approximately 100 different
welding processes. At present, the steel construction
industry uses about five of them: shielded metal arc
welding (SMAW); flux cored arc welding (FCAW),
which can be gas or self shielded; submerged arc
welding (SAW); gas mal arc welding (GMAW); and
electroslag welding (ESW).
Welding with Seamless Look
GTAW Plasma Arc GMAW
JOINING
STEEL
MEMBERS
TYPICAL
WELDS
BASIC ROOF SHAPES
BASIC ROOF SHAPES
BASIC ROOF SHAPES
PAVILLION ROOF
OTHER ROOF TYPES
RAINBOW ROOF
BUTTERFLY ROOF
SHED ROOF
BARREL ROOF
SAWTOOTH ROOF
ROOF CONSIDERATIONS
ü Load considerations ü Protection against...
§ Deal loads § Water
§ Live loads § Moisture
§ Wind loads § Air
ü Type of roofing § Heat
§ Membrane ü Flashing
§ Sheet § Ridge, hips, valleys
§ Shingle § Eaves, rakes, parapets
ü Drainage § Openings
§ Gutter ü Interior effects
§ Drains ü Exterior effects
§ Downspouts
DOORS
METHODS OF DOOR OPERATIONS
DOORS
METHODS OF DOOR OPERATIONS
DOORS
METHODS OF DOOR OPERATIONS
DOOR OPERATION
Swinging Doors - For exterior and interior use. Normally turns on hinges about a
side jamb when pushed or pulled, but may also be pivoted from head jamb and
treshold.
WOOD DOORS
1. FLUSH TYPE
2. STILE & RAIL TYPE
FIGURE 18.23
Some typical configurations for wood
doors. The top row consists of flush
doors. The middle row is made up of
stile-and-rail doors.
Wood Flush Door
Construction
• Hollow Core Flush Doors
- have a framework of stiles
and rails encasing an expanded
honeycomb core of corrugated
fiberboard or a grid of
interlocking horizontal and
vertical wood strips. Thay are
lightweight, intended generally
for interiors, and have little
inherent thermal or acoustic
insulation vaue.
Wood Flush Door
Construction
• Solid Core Flush Doors
- have a core of bonded lumber
blocks, particle board, or a mineral
composition. The bonded lumber
core is the most economical and
widely used. The mineral
composition core is lightest but has
low-screw-holding strength and
cutouts are difficult. Solid core
doors are used primarily as
exterior doors, but they may also
be used wherever increased fire
resistance, sound insulation, or
dimensional s desired.
Wood Panel Door Construction
Wood Panel Door Parts
Door Frame Construction
OTHER TYPES OF SWING DOORS
HOLLOW STEEL DOORS
Steel Door Designs
• Flush Door
• Glass Door
• Vision Door
• Full-glass Door
• Louvered Door
• Full-louvered Door
• Vision-louvered Door
• Narrow Light Door
STEEL DOOR FRAME
STEEL DOOR FRAME
STEEL DOOR FRAME
STEEL DOOR FRAME
DOOR HARDWARE
Finish Door Hardware - include the following items:
• Locksets incorporating locks, latches, and bolts, a cylinder and stop works, and
operating trim
• Hinges
• Closers
• Panic Hardwares
• Push and Pull Bars, and Plates
• Kick Plates
• Door Stops, Holders and Bumpers
• Tresholds
• Weather Stripping
• Door tracks and guides
Hardware is selectedaccording to the following factors:
• Function and ease of operation
• Recessed or surface-mounted installation
• Material , finish, texture and color
• Durability in terms of anticipated frequency of use and possible exposure to
weather or corrosive conditions
FIGURE 18.28
A sample NFRC certification
label that is affixed to a
window unit so that buyers
may compare energy
efficiencies. The U-Factor is
the reciprocal of the R-value,
which means that the R-value
of this window unit is about 3.
