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Fuzzy Logic and IoT-Based Smart Irrigation System

Conference Paper · November 2023

DOI: 10.3390/ecsa-10-16243

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Proceeding Paper
A Fuzzy Logic- and Internet of Things-Based Smart
Irrigation System †
MD Jiabul Hoque 1,2, * , Md. Saiful Islam 2 and Md. Khaliluzzaman 3

1 Department of Computer and Communication Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC),
Chattogram 4318, Bangladesh
2 Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering,
Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology (CUET), Chattogram 4349, Bangladesh;
[email protected]
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC),
Chattogram 4318, Bangladesh; [email protected]
* Correspondence: [email protected]
† Presented at the 10th International Electronic Conference on Sensors and Applications (ECSA-10),
15–30 November 2023; Available online: https://ecsa-10.sciforum.net/.

Abstract: Conventional irrigation methods frequently generate excessive or inadequate watering,

resulting in the wastage of water and energy and diminished agricultural yields. This study presents
a novel intelligent irrigation system that incorporates fuzzy logic and the Internet of Things (IoT) to
automate the control of water pumps, thereby eliminating the requirement for human intervention.
This novel method enables users to effectively preserve water and electricity by mitigating the
issues of excessive and insufficient irrigation of crops. The system utilizes climate sensors that
are combined with electrical circuits and connected to an Arduino and a fuzzy inference system
(FIS) model to consider climate conditions and soil moisture levels. The sensors are responsible for
collecting data that are utilized by the FIS model to control the speed of the water pump effectively.
The FIS model integrates fuzzy logic to analyse the data obtained by the Arduino. This analysis
enables the Arduino to adjust the pump speed by considering a wide range of sensor inputs. The
implementation of this autonomous system eliminates the requirement for human intervention and
enhances agricultural productivity by accurately dispensing the optimal quantity of water at the
proper intervals. The cessation of water supply occurs when the soil moisture levels reach a sufficient
state and resumes when the moisture levels fall below predetermined limits, regulated by various
environmental circumstances. A comparative analysis examines the suggested technology, drip
irrigation, and manual flooding. The comparison results demonstrate that the intelligent irrigation
Citation: Hoque, MD.J.; Islam, M.S.;
Khaliluzzaman, M. A Fuzzy Logic-
system accomplishes water and energy conservation.
and Internet of Things-Based Smart
Irrigation System. Eng. Proc. 2023, 58, Keywords: fuzzy inference system; fuzzy logic; Internet of Things; sensors; smart irrigation
93. https://doi.org/10.3390/
ecsa-10-16243

Academic Editor: Stefano Mariani

1. Introduction
Published: 15 November 2023 Agriculture plays a prominent role in the economy, and people recognize it as a
vital cornerstone of the economic frameworks of developing nations. For several decades,
there has been a close association between it and the growth of vital food crops [1]. The
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
“Global Water Crisis” predicts that the increasing demand for clean water amid drought
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
and hot weather conditions would seriously affect agriculture [2]. The presence of a water
This article is an open access article shortage in both agricultural and non-agricultural communities will significantly influence
distributed under the terms and the quality of life for residents, particularly those who depend on these towns for food
conditions of the Creative Commons production on an intermittent basis [3]. When aiming to get a prosperous crop yield, it is
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// vital to consider both the irrigation methodology that is employed and the volume of water
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ that is consumed. It is imperative to ensure that the quantity of water provided aligns
4.0/). precisely with the specific requirements of the plants, thereby preventing any surplus [4].

Eng. Proc. 2023, 58, 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-10-16243 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/engproc

Eng. Proc. 2023, 58, 93 2 of 11

Approximately 70% of the Earth’s freshwater resources are allocated for agricultural
and food production, making it the primary consumer of water globally [2,5]. Considering
the substantial water consumption within the industrial sector, it is reasonable to expect a
surplus allocation of water resources towards agricultural activities. Experts have identified
low irrigation efficiency as a significant contributor to water wastage [6,7].
The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization asserts that runoff and evap-
otranspiration cause the wastage of approximately 60% of the water that is used for
irrigation. [8]. Digital advancements in agriculture are crucial, not just in less developed
nations grappling with food and water scarcity but also in affluent nations due to climatic
fluctuations, antiquated and ineffective irrigation systems, pandemics, and other unantic-
ipated obstacles [4,9]. The implementation of automated agricultural irrigation systems
provides farmers with the capacity to regulate water volumes accurately, regardless of the
availability of labour for manual valve management and plant growth monitoring [10]. In
the present era, automation has been widely implemented in various sectors, encompassing
industries, household administration, and agriculture [11]. Using sensor-driven irrigation
systems that are deployed throughout agricultural fields offers a promising option for man-
aging irrigation and maximizing crop productivity while promoting water conservation.
Intelligent agricultural systems provide a sophisticated technology that enables farmers to
improve their crop output through cost-effective techniques [12].
The efficiency of intelligent irrigation systems utilizing IoT technology and a fuzzy
logic controller (FLC) can be enhanced by evaluating data and implementing irrigation
adjustments based on factors such as soil moisture and temperature [13]. Communication
technologies such as Zigbee, LoRaWAN, and cloud computing facilitate monitoring and
storing of data in real time [14]. The Internet of Things (IoT) employs diverse networks
to gather data from the physical environment, employing optimization techniques to
enhance operational efficiency. The abundance of applications provides evidence for the
adaptability of fuzzy logic, a computational approach that effectively manages uncertainty
and efficiently makes decisions in practical contexts [15].
Researchers have conducted a plethora of studies on utilizing fuzzy inference systems
and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in agriculture [16]. In their research, the authors
in reference [17] provide a methodology for identifying meteorological condition variables
and utilizing these data to quantify the frequency and quantity of water that is required
for cultivation. The proposed system design [18] examines a fog wireless communication
platform for monitoring and managing sensors and actuators, intending to determine
the irrigation requirements for crops. Previous research [19] shows that implementing a
decision support system can enhance regulated irrigation practices, ensuring consistent
soil moisture levels. Additionally, such a system can prioritize areas with a low water
content while minimizing the negative impacts of irrigation on regions with a high water
content. In the study conducted by the authors of [20], novel irrigation techniques were
devised to optimize agricultural water utilization through fuzzy logic. The researchers
employed a Mamdani control system and utilized MATLAB and Simulink software to
conduct simulations. The results exhibited accurate modelling and underscored the ef-
ficacy of the Mamdani fuzzy logic control system in optimizing the utilization of water
resources in agriculture. In reference [21], fuzzy logic systems are employed to improve
decision making assessments instead of standard acknowledgement control procedures.
Fuzzy logic can enhance the adaptive capabilities of irrigation systems in response to the
ever-changing dynamics of their surrounding environment. The manipulation of if–then
rules in fuzzy inference systems can be efficiently achieved by applying fuzzy logic and
set theory [22]. This article employs the widely adopted and accessible Mamdani method-
ology for irrigation control. This approach exhibits similarities to human cognition and
linguistic processes.
This article explores implementing an intelligent irrigation system based on fuzzy
logic. This technology calculates the optimal irrigation volume for crops by considering
meteorological conditions. The attainment of an ideal crop yield is contingent upon
 This article explores implementing an intelligent irrigation system based on fuzzy
logic. This technology calculates the optimal irrigation volume for crops by considering
meteorological conditions. The attainment of an ideal crop yield is contingent upon
Eng. Proc. 2023, 58, 93 3 of 11
providing an appropriate quantity of water, avoiding excessive and inadequate amounts.
The created fuzzy control system integrates four input parameters: soil moisture, solar
radiation, air temperature, and air humidity. We have considered these specific compo-
providing
nents an appropriate
because quantity
they influence waterofevaporation
water, avoiding
fromexcessive
the soil. and
The inadequate
management amounts.
of the
The created fuzzy control system integrates four input parameters: soil
pump’s speed influences the rate of water delivery, achieved through the regulation moisture, solar
of
radiation, air temperature, and air humidity. We have considered these specific components
the output parameter of the fuzzy logic control system. This invention differentiates itself
because
from they
prior influence water
methodologies by evaporation
using a more from the soil.
extensive setThe
of management
input variables of and
the pump’s
formu-
speed influences the rate of water delivery, achieved through the regulation
lating a direct fuzzy rule based on the interconnectedness between each input and of the output
output
parameter of the fuzzy logic control system. This invention differentiates
parameter. The system aims to enhance farmers’ engagement and facilitate their transi-itself from prior
methodologies by using a more extensive set of input variables and formulating a direct
tion to intelligent agriculture practices. The main contributions of this study can be
fuzzy rule based on the interconnectedness between each input and output parameter. The
summarized as follows:
system aims to enhance farmers’ engagement and facilitate their transition to intelligent
•agriculture
This study focuses
practices. Theonmain
designing and implementing
contributions of this studyancanintelligent irrigation
be summarized system
as follows:
that utilizes fuzzy logic and leverages the Internet of Things (IoT) for real-time
• This study focuses on designing and implementing an intelligent irrigation system
capture of meteorological and soil information. The system aims to enable informed
that utilizes fuzzy logic and leverages the Internet of Things (IoT) for real-time capture
irrigation decisions by applying a fuzzy inference system.
of meteorological and soil information. The system aims to enable informed irrigation
• The motor’s activation or deactivation is automated based on the data obtained from
decisions by applying a fuzzy inference system.
the soil moisture sensor in order to mitigate excessive consumption of water and
• The motor’s activation or deactivation is automated based on the data obtained
electricity.
from the soil moisture sensor in order to mitigate excessive consumption of water
• The engine is automatically deactivated in reaction to rain to conserve electricity
and electricity.
• resources.
The engine is automatically deactivated in reaction to rain to conserve electricity resources.
•• There
There isis no
no need for human
need for human intervention.
intervention.
The remaining sections
The remaining sectionsare
arestructured
structured
asas follows:
follows: Section
Section 2 explains
2 explains the technique
the technique that
that
was utilized in developing our work. Section 3 presents the outcomes that werethat
was utilized in developing our work. Section 3 presents the outcomes were
achieved
achieved
followingfollowing
the system’stheimplementation,
system’s implementation,
discussions,discussions,
unresolvedunresolved
issues, and aissues, and a
comparison
comparison against other cited systems. Concluding the paper, Section 4 underscores
against other cited systems. Concluding the paper, Section 4 underscores the key takeaways the
key takeaways
of the of the
research and research
outlines and outlines
potential paths potential
for futurepaths for future investigations.
investigations.

2. Proposed
Proposed System
System Model
By utilizing real-time data collected from sensors, an intelligent irrigation system
enhances the
the efficacy
efficacyofofwatering
watering practices.
practices. The
The depicted
depicted system
system architecture,
architecture, as illus-
as illustrated
trated in Figure
in Figure 1, showcases
1, showcases the process
the process flow. flow.

Figure 1. Proposed
Proposed architecture of smart irrigation system.

arrangement, data
In this arrangement, data are collected
collected by sensors, afterwards
afterwards interpreted
interpreted by
by an
Arduino, and ultimately utilized by the fuzzy controller to determine the optimal timing
for grass irrigation. Integrating
Integrating the
the Internet
Internet of
of Things
Things (IoT)
(IoT) and
and Wireless
Wireless Sensor Network
(WSN) technology enables
enables smooth communication between sensorsand
smooth communication between sensors andArduino
Arduinodevices,
devic-
facilitating efficient information exchange.
es, facilitating efficient information exchange.

2.1. Sensors and Communication Media

The current study employed five sensors to monitor various environmental variables.
We used the DHT11 sensor to measure humidity and temperature, the REES52 sensor to
assess soil moisture, and the LM 393 sensor to analyse sun radiation. We employed a flow
sensor to quantify the water flow rate to regulate irrigation. ZigBee technology facilitated
 facilitates the determination of watering requirements. We initiate irrigation when the
relative humidity drops below 17%. Fuzzy logic determines the length of irrigation in
FLC. The rule-based approach determines the optimal frequency and duration of irriga-
tion. The proposed fuzzy logic controller (FLC) utilized triangle and trapezoidal func-
tions as piecewise linear membership functions to conduct the fuzzification process. The
Eng. Proc. 2023, 58, 93 4 of 11
method for constructing a µtriangle is shown in (1) below:
0, 𝑥 𝑎
⎧
⎪ , 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏
𝜇
enhanced communication among (𝑥; 𝑎, 𝑏,components,
system 𝑐) = (1)
while the microcontroller effectively
⎨ , 𝑏 𝑥 𝑐
processed sensor data. ⎪
⎩ 0, 𝑐 𝑥

2.2. Fuzzy Inference System for Precision Agriculture 0, 𝑥 𝑎

⎧𝑥 𝑎
The fuzzy controllers utilized Mamdani’s ⎪𝑏 𝑎 ,
fuzzy 𝑎 𝑥 method
inference 𝑏 in the present
investigation. Figure 2 depicts
𝜇 the internal structure
(𝑥; 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) = of
1, the fuzzy
𝑏 𝑥 𝑐 inference system used (2)
for
⎨
a water pump. The initial step of the fuzzy logic𝑑controller𝑥 (FLC) involves acquiring data
,
⎪ 𝑑a range 𝑐 𝑥 𝑑
from sensors that are responsible for measuring 𝑐 of environmental characteristics,
⎩ 0, 𝑑 𝑥
including temperature, humidity, sunshine intensity, and soil moisture.

Figure
Figure 2.
2. Internal
Internal structure
structure of
of fuzzy
fuzzy logic
logic controller.
controller.

Tables 1–5 present

We compute the threshold
fuzzification rules byvalues for the
utilizing inputs
sensor data.and output.
The As mentioned
soil moisture sensor
facilitates
earlier, thethe determination
values of watering
play a critical role in therequirements.
generation of We initiate
rules throughirrigation when the
the utilization of
relative humidity drops below 17%. Fuzzy logic determines the length of irrigation
membership functions in the fuzzification process. These reference points serve as a basis in
FLC.
for The rule-based
identifying approach determines
the appropriate linguistic the optimal
phrases andfrequency
fuzzy sets and duration
that of irrigation.
are linked to each
The proposed fuzzy logic controller (FLC) utilized triangle and trapezoidal functions as
variable.
piecewise linear membership functions to conduct the fuzzification process. The method
for constructing a µtriangle is shown in (1) below:

x≤a

 0,
 x−a ,

a≤x≤b
µtriangle ( x; a, b, c) = cb−−xa . (1)
 c−b ,
 b≤x≤c
c≤x

0,

0, x≤a


x−a
a ≤ x ≤ b

b− a ,



µtrapezoidal ( x; a, b, c) = 1, b ≤ x ≤ c (2)
d− x
d−c , c ≤ x ≤ d





0, d ≤ x
Tables 1–5 present the threshold values for the inputs and output. As mentioned
earlier, the values play a critical role in the generation of rules through the utilization
of membership functions in the fuzzification process. These reference points serve as a
basis for identifying the appropriate linguistic phrases and fuzzy sets that are linked to
each variable.

Table 1. Soil moisture threshold factor.

Soil Moisture Reading (%) Category

0–17 Dry
18–50 Normal (Ideal)
51–100 Wet
Eng. Proc. 2023, 58, 93 5 of 11

Table 2. Solar radiation threshold factor.

Solar Radiation Reading (%) Category

0–4 Dark
5–50 Medium
51–100 Light

Table 3. Humidity threshold factor.

Humidity Reading (%) Category

0–49 Low
50–84 Medium (Ideal)
85–100 High

Table 4. Temperature threshold factor.

Temperature Reading (◦ C) Category

0–16 Cold
17–22 Warm (Ideal)
23–45 Hot

Table 5. Irrigation duration threshold factor.

Irrigation Duration (Min) Category

0–2 Very Short
3–5 Short
6–12 Medium
13–25 Long
26–45 Very Long

The system included fuzzy logic principles by formulating and exploiting the mem-
bership functions described in (1) and (2). The fuzzy logic controller (FLC) would require
81 rules to decide on the irrigation choice, considering four inputs with three member-
ship functions each. However, employing careful examination, the established principles
were refined to 49, resulting in optimization. Table 6 presents a compilation of exemplary
firing rules.

Table 6. Fuzzy rules for proposed system.

If (Soil_Moisture is Normal) and (Humidity is Low) and (Air_Temperature is

1
Cold) and (Solar_Radiation is Light), then (SwitchPosition_Valve is S) (1)
If (Soil_Moisture is Dry) and (Humidity is Low) and (Air_Temperature is Cold)
2
and (Solar_Radiation is Light), then (SwitchPosition_Valve is M) (1)
. . . .. . .
If (Soil_Moisture is Normal) and (Humidity is High) and (Air_Temperature is
49
Hot) and (Solar_Radiation is Medium), then (SwitchPosition_Valve is S) (1)

Additionally, the MIN-MAX inference aggregation method and criteria were employed
to ascertain the stress levels. We used the highest value to modify the output fuzzy region
while employing the minimal value of the predicate truth to restrict the fuzzy union.
Eng. Proc. 2023, 58, 93 6 of 11

Employing the minor operator diminished the overall level of certainty of the stress state.
Utilizing the MAX composition technique established the membership function for the
irrigation time. The intelligent irrigation system uses four inputs, namely, moisture (M),
temperature (T), humidity (H), and light (L). We use Equations (3) and (4) to compute the
MIN-MAX aggregation inference.

M ∪ T ∪ H ∪ L = { x, min(mM ( x ), mT ( x ), mH ( x ), mL( x ))| x ∈ X } (3)

M ∩ T ∩ H ∩ L = { x, max(mM ( x ), mT ( x ), mH ( x ), mL( x ))| x ∈ X } (4)

The final stage in the intelligent irrigation system is the process of defuzzification,
which entails converting the fuzzy output into a numerical value. The centroid defuzzifica-
tion technique, as depicted in (5), is employed to ensure precise outcomes.
R
∗ µi ( x ).xdx
x = R . (5)
µi ( x ).dx

(YVS C 0 1 + YS C 0 2 + YM C 0 3 + YL C 0 4 + YVL C 0 5 )
Y1 = (6)
(C 0 1 + C 0 2 + C 0 3 + C 0 4 + C 0 5 )
Equation (5) illustrates the process of generating the de-fuzzified output, denoted
as x*, for the output variable x using the membership function µi (x). On the other hand,
Equation (6) is employed to determine the Centroid of Area (CoA) for the proposed system.
In this equation, (Y) represents the centroid of the output variable, while C0 1 , C0 2 , C0 3 , C0 4 ,
and C0 5 correspond to the results of the membership functions. Additionally, YVS = {VSt = 2},
YS = {St = 5}, YM = {Mt = 12}, YL = {Lt = 25}, and YVL = {VLt = 45} are the singleton functions
associated with each output.

3. Results and Analysis

This work involved the development of a fuzzy inference system utilizing Mamdani-
type fuzzy logic for the exact control of the irrigation switch position. The switch position,
ranging from 1 to 5, was established based on four inputs: soil moisture, temperature, hu-
midity, and light intensity. A numerical value of 1 signifies a reduced frequency and timing
of water flow, whilst a value of 5 denotes the presence of a continuous and unrestricted
water flow. We implemented the fuzzy inference system using the MATLAB software.
Figures 3 and 4 exhibit the results obtained for water flow control, presenting the outcomes
in diverse formats.
Upon examination of Figure 3, it becomes apparent that several environmental factors
have a significant role in influencing the determination of the water valve’s switch position
and the irrigation duration. When we measure the soil moisture level at a low percentage
of 9.69%, along with a relative humidity of 44.7%, an ambient temperature of 31.4 ◦ C, and
moderate sun radiation of 609 lux, we recommend adjusting the switch position to the
extended position, which is the fourth position. The provided data suggest that the water
flow will persist for an estimated duration of 14.4 min in order to facilitate the irrigation of
the plants.
Likewise, Figure 4 illustrates an additional scenario whereby the soil moisture content
is within a standard range of 43.5%, representing an optimal condition for the growth
of potato plants. The relative humidity is at a moderate level, measuring 82.7%. The air
temperature reads 13.7 ◦ C, characterizing it as cold. Moreover, we observe negligible sun
radiation. In this instance, the obtained output demonstrates a significantly diminished
water flow value (4.91), implying that the switch position is close to the lower threshold.
This adheres to the precise guidelines for this problem, as the predicted result in such
situations will likely be extremely minor.
 3, 58, 93 Eng. Proc. 2023, 58, 93
23, 7 of 11 7 of 11

Figure 3. Switch position

Figure 3. (long).
Switch position (long).

Figure 4. Switch position

Figure 4. (short).
Switch position (short).

Moreover, Figure Moreover, Figure the

5 illustrates 5 illustrates the correlation
correlation between between
the twothe two independent
independent varia-variables,
bles, namely, humidity and soil moisture, and the dependent variable, which isisthe
namely, humidity and soil moisture, and the dependent variable, which the switch
switch position of the solenoid valve. The figure appears as a surface plot, generated using
position of the solenoid valve. The figure appears as a surface plot, generated
MATLAB. The figure demonstrates that in instances where moisture levels are low, resulting
using MATLAB. The figure demonstrates that in instances where moisture levels are low,
in a yellow colouration on the plot, there is a notable increase in the water flow through
resulting in a yellow colouration on the plot, there is a notable increase in the water flow
the system. In contrast, when moisture levels are elevated, as denoted by a blue hue on
through the system. In contrast,
the graph, when moisture
the magnitude levels
of water flow are elevated,
is modest. as denoted
The presented by aillustrates
graphic blue the
hue on the graph, the magnitude of water flow is modest. The
inverse correlation between moisture levels and water flow.presented graphic illus-
trates the inverse correlation between moisture levels and water flow.
Similarly, Figure 6 illustrates the correlation between elevated temperatures and
augmented evapotranspiration, hence requiring a larger quantity of water for irrigation.
Eng.
Eng.Proc. 2023,58,
Proc.2023, 58,93
93 88 of 11
11

Eng. Proc. 2023, 58, 93 8 of 11

Figure5.5.Relationship
Figure Relationshipamong
amonghumidity,
humidity,soil
soilmoisture,
moisture,and
andcorresponding
correspondingoutput
outputfor
forthe
theFLC.
FLC.

Similarly, Figure 6 illustrates the correlation between elevated temperatures and

augmented evapotranspiration,
Figure 5. Relationship hencesoil
among humidity, requiring a larger
moisture, quantity of output
and corresponding water for the
irrigation.
FLC.

Figure 6. Relationship among temperature, solar radiation, and corresponding output for the FLC.

In order to provide empirical support for the conclusions drawn by the proposed
system, aRelationship
comparative
Figure 6.6.Relationship
Figure amongevaluation
among is undertaken
temperature,
temperature, to compare
solarradiation,
solar radiation, its performance
andcorresponding
and corresponding outputfor
output with
forthe
thethat of
FLC.
FLC.
the most recent systems [23,24]. These systems were selected as benchmarks based on
theirInIn orderto
order
resemblance toprovide
provide empirical
to theempirical
proposedsupportsupport
irrigation forapproach.
for theconclusions
the conclusions drawnby
drawn
The evaluation byprocess
theproposed
the proposed
main-
system,
system, aa comparative
comparative evaluation
evaluation is
is undertaken
undertaken to
to compare
compare
tained consistency in the proposed system’s conditions, features, periods, and existing its
its performance
performance with
with that
that of
of
the
the most
most recent
recent systems
systems [23,24].
[23,24]. These
These systems
systems were
were selected
selected
solutions to guarantee a comprehensive and unbiased assessment. This approach facili- as
as benchmarks
benchmarks based
based onon
theirresemblance
their
tated aresemblance
realistic and toto
thethe proposed
proposed
meaningful irrigation
irrigation
comparison approach.
approach.
between Thetwo.
the The evaluation
evaluation processprocess main-
maintained
consistency
tained Table in the proposed
consistency
7 presents in athe system’s conditions,
proposed
comparative system’s features,
analysis conditions,
of periods,
the proposed features, andperiods,
and existingand solutions to
existing
models, fo-
guarantee
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cusing onato comprehensive
guarantee
three key parameters: and unbiased
weekly assessment.
a comprehensive and unbiased
water volumes,This approach
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actuator facilitated
This
time, approach
and a realistic
energy facili-
con-
and
tatedmeaningful
sumption.a realistic comparison
and
The results meaningful
indicatebetween the proposed
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that the two.between the two.
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Table
Table 7 7presents
presents a comparative
a comparative analysis
ternative models, including those referenced in [23,24]. of
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of proposed
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and existing
reduced duration focusing
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of pump- fo-
on
ingthree
cusing key parameters:
on proposed
in the three key parameters:weekly water
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water volumes,
to decreased time, and
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time and consumption.
and energy
diminished con-
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ternative models, referenced
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[23,24].
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ing in leads
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leads operation
to decreased time and
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time consumption.
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and existing systems andin
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The chosen timebased
frame
on
hasitsbeen
Table congruence
determined
7. Proposed withbased
system the ideal duration
on its
evaluation. congruence that iswith
necessary
the idealfor the growth
duration andisdevelopment
that necessary for
of
thepotato
growth plants.
and development of potato plants.
Water Consumption Operating Time of Energy Consumption
Irrigation Model
Table7.7.Proposed
Table Proposedsystemsystemevaluation.(L)
evaluation. Actuators (Wh)
[23] 59 1 h 17 m 08 s 108
Water
Water Consumption OperatingTime
Operating Timeof EnergyEnergy Consumption
[24]
Irrigation
Irrigation Model Model 45
Consumption (L)
0 h
of
56 m
Actuators
45 s Consumption
73
(L) Actuators (Wh) (Wh)
[23]
[23] 5959 11hh17 17 mm 08
08 ss 108
108
[24]
[24] 4545 00hh56 56 mm 45 ss 73
73
Eng.
Eng. Proc. 2023,
2023, 58,
58, 93
93 99of
of 11

Figure 7. Comparison of proposed vs. existing smart irrigation systems [20,21].

Figure 7. Comparison of proposed vs. existing smart irrigation systems [20,21].
The data presented in Figure 7 demonstrate the significant reduction in water con-
The data
sumption that presented
is achieved in by
Figure 7 demonstrate
the suggested the Specifically,
system. significant reduction in water
it indicates con-
a decrease
sumption that is achieved by the suggested system. Specifically, it indicates
of 360 litres (equivalent to 45%) compared to the approach described in reference [23] a decrease of
and a reduction of 121 litres (equivalent to 19%) compared to the method outlined ina
360 litres (equivalent to 45%) compared to the approach described in reference [23] and
reduction [24].
reference of 121Additionally,
litres (equivalent to 19%) compared
it illustrates a decreasetoofthe760method
Wh and outlined
260 Wh inin
reference
energy
[24]. Additionally,
consumption duringit the
illustrates a decrease
potato growth of 760
phase. ThisWh and 260 Wh
emphasizes the in energyadvantages
potential consumption of
during thethe
adopting potato growth
proposed phase. This which
methodology, emphasizes the potential
incorporates smart advantages of adopting
irrigation using a fuzzy
the proposed
inference systemmethodology, which
and the Internet ofincorporates
Things (IoT).smart irrigation
That leads using a fuzzy
to significant inference
cost reductions
system
for andregarding
farmers the Internet of energy,
water, Things and(IoT). Thatexpenditures.
labour leads to significant cost reductions for
farmers regarding water, energy, and labour expenditures.
4. Conclusions
4. Conclusions
This article introduces a methodology for creating an intelligent irrigation system that
tackles thearticle
This difficulties posed abymethodology
introduces limited waterforresources
creatinginanareas that areirrigation
intelligent characterized by
system
significant water limitations. The utilization of fuzzy inference systems and
that tackles the difficulties posed by limited water resources in areas that are character- Internet of
Things (IoT) technologies is employed by the system in order to facilitate
ized by significant water limitations. The utilization of fuzzy inference systems and In- the promotion
of practical
ternet water(IoT)
of Things usage and the enhancement
technologies is employed of by
irrigation control.
the system The fuzzy
in order inference
to facilitate the
system, employing the Mamdani fuzzification method, effectively ascertains
promotion of practical water usage and the enhancement of irrigation control. The fuzzy the ideal
irrigation
inference frequency and duration
system, employing for potato fuzzification
the Mamdani cultivation. The systemeffectively
method, utilizes trapezoidal
ascertains
output membership functions and triangle input membership
the ideal irrigation frequency and duration for potato cultivation. The functions. The fuzzy utilizes
system control
mechanism effectively preserves water and energy resources by regulating
trapezoidal output membership functions and triangle input membership functions. excessive runoff
The
and ensuring that the soil moisture remains above a predetermined threshold
fuzzy control mechanism effectively preserves water and energy resources by regulating through
gradual adjustments. Additionally, the system compensates for the loss of water resulting
excessive runoff and ensuring that the soil moisture remains above a predetermined
from evapotranspiration throughout the winter season, a period characterized by frequent
threshold through gradual adjustments. Additionally, the system compensates for the
excessive irrigation. Significantly, the suggested methodology retains its user-friendly
loss of water resulting from evapotranspiration throughout the winter season, a period
nature and economic viability, even when implemented across extensive agricultural
characterized by frequent excessive irrigation. Significantly, the suggested methodology
landscapes. Potential areas for future research involve investigating the incorporation of
retains its user-friendly nature and economic viability, even when implemented across
intelligent farming technology based on artificial neural networks (ANNs). This integration
extensive agricultural landscapes. Potential areas for future research involve investigat-
can assist farmers and producers in reducing waste and improving productivity in multiple
ing the incorporation of intelligent farming technology based on artificial neural net-
domains. For instance, it could optimize fertilizer use and enhance crop output.
works (ANNs). This integration can assist farmers and producers in reducing waste and
improving productivity in multiple domains. For instance, it could optimize fertilizer use
and enhance crop output.
Eng. Proc. 2023, 58, 93 10 of 11

Author Contributions: M.J.H.—Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing—original draft, Writing—

review and editing, Software; M.S.I.—Writing—review and editing, Resources, Supervision, Valida-
tion; M.K.—Writing—review and editing, Resources, Validation. All authors have read and agreed to
the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made
available by the authors on request.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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