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Biserminal: fralysis & Cnsufialion z
Gacrmination i an eplimal way fo sparale diffount populations
J] BER & a near cbrerwallion soning from one. of the the ‘b pen”!
Pi, Cary Pye The aim of deaenominant amalyrn 6 te allecals
Bote one of P Paros Pq cnth as small a probably of omen
Pe ppouctle
A duscummant rule, h, sotrurpends tb a paxilien 4 RP une
dujemt ragions Ry, Ba. By ober
Yas=R BNR Ab, Gtk
She rule din Fem defined by
d: allecale X be PO; He XER;
She oy oe fend. a rule hs by defining dtierimnaml
poration, G0) fon each pepulolien F=1,2,.-.k We slasfy 2 te
population jf GO>5zC) ¥ L4d- We cam write tha os
di) = arg max 5(8)
ie, Ai a mag prom Ro fb {L.2, -- kf
Chassipialion means clasuficalin of a. neu disbiubulion inte appnapniali.
pepulolio wing ihe dsontmunant: fuelion :
Wl nada stereo pti Aa
poromilos and making & Vite we ihe aha
an indi te clndying if the person os Zach, poor om Cunrage A classifier of. classifucaien tusle is a funetoon dy) dafumeck on RE
2¥ KER, ACs) 1 equol b the numbers dyes eral
VI De duis La gory A anmgn one only on re
un the parlicular set % thee. 1 only ne overlap
Allernaliely, Rj = {87d 4} 5 7 Elbe vk}
Ry Bar By ome dagen & URE = R?
C
ft PL ®P ke lw compleloly kmercn populallians. fal
Tr « Wy be te relevant prporlion o stects cn indived als «Leb
0) uf la) be Me pdf on ga fon £4 pop. The am is be
pid dome funclion frmslom § 3 G(Ki) ac (Ka) CSET XoCTE
book ax dfewrl 04 possble. tare g i te
Given a new bsewatin X, ve tan we g to classify X other ule
Th RM . Limsoon @
Fisher discriminant deseriminanl femeien
pease concept in discriminant amolyus ts The Fisher
lean diseremenant. felon St 8 assumed. That the Te gop” frase the
eT ee] CP, , ita hanaclerigech fy a meam veclin, fey be comuans
ani
Simlorly f X EP, , te mean vecton us fk, & corinne mabux, 5
Bo the Hie pep™ aw diffewnt sin Then mean veclons.
© limaruge ics pepulolion by charging Py > Pr te unulanirle
pepulatioms by changing X lo LX = z (say)
tehave: UX 1, ~ (LK LIE L)
exe (Lhe sed when Lis chenen such frat
fhe dislinee ket” P, 0 Pg oy mart
(eile eee tach of He Lio populaliins and
pompule BoB Sy fellows
R-Lem , Be L Eke
Sat [OY S84 ma-I 5]
rena
Fishers discriminant uetien s fen guen 4
Lea lS
= (RBI'S — ©
Jo delovmine hither Xu closer fo & on Ky , ve heck be tea
WZ i clomn fo the Transformed man 2, & %,
- We evaluok © fm each cbseualien XK, prem the fout Aammeple
te oblaim Zy+Z1ar~-- Zim, fm which
Zak a -LK
= (R- Be) Spi X,
Simelo, Z = LR, = Bi- a) See
Fishes Linear classif cealion precedice arugms X te P 4 z= he
fi dlean bh 2 Wen Z, & amg XP, Z = fy
ta ve
Rods
O the disercménant funelien z-A'% will be ponalll fo the Line
forg XB
@ The discriminant function Z=h/X vs not unique as any scalax
multiple of Z vill ale discummale he bio populations fr the
fame exlint- However, ux dinectin [ooed
We cam classily am obyect os cemeng from P, when tt aclually
comer prem P, & vec vena, But its dffealt fe falls in lem of
absolute eevon do we wll Lalk in fevms 4 probeblely of mee
Plsclassipiialion pro babliles :
Plait) = Prob. of clersdying fe ebyet as coming from P. when ub
aetually if comes prem F;
= J feds (the satgual is multiple intigral J
A Similarly, P(II2) = fLQudx
R
P(G,f) = TT P(2i1) + TT, PUI2)
Mf bude +m [Lads — ©
Re 4
b te folal probatility cf mésclassifratien
Vemma! he. wlegral [84x ws minimized work Raf
Ry = Ro, = £4 OL) fads
Rn Bey
= fads - Jada
Bey Bo Ri NR,
> Sasa
ot bq at mean That the snligral [glxid x 2 minimiged ann te
R ihen R= Re, = {X:gCHof Re aos proved,
Fertha, ke B= [X:gBJ=0} & let ACB thn the wlegrol
er summation of G(X) bver Re UA will be Aame as he summation
en silegral over Roy Jt means Hat Ro, net unique as the
boundary pond B may ke assegnedl L wither Ro, on Roz » Hevever,
f XH of continues bype , P(X EB) =0
Some allecalien (pronesple
O Mintoneging Ihe telah probably of msclamificalion
@ Lihelhook nalio method
O Mirimeging Phe fala coal of misclareefealten
@ Muniomegeng Hae (bl posterior. precbecbialy
G6 Minimax Qllecatien
St ik minimized f R= Re, = {88C<0f ~=—-@
otal probably of miclasdfication = PCR f)
= POY, + PAIDT,
=m, J bQydx + : hdd
a,
2
i
nm jj tenes m[t- [004s]
= m+ [fmhedde~ fn, ,ede] @
pa = +f fm be - mf eop ax -— @
&
From lemma t, @ i menmigd cont R, af
TE @- me In Me
i
2110 AEs ie SHIEK 2°] > be Te
2K MEY] a
> 4 fale te Ae! Eh Uae rg - fis Ya] > fn Te
/
Saul = seat
Ads ah. EA, Be ne an
chee eg ss +
*
es els BENE = eth), ,) > bn Te
7,
PRE hts tel oG > fn Te
DHE L(A)! > bn Me
Th > 0(X$>h Ie =
qT,
: e D(X Te
Hoge XH Rf DOYS In Me
Hw oe hae P( D(x) = IB)
thin the paraomelin are not lancam, estima: He raramstna
bie] 2h ta Kyperplame Axparaling Be Le popn |
§ eB
4o find Be grobabilly of mielasifealion
Te dut” of DOS) a aomel oth prnametins
E (bus 1 xe R) = D(A)
=a, en a ee
or w cyt 4e
thew, A eas Ma) 'S (Mi Ha)
& hes) —> Mahalonobis distamer Aypare
beticn bby Kher
& V(00)| Xe Ef)
*)
=d@
oat
“1 DOS) a rotemally duit , 2. P(21L) m PLU ore geen by
dD
ie “ PI) 2 P[pis) gb Ay’
in
£ then
Qecummont pute.
OC Fut ve tempi ae =S5%
=(& Ack
obi Ah + 4b sty
G faugn the indinidual Jolpect ke Pye KEG 4 ah & xR | aK KA
O the chance of murclosufialin 1
ot = P(i/2) + PCA)
-$ [toby BVA }4 G(r B -a°) Ae
(oat ere ey,
0s)= tr 6.9
ao
(et) 4 OAV, “UeK)
+ As 2. hy)
=O $[LE AS ans
OS) & a quodoati fonn in
fugn SEE YF Oy obo Be
zl
z
A Sr'K,) } b& tk Kofi] be Bere vari: fm. popualions pres
yeaa cath prob Fg * Xj =O uth prob I-Fy i f~ =1,%, $-L2.
Than thers that the. elassepcaion tude based. on rrumuiryzing Ee
Iilal probabil of muclossefecalion leads to a dsoruminant-funr
| Aa" Ys Ue prepeien of indsviduals (obpcls pom pop” 3 ¢= L 2,
Bw aly the cl cong row 6 i
TOG 5 fe TE
erg
§0) Rr Adee Pritt,
L@ ss en (- a Rade 0)
Cl -Pay) Padlt= Pa) [fet Pra)
eee , 7 zens Pa) Pf ay
+ be is 2 Q+AU+ EX
44
when, ae ey °° J p= bE abit iw
ee
Clesify fo Oil B+ Px+ Ar > bn Th
tke < i
dE b+Ox,+A% = bn fle ies x fy gels an comey
frm ellen fy on F sil pea acta @
O Clasapicali hosed on ldulihood pruneple :
A popular try fe dep a. diseninmant mule. si to slant by auming
on eilinaliy 0. diffrent dul” fon 2 ER? fox cock population. for example,
uppers. that the cBaenations ix populalien 4 rave a diabiibution with gebf
f,Q; fr debe. ng
Ue tall begin by Aappooing He ciffount population disbiibulions
bes, [.680--- fa) ane. bean & im pordiculon, Hat thy ave. mullite
ronal dectiibulions
"; Thee maximum Uiheliheod (11) Liscriminant pale allocalis X 1s Lhe opr
sill te Bengt [iltheod ol x¢ i it allocates X 5 1G shore.
f= mez |)
Ue cam onila fhe déscwmmanl pute ax
Cx) = cog max OO
4b os grenally wed. when Ms ane net tener. Thus for. k=1,2,
ax classy the cbgect anbh meorusement vector X & be population
Pp sLeL 2 which maximizes Le fdalhewd. furelien G0 the. tale leads
b cawily clgc le £ iz
f(s)
£0)
Kuk na Apectal care of (
ex. Cmiden te umuoriate car wilh g-2 where ITN (Lt, OY hat” te
Tew NUP, 027) dist”. The ML durttininant ‘ule allocates x te TT,
FOLEY
itech 4 equivalent be
1 aes > et
5) Sarees >I
i
2 1S el he xh
pA) (ed lo
u aa) po 2
Ne 5 )* B+ Bane,
ee)
or ve fase fey = 621 & fog =O =2, tron thir reducer the
quadalie expression
aa xx +2lg 2 >0
Suppose Hal our ner obsouclien iy 32-0. Then the LHS 2leg 2
iL greater Dram 0, so we allocale. x =0 & populalien t be AO on.
@ Minvoarze the fetal cont of rmisclassifecalion
bk CA = coal o ee ay on coming from
Pics ce tee
while iE comes from Q
fhe lolal cook of murclaselficalion vs
Cy = PRU) COU) + TPUIYCK/2 “7 famma_ 1 dcwrml hegre T+ =1, we replace TT by
CCIM, B= Lees d= 1.2 which goes
m+ f [equa },c) ecm], (s] dx
a
thus the slomificolion tale ts,
Chuly % bo P,
i Fackl2)
Te TI, ¢(2lt)
dn cae, CUIY=CANW, thn tha nuk bods bb @
Menumugeng the (peninion probabil of misclarse|icalien em Bayes
dlassefsealiin quule
Suppese thot a priori thal the probability of a obseualion
is pom per” Kb 1, lh met
Thun, —gpuen a. probability model mecdst | (x) fore cbreuations
x fem pn hk, oun pealoucre probabulity fer obsentalien X hing
fen er” ko |
P(g=kIX) = Bult Ta by Bayer Theerm
The Bayes clasificn assigns x bb Le pep fon tchich the
postion probably 4 ight ;
Hey = ang mem P(U KIA)
Ms Kone J we asume each pep fras a mullianiate newmal dt?
han this senplifica @ Mummar. allecabion :~
The sul fe minimye Ihe Tolal prebabrliy of rusclassefccortiin
rnayoet de se uel fer an sndivdal qrinp, pardeculanly: eshen one of
the Ty i small Te aveid the posuble ymbalamce, fhe menumare
ful 6 ured eohoh allocates x to ar Lo mimmize Lhe maximum
indirdral probability of misclassdicalion , Pl2(3) & PCII2 for given
Ox XxX st
max [P(zi1), PLI/e)} & CI- ec) PCa Y pe PUR oO
as
ens a , fon Lhe RES of © ue hone,
= [x: be, he = ¢ Oy}
Jn cose, PLII2) = PCat) then Jon ee
(i= %) PCL) + PULA) = (1 +06) PCAN) = PC2I1)
Then from 240,
max. {P(TI2), PC2I), > PCAN) = max (8 (211), P12]
the clawifcation rule js,
amgn X ke Pd
L@ ;
' 112) = P,
a eee hes 1 Aalishes RCI = PeCit2s
S} the Tow dhibribulions ame HUW wcith commen Van- Coy mae
ie, as lin
He prencus cases Then fhe minemax rel” a ay follows :—
Auign X bo Rf Distne thee Dw Biles et plies: be
i[as-#) = 6 [-As-#)
Thi fas a. tol” when In =O on e2}
The marimar susle docimt peguice [he hemersledge of Th,
Paste
© All jules except the minemax. ple ore egpetiolent
@ the melhed of marimgerg the poslerien prebablily although epuualent
fo 1 mene commenty used as
@ Ott gencrolgs easly be mere Bam to .
@ prendes a gore Jonmula fon Legeilic durcriminalion miThed. Weasel reighben closificalion rule:
the eantisl non poramelri. claufitolien matted esas the nearust
rogiben rule of Fin & Hedges (1951), alse enero ask neorest
neighleon rule The grocedune x conceptually simple - We compule
the dale fom am chal 3, fo all cher gent 5 csang
the dislamce fumestion
(a- Xi) Sp -La) + 84
To classify i jnls one of the fio groups, Ihe k ppeinls nearest
Ie x ane examined amd the mapenaly of the & ponks blog f
B, , asin X fb fy , clhousine asin x to Oy. Sf ce dencte the
number of pont pem Cas by, cath Be premouneng ky panls
pom Cy, chew kak the, thn te ule can be expured as,
fugn Xi be Gf kok, & te OP, often.
Sf the pomple Ayes 1, ky are different, ee may wush te
le preperlios in place of counts y amegn Xi fo P of
a
grisn. probable.
ieee tay eye
Mae 1
These ples are caily extended fe more than Lio
Seep
