Places and Landscapes in a Changing World
MODULE 6
Lesson 6: Europe, Africa, and Australia/Oceania: Physical and
cultural perspectives
Lesson Overview
This module aims to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the different
countries in Europe, Africa, and Australia/Oceania, focusing on population, economy and resources,
political geography, and cultural life. By the end of the lesson, students should be able to identify and
analyze these aspects across the regions.
Learning Objectives
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
(a) Identify the different countries in Europe, Africa, and Australia/Oceania.
(b) Compare and contrast these countries in terms of population, economy and resources, political
geography, and cultural life
Activity: What do I know?
Students share about a trivia or some information about some countries in Europe, Africa, or Australia.
They then discuss why such information is significant or the story behind such trivia.
Europe
Europe is a continent rich in history and diversity, comprising over 40 countries. In
Western Europe, countries like the United Kingdom, France, and Germany are known for their
historical landmarks, economic strength, and cultural influence. Southern Europe, including Italy,
Spain, and Greece, boasts ancient civilizations, warm climates, and vibrant cultures. Northern
Europe, with countries like Sweden, Norway, and Finland, is known for its advanced social
systems, stunning natural landscapes, and cold climates. Eastern Europe, including Poland,
Hungary, and the Baltic states, has a history of political transformation and cultural resilience.
Europe has a population of about 741 million people. Western Europe is densely
populated with significant urban populations in cities like London, Paris, and Berlin. In contrast,
Eastern Europe has smaller populations with countries like Bulgaria and the Baltic states
experiencing population decline due to emigration and low birth rates.
Europe is an economic powerhouse with diverse industries. Germany leads in
manufacturing and engineering, the UK is a global financial hub, and France excels in luxury goods
and agriculture. Northern Europe, including countries like Sweden and Denmark, is known for
high-tech industries and sustainable energy. Southern Europe relies heavily on tourism,
agriculture, and services. Eastern Europe, while historically less affluent, is rapidly developing
with increasing foreign investment.
Hydrogen Stream Industries in Northern Europe Tourist Spots in Southern Europe
Europe features a mix of political systems. Western Europe is known for its stable
parliamentary democracies, with the UK, Germany, and France being prominent examples. The
European Union plays a crucial role in the political landscape, fostering cooperation and economic
integration among member states. Eastern Europe has seen significant political change since the
fall of the Soviet Union, with many countries transitioning to democratic systems.
House of Commons, United Kingdom European Union Flag
Europe is a cultural mosaic. Western Europe, with its art galleries, music, and cuisine, is a
cultural epicenter. Italy and France are known for their contributions to art, fashion, and
gastronomy. Northern Europe values social welfare and has a rich tradition of literature and
design. Eastern Europe has preserved many cultural traditions, with a strong emphasis on
folklore, music, and dance. Festivals, cuisine, and traditions differ widely across the continent,
reflecting centuries of history and cultural exchange.
The Louvre Museum, France European Fashion Show
Africa
Africa, the second-largest continent, is incredibly diverse with 54 countries. Northern
Africa, with countries like Egypt, Libya, and Algeria, is characterized by its desert landscapes and
historical sites such as the pyramids. Sub-Saharan Africa is divided into several regions: West
Africa (Nigeria, Ghana, Senegal), East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia), Central Africa (Congo,
Cameroon, Gabon), and Southern Africa (South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana). Each region has
distinct cultural, linguistic, and historical backgrounds, contributing to Africa's rich tapestry.
Africa is home to over 1.3 billion people. Nigeria is the most populous country with over
200 million people, followed by Ethiopia and Egypt. Population distribution is uneven, with high
densities in urban areas such as Lagos, Cairo, and Nairobi, while vast areas like the Sahara and the
Kalahari Desert remain sparsely populated.
Africa has a wealth of natural resources, including minerals, oil, and gas. Nigeria and
Angola are major oil producers, while South Africa is rich in minerals like gold and platinum.
Agriculture is a significant sector, with countries like Kenya and Ethiopia known for coffee and tea
production. Despite this wealth, many African countries face economic challenges, including
poverty, political instability, and lack of infrastructure.
South Africa Gold Mines Ethiopian Coffee Farms
Africa has a diverse political landscape, with democratic systems in countries like Ghana
and South Africa, alongside more autocratic regimes in places like Eritrea and Zimbabwe. Political
stability varies, with some regions experiencing conflict, such as the ongoing unrest in the Sahel,
while others enjoy relative peace and development. Regional organizations like the African Union
aim to promote political stability and economic development across the continent.
Civil unrest in Sahel Region Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe
Africa is a continent of cultural richness and diversity. Traditional music, dance, art, and
festivals are integral to African life. Countries like Nigeria and South Africa have vibrant arts
scenes, while traditional practices remain strong in rural areas. African cultures are often
community-oriented, with a strong emphasis on family and social ties. The continent's cultural
heritage is a blend of indigenous traditions and influences from colonial histories.
Traditional African Artifacts All-Female Cultural Dance in Nigeria
Australia/Oceania
Australia/Oceania encompasses Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands. Australia,
the largest country in this region, is known for its diverse ecosystems ranging from the Outback
to coastal cities like Sydney and Melbourne. New Zealand, comprising the North and South
Islands, is famous for its breathtaking landscapes and Maori culture. The Pacific Islands, including
Fiji, Samoa, and Papua New Guinea, are known for their unique cultures, tropical climates, and
beautiful island scenery.
Australia/Oceania has a much smaller population, around 42 million. Australia itself has
about 26 million people, mostly living in coastal cities. New Zealand has about 5 million, and the
Pacific Islands have smaller, widely dispersed populations. These islands often have limited
resources and rely heavily on subsistence agriculture and fishing.
Australia/Oceania relies heavily on natural resources. Australia is rich in minerals,
including iron ore and coal, and has a strong agricultural sector producing wheat, wool, and wine.
New Zealand's economy is driven by agriculture, particularly dairy and meat products, and
tourism. The Pacific Islands rely on tourism, fishing, and agriculture, but face economic challenges
due to their small size and isolation.
New Zealand Dairy Farm Pacific Islands Fishing Industry
Australia/Oceania includes Australia's stable parliamentary democracy and New Zealand's
democratic system, both influenced by British political traditions. The Pacific Islands have a variety
of political systems, ranging from democracies to traditional chieftain-based governance. These
island nations often face unique political challenges due to their small size, limited resources, and
vulnerability to climate change.
House of Parliament, Australia
Pacific Island Tribal Chief man
Australia/Oceania has a unique cultural landscape. Australia has a rich Indigenous
heritage, with Aboriginal art and traditions thriving alongside modern urban culture. New Zealand
celebrates its Maori heritage through language, dance (haka), and art. The Pacific Islands each
have distinct cultures, with traditional music, dance, and crafts playing central roles in daily life.
These cultures are often closely connected to the natural environment and emphasize community
and tradition.
Australian Aboriginal People Traditional Dance Ceremony, Yap Islands
ACTIVITY: BLANK MAP
Students will be provided with a blank map and students must identify the countries on
the blank map.
