QUIZ 1

QUIZ 2
1. Which of the following best defines "sampling" in
research?
- A. Collecting data from every individual in a
population
- B. Choosing a subset of individuals to
represent the population
- C. Ensuring each member of a population has the
same opinions
- D. Classifying data based on sample size

2. The difference between the population mean

and sample mean due to random factors is called:
- A. Systematic bias
- B. Measurement error
- C. Sampling error
- D. Random error

3. In which sampling technique is a "fishbowl"

method commonly used?
- A. Cluster sampling
- B. Stratified sampling
- C. Systematic sampling
- D. Simple random sampling

4. Which type of population includes individuals

the researcher can realistically access?
- A. Target population
- B. Accessible population
- C. Theoretical population - B. Theoretical sampling
- D. Sample population - C. Purposive sampling
- D. Quota sampling
5. A researcher divides a population into smaller,
similar groups before sampling. This describes: 12. Sampling error can be reduced by:
- A. Systematic sampling - A. Using a larger sample size
- B. Stratified sampling - B. Limiting the target population
- C. Cluster sampling - C. Increasing the attrition rate
- D. Random sampling - D. Ensuring systematic variation

6. Purposive sampling is often described as: 13. When subjects systematically differ from the
- A. Judgmental or selective sampling target population, this is called:
- B. Based on convenience - A. Sampling error
- C. Controlled random selection - B. Systematic bias
- D. Including only accessible populations - C. Random variation
- D. Generalization error
7. If sampling is based on members of social
networks referring others, it is known as: 14. Which factor is NOT typically considered when
- A. Theoretical sampling determining sample size in quantitative research?
- B. Convenience sampling - A. Effect size
- C. Snowball sampling - B. Number of variables
- D. Cluster sampling - C. Population distribution
- D. Data analysis techniques
8. Which of the following sampling methods aims
to increase the study’s internal validity? 15. What is the effect size in a study?
- A. Systematic sampling - A. The importance of the study's findings
- B. Convenience sampling - B. The significance level of data collection
- C. Random sampling - C. The extent to which the null hypothesis is
- D. Quota sampling false
- D. The size of the accessible population
9. Which of these methods would be inappropriate
for generalizing results beyond a specific sample? 16. Which of the following involves choosing
- A. Probability sampling subjects to meet a pre-determined quota?
- B. Non-probability sampling - A. Convenience sampling
- C. Cluster sampling - B. Snowball sampling
- D. Stratified sampling - C. Quota sampling
- D. Purposive sampling
10. What is the purpose of determining sampling
criteria? 17. Which type of sample must be representative to
- A. To guarantee complete representation of the allow for generalization?
population - A. Accessible sample
- B. To control extraneous variables in the - B. Non-probability sample
sample - C. Probability sample
- C. To limit diversity in sampling - D. Experimental sample
- D. To create a non-representative sample
18. Attrition rate in a study refers to:
11. Which type of sampling technique is commonly - A. The growth of the sample over time
used in grounded theory research? - B. The proportion of subjects who withdraw
- A. Network sampling from the study
- C. The rate of sample retention - D. Sample size is large
- D. The increase in sample variability
25. If a p-value is 0.03, which of the following is the
19. Multi-stage sampling typically involves which correct interpretation?
combination of methods? - A. There is a 3% chance the data occurred by
- A. Cluster, stratified, and systematic sampling random chance
- B. Convenience and quota sampling - B. The null hypothesis should be accepted
- C. Snowball and purposive sampling - C. Results are not statistically significant
- D. Network sampling only - D. There is a 97% chance the data occurred by
random chance
20. In non-probability sampling, which type often
focuses on sampling from people available at the 26. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic
time of the study? of a parameter?
- A. Quota sampling - A. It represents a characteristic of the population
- B. Convenience sampling - B. It is often unknown and estimated from a
- C. Theoretical sampling sample
- D. Stratified sampling - C. It is calculated directly from sample data
- D. It is symbolized by Greek letters
Here's a 15-item quiz based on inferential statistics
from the slide: 27. A hypothesis stating "X ≠ Y" is considered:
- A. Null hypothesis
21. What is the primary purpose of inferential - B. Directional hypothesis
statistics? - C. Non-directional hypothesis
- A. To describe data - D. Population hypothesis
- B. To make inferences about a population from
a sample 28. When we fail to reject the null hypothesis, it
- C. To eliminate sampling errors indicates:
- D. To measure only large populations - A. Evidence supports the alternative hypothesis
- B. The sample size was too small
22. A subset of individuals chosen from a - C. There is insufficient evidence against the
population is referred to as a: null hypothesis
- A. Parameter - D. The data is practically significant
- B. Statistic
- C. Population 29. In a study, a p-value of 0.11 was found. What
- D. Sample does this imply?
- A. The results are statistically significant
23. When results are said to be statistically - B. The null hypothesis is rejected
significant, it implies that: - C. The probability of the data being due to
- A. The results have high practical importance chance is 11%
- B. There is less than a 5% chance the results are - D. There is strong evidence for an effect
due to random error
- C. The null hypothesis was accepted 30. Statistical significance is often set at p < 0.05.
- D. The entire population was studied This threshold is a convention to:
- A. Measure practical significance
24. In hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis (H0) - B. Define the effect size
always states: - C. Minimize Type I error
- A. There is a significant effect - D. Maximize sampling error
- B. There is no effect or relationship
- C. Results are practically significant
31. Which statement about statistical significance
and practical significance is true?

- A. Statistical significance guarantees practical

importance
- B. Practical significance ensures statistical
significance
- C. Results can be statistically significant but
not practically important
- D. Both types of significance are always related

32. When computing probability, the probability of

a single outcome A occurring out of all possible
outcomes is expressed as:
- A. The probability of the alternative hypothesis
- B. The ratio of A outcomes to total outcomes
- C. The effect size
- D. The Type II error rate

33. A test yielding p = .30 suggests:

- A. High inconsistency with the null hypothesis
- B. Strong evidence against the null hypothesis
- C. Consistency with the null hypothesis
- D. Rejection of the null hypothesis

34. Which scenario correctly illustrates a

directional hypothesis?
- A. Men’s scores are higher than women’s
scores on a test
- B. Men’s scores are equal to women’s scores on a
test
- C. Men’s scores differ from women’s scores on a
test
- D. Men’s and women’s scores are likely to vary

35. Which factor does NOT affect the likelihood of

obtaining a statistically significant result?
- A. Sample size
- B. Effect size
- C. p-value threshold
- D. Sample’s gender distribution